Ukukhumbula ukubandezeleka kunye neminikelo yabafazi baseKorea

NguJoseph Essertier, ngoMatshi 12, 2018.

“Iimpawu ezibonisa amanyala eUnited States kuphela—kuquka ugonyamelo oluqhelekileyo noluqhelekileyo olungokwesini nobuhlanga—ngephonografi, zikhuthazwa ehlabathini lonke njengesini. Ukusuka kwimbono yabasetyhini baseMerika, ukuthuthwa kwe-pornography kumazwe ngamazwe kuthetha ukuba abafazi baseMerika baphulwa kwaye baxhatshazwa kwaye baxhatshazwa ukuze imifanekiso engamanyala yenziwe kubo, ukwenzela ukuba abafazi behlabathi lonke banokuphulwa kwaye baxhatshazwe kwaye baxhatshazwe ngokusetyenziswa kwayo. Ngale ndlela isimbo saseMelika esikhohlakeleyo silawula umhlaba kwinqanaba lentlalo njengomthetho wamanyala isitayile saseBritane, sibambe umhlaba kwinqanaba lezomthetho, siqinisekisa ukuba akukho nto yenziwayo ngaloo nto. ”

UCatharine MacKinnon, Ngaba Abasetyhini Ngabantu? Kunye nezinye iingxoxo zamazwe ngamazwe (2006)

Ii-P eziNtathu ezimdaka: I-Patriarchy, ubuhenyu, kunye nephonografi

Kunzima nakubani na ukuzibeka ezihlangwini zomnye umntu. Le ngcamango iqondwa ngokubanzi kangangokuba iyingqungquthela. Kodwa kunzima ngokukhethekileyo kumadoda amaninzi ukuzithelekelela kwimeko yamabhinqa. Noko ke, kuye nabani na ogqala oosolusapho njengengxaki ehlabathini namhlanje, kufuneka kwenziwe umgudu.

Ngethamsanqa, amanye amadoda namhlanje enza iinzame zokoyisa ubuqhetseba boosolusapho. Njengoko i-feminist bell hook ibhale, "Ukuthatha isimo sengqondo esifanelekileyo sezesondo samadoda kwaye sijike sibe bubundlobongela bubugebenga bobudoda obuqhubekayo ngokuchasene nomzimba wendoda, ulwaphulo-mthetho apho ininzi yamadoda ingekabinawo amandla okuxela. Amadoda ayayazi into eyenzekayo. Baye bafundiswa nje ukuba bangathethi inyani yemizimba yabo, ubunyani bobulili babo ”(iintsimbi zentsimbi, Intando Yokutshintsha: Amadoda, Ubuninzi, noLuthando, 2004). Ukuqala ukubuza ubuhenyukazi kunye noonografi kunye nokucela umngeni wokuba semthethweni "komsebenzi wesondo" mhlawumbi inxalenye yenkqubo thina madoda ekufuneka sihambe ngayo, ngenxa yabasetyhini kuqala kunye nokuphambili kodwa nangenxa yethu, amakhwenkwe, kunye namanye amadoda. "I-Feminism yeyomntu wonke" ithatha isihloko senye yeencwadi ezininzi zentsimbi.

Khawuqwalasele la mazwi elinye ixhoba laseKorea elasinda kubunongogo obuqhelekileyo:

Ukuba ucinga ukuba ukuthengisa ngomzimba sisini, wena kakhulu ukungazi. Ukwabelana ngesondo nesoka lakho 350 kwiintsuku ezingama-365 ngonyaka kuvakala kudinisa, ngoko ke ukuthatha abaxhasi abaliqela suku ngalunye kuvakala ngathi kukwabelana ngesondo? Ukuthengisa ngomzimba kukuxhatshazwa okucacileyo kwabasetyhini abangathathi ntweni. Kubonakala ngathi lutshintshiselwano olufanelekileyo kuba uJohns [oko kukuthi abathengi bokuthengisa ngomzimba] bahlawulela iinkonzo. Amahenyukazi wona aphathwa njengabantu abafanelwe yimpakatho nokuthukwa. Asiceli ukuba usibone njengamaxhoba. Asiceli uvelwano lwakho. Sithi ubuhule asiyongxaki yethu qha. Ukuba uqhubeka ucinga ukuba kunjalo, ingxaki ayinakuze isonjululwe. (Ezi kunye nazo zonke izicatshulwa ezilandelayo zivela kwincwadi kaCaroline Norma ngaphandle kokuba kuphawulwe ngenye indlela: I-Comfort Comfort Women and Sexual Slavery ngexesha le-China ne-Pacific War, Bloomsbury Academic, 2016).

Kwaye ingxaki yobuhenyu ichazwa ngokufanelekileyo nangokukhalipha ngamazwi kaSusan Kay:

Njengomdlwenguli, akazikhathazi ngeentswelo okanye izinto azifunayo okanye iminqweno yakhe. Akanyanzelekanga ukuba amphathe njengomntu kuba uyinto yophululwa amalungu esini nangaphakathi.Xa sibona ubundlobongela butyhilekile kwaye sibekela bucala imali esetyenziselwa ukumbulala, isini sakhe sisenzo sodlwengulo. ”

Oku kuchaza ubuhenyu obuninzi. Ikwachaza uninzi lwephonografi, uhlobo olunabadlali bokwenyani abangabantu (ngokuchasene noopopayi). Nokuba unolwazi oluncinci malunga nokungabikho kokusesikweni kobuhenyu, nokuba uzijonga njengowesifazane ochasene nokurhweba ngesondo, kwaye nokuba ufunde kancinci malunga nokuthengisa ngomzimba eJapan kunye namashishini amanyala, mhlawumbi uya kukhwankqiswa zizinto ezininzi ozenzayo. funda kuCaroline Norma I-Comfort Comfort Women and Sexual Slavery ngexesha le-China ne-Pacific War, ukuba unesibindi ngokwaneleyo ukuba ujonge.

Enye yeengxoxo zakhe ezingundoqo kukuba ukukhotyokiswa ngokwesondo ngokuphandle kunye nokukhotyokiswa ngokwesondo emkhosini kunxulunyaniswe ngokwembali, ukuba ezi ntlobo zimbini zokungekho sikweni ezenziwa ngokuchasene nemizimba, iintliziyo, kunye neengqondo zamantombazana, ulutsha olukwishumi elivisayo kunye nabasetyhini bayaxhasana. Incwadi kaNorma inikela ingqalelo kumabhinqa aseJapan awayebanjiswe ngoonongogo abangekho mkhosini, kunye nabo babanjiswa baza bavalelwa luhlobo oluthile loonongogo basemkhosini olubizwa ngokuba “zizikhululo zokuthuthuzela.” Amabhinqa amaninzi ayengamaxhoba azo zombini ezi ndidi zobunongogo. “Izikhululo zokuthuthuzela” zazithe saa kuyo yonke imimandla yoBukhosi baseJapan nakufutshane namabala edabi amazwe apho uBukhosi babukwinkqubo yokuwoyisa. Ukurhweba ngesini “kwezikhululo zokuthuthuzela” urhulumente awamisela waza wasebenza kuzo ukutyhubela iMfazwe Yeminyaka Elishumi elinesihlanu (1931-45) kubonisa indlela enye abathi abafazi baseJapan kwixesha elidluleyo babekhotyokiswe ngenjongo yokuzanelisa ngokwesini amadoda aseJapan.

Kodwa incwadi yakhe ikwaquka enye yembali yobundlobongela obujoliswe kwabasetyhini baseKorea kule nkqubo yobukhoboka bomkhosi ngokwesondo. Kwaye kule nyanga, iNyanga yeMbali yabaseTyhini e-United States, ndingathanda ukunika iisampulu encinci yezigqibo ezibalulekileyo malunga nembali yabasetyhini baseKorea ukuba umntu unokuyithatha kule ncwadi, imveliso yeminyaka yophando malunga nokuthengisa ngomzimba, iphonografi, kunye nokurhweba eJapan. naseMzantsi Korea, kwakunye naseOstreliya.

UCaroline Norma malunga namalungelo oLuntu kunye nexesha leMfazwe laMadoda aseJapan

UNorma ubonisa ukuba, njengeenkqubo zoosolusapho zokufundisa kwamanye amazwe, oosolusapho baseJapan banika amadoda ngexesha leTaisho (1912-26) ilungelo lokuthengisa ngomzimba kwabasetyhini ngendlela evulelekileyo. Ngokombono wam, njengomntu ofunde uncwadi lwesiJapan kwaye uhlala efumana ababhali baseJapan ababhinqileyo abanomdla, oku akumangalisi. Eli lilizwe labalinganiswa abanjengonodoli basetyhini kunye nobugqi bombhali wenoveli odumileyo uTanizaki Jun'ichiro (1886-1965), we geisha imbali, yephonografi anime, nangexesha leMeiji (1868-1912) umzabalazo wamabhinqa wokuphelisa amashweshwe, ukuba neentlobano zesini nobuhenyu.

Ndikhumbula indlela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1990s umntu wayedla ngokubona amadoda ekhwela oololiwe abasoloko behleli, abamangalisayo, bale mihla bephethe iphephandaba okanye imagazini ebekwe elubala ngeengalo ezithe tye ngendlela yokuba iifoto okanye imizobo engcolileyo ibonwe ngabanye. abakhweli, nabantwana kunye nabasetyhini abancinci. Ngokufika kweefowuni eziphathwayo kunye nenqanaba elincinci kodwa elibalulekileyo lokunyuka kwengqondo, umntu ubona okuncinci kakhulu koku namhlanje, kodwa ndikhumbula ukuba ndothuswa ngamaxesha amaninzi ngoko, kungekhona kakhulu kwiifoto ezinqunu zabasetyhini kodwa iziganeko zesondo. ukubetha kunye nemifanekiso yesondo yabantwana kunye nabafikisayo Manga. Ueno Chizuko odumileyo kwakudala wabiza iJapan ngokuthi “libutho lamanyala.”

Kodwa, kwanokuba uxhobe ngolo lwazi, umfanekiso ochazwa nguCaroline Norma wemihla yamandulo yeshishini lale mihla lamahenyukazi eJapan uyothusa. Khange ndifunde kakhulu ngobuhenyukazi baseMelika, ke le ingenile akhondlela uthelekiso lwe-US kunye neJapan, kodwa ukuthatha nje iinyani ukuba ziyintoni na, umzekelo,

Ngelixa uninzi lwabafazi baseJapan ababerhwebelwa kwizitishi zokuthuthuzela babesele befikelele ebudaleni, phantse babesoloko bethengisa ngomzimba ngaphambi koku kwishishini lezesondo. ukususela ebuntwaneni. Oku bekusenzeka ingakumbi kubafazi abarhweba kwizikhululo zolonwabo besuka kwiindawo ze'geisha'. Ukusetyenziswa kwezivumelwano zokwamkelwa komntwana ngabanini bendawo ye-geisha njengeplanga engundoqo yomsebenzi wabo wokuthenga kwenza ukuba ukuthengisa ngomzimba kwamantombazana angaphantsi kweminyaka ibe yinto ephawuleka ngakumbi kula mashishini, kwaye iindawo ze-geisha zaziyindawo eqhelekileyo yemvelaphi yabasetyhini baseJapan ababerhweba kwiindawo zokuthuthuzela.

Ootata noomama baseJapan ababejamelene nentlupheko enxungupheleyo bakhohliswa ngabarhwebi ukuba bayeke ukulawula iintombi zabo ngesithembiso somsebenzi wexesha elizayo womzi-mveliso wentombi yabo okanye “uqeqesho” lobugcisa njengomsebenzi. geisha. Oko ndandisele ndikwazi, kodwa ndandingazi ukuba ekubeni bakhuliswa ngabanye abantu, babenokuxhatshazwa ngakumbi nangaphezu kolunye uhlobo lobuhenyu.

Ubukhoboka be-Indentured yayilicebo lokuthenga elikhokelele ekurhwebeni, ngokukodwa, umlinganiselo ophezulu wamantombazana angaphantsi kweminyaka kwishishini lezesondo le-Taisho laseJapan, ngakumbi iikafes, geisha iindawo, kunye nezinye iindawo ezingezizo iindawo zamahenyukazi ebezingalawulwa ngokuthelekiswa… UKusuma utyumba izizathu ezibini zolo mlinganiselo uphezulu wamantombazana angaphantsi ngeminyaka kwishishini lezesondo laseJapan: oorhulumente bommandla bebevumela amantombazana akwiminyaka eyi-16 ukuba asebenze ikhefi iindawo, kwaye amantombazana angaphantsi ngeminyaka anokuthengiswa ngokusemthethweni kwiindawo ze-geisha phantsi kwengubo yokufumana "uqeqesho" lobugcisa.

(Kwakubizwa ntoni ngoko iikafes [elisuka kwigama lesiNgesi elithi “cafés”] lavulela amadoda amathuba okuthengisa amantombazana namabhinqa ngoonongogo). Ngenkqubo yamva “yokuthuthuzela abafazi” ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1930s nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1940, umntu ulindele amabali amanyumnyezi, kodwa ndothuswa kukuba ubukhoboka nokurhweba ngabantwana kwakuxhaphakile kwiXesha leTaisho (1912-26).

Sifunda ukuba kamva, kwi-1930s, eli shishini liye lamkelwa ngurhulumente ngohlengahlengiso oluncinci kuphela olunokuthi umkhosi ukwazi ngokukhawuleza ukuseka inkqubo yokukhotyokiswa ngokwesondo enika amajoni aseJapan ukufikelela kuhlobo lokuzanelisa ngokwesondo ngaphambi nasemva. bathunyelwa kumathafa edabi lokufa nentshabalalo “kwimfazwe epheleleyo,” apho baya kulwa nabantu abafana nelaseUnited States, koko uJohn Dower wakubiza ngokuba “yimfazwe engenanceba.”

Yayilucalucalulo kwaye inoburhalarhume kwicala laseMelika nakwilizwe laseJapan, kodwa i-US yayililizwe elityebileyo elinenzuzo yesikhundla esikhulu sokonakalisa, ngoko ke amazinga okwenzakala ayephezulu kakhulu kwicala laseJapan kwaye amajoni aseJapan ayenethuba eliphantsi lokusinda kunelo. Amajoni aseMelika. Eso sizukulwana samadoda alahlekileyo sakhokelela kwinani elikhulu ngokungaqhelekanga lokuzibulala phakathi kwabafazi abaninzi baseJapan abangatshatanga—abangatshatanga ngenxa yokuba amadoda amaninzi aseJapan aye afela eMfazweni kangangokuba kwakungekho maqabane akhoyo awayenokutshata nawo—ebutsheni beminyaka yee-1990. , ababesele bekhulile ngoko babevakalelwa kukuba, nangasiphi na isizathu, babengumthwalo kubazalwana babo okanye kwamanye amalungu entsapho awayefanele abaxhase ngokwemali.

Inkqubo "yokuthuthuzela abafazi" yaqala ngokuthengwa kwamaxhoba amaninzi aseJapan ngaphambi kokuba ixhomekeke kakhulu ekurhwetyweni kwabafikisayo kunye nabasetyhini bephuma eKorea nakwizikhululo ezininzi zokungcungcuthekiswa kobukhoboka besini kulo lonke uBukhosi. Utshintsho ukusuka kushishino lobuhenyu olusemthethweni, olusemthethweni, olusemthethweni ukuya kubuhenyu bomkhosi karhulumente, oko kukuthi, ukurhweba ngokwabelana ngesondo, okuqhele ukubizwa ngokuba yinkqubo “yokuthuthuzela amabhinqa”, kwakungelula. Inkqubo nayo yayivuliwe. Amadoda afola nje aze ahlawule ukuze abe neentlobano zesini namaxhoba awayebanjisiwe navalelweyo awayewanikwe ngurhulumente.

Ixesha le-Taisho liye ladibaniswa nedemokhrasi yoluntu lwaseJapan, njengokwandiswa kwe-franchise kunyulo, kodwa ngeli xesha ukufikelela kwii-brothels kwakunedemokhrasi, uNorma uyachaza. indoda amalungelo andiswa, ngoxa abafazi baseJapan babebambelele kubukhoboka obuphelelwe lixesha. Inani lamabhinqa axhatshazwayo, angcungcuthekiswayo naxhatshazwayo—abandezeleka koko namhlanje esikwaziyo njengePTSD—kwizindlu zoonongogo liye landa. (Ingcaciso yam yosolusapho ndiyithatha kwi Oxford Dictionary IsiNgesi, oko kukuthi, "inkqubo yoluntu okanye urhulumente apho amadoda abambe amagunya kwaye abafazi bakhutshelwa ngaphandle kakhulu kuyo" kwaye yongeza koko imikhwa yokucinga emva kwaloo nkqubo-iinkqubo, amaziko kunye neengcamango).

Nantsi iisampulu encinci yeenyani ezininzi ezothusayo kunye neenkcukacha-manani: Ngo-1919 (oko kukuthi, kanye unyaka wokubhengezwa kwenkululeko yaseKorea kunye nokuqala kweMovement yomhla woku-1 kaMatshi ngokuchasene nolawulo lwangaphandle), ubuhenyu bavunyelwa ngokusemthethweni kuyo yonke iKorea ngamaJapan akoloniyali. urhulumente. Ngeminyaka yee-1920, isiqingatha sabo bonke abafazi abathengisa ngomzimba eKorea yayingamaJapani. Ekugqibeleni, amaxhoba aseKorea ngokukhawuleza anciphisa inani lamaxhoba aseJapan, kodwa imihla yokuqala yobuhenyu phantsi koBukhosi baseJapan yabona inani elikhulu labasetyhini abathengisa ngomzimba. "Abasomashishini bezesondo zasekuhlaleni" bavula indlela yokubandakanyeka emkhosini kamva kwaye uninzi lwaba somashishini basebenzisa inkunzi eyakhiwe ngokurhweba ngesondo ukuseka iinkampani ezinengeniso kakhulu kunye "ezihloniphekileyo" kwamanye amashishini. Iimeko zendlala emaphandleni ngo-1929 (oko kukuthi, unyaka wokuwa kwemarike yemasheya) zanika amawakawaka amabhinqa alusizi aseKorea kubarhwebi ngesondo. (Ndiboleka eli gama elithi “olusizi” kuKropotkin. Wacacisa indlela ubungxowankulu obungenakusebenza ngayo ngaphandle konikezelo oluthe gqolo lwabantu abaphelelwe lithemba, abaye baguqiswa ngamadolo kwimeko yosizi apho banokunyanzelwa ukuba benze umsebenzi othoba isidima abangenakuwenza. ngenye indlela owakhe wabandakanyeka kuyo). Yaye ekugqibeleni, “inani lamabhinqa angamahenyukazi aseKorea lakhula ngokuphindwe kahlanu phakathi konyaka we-1916 nowe-1920.” Le ncwadi izaliswe ziinyani zembali ezivula amehlo eziya kutshintsha indlela esiyiqonda ngayo iMfazwe.

Ngubani owayenoxanduva kolu bundlobongela, ngaphandle nje kwamadoda awayexhasa izikhululo, okt, amadoda awayefundiswe phantsi kwemfundiso yesiqhelo yosolusapho ukuba amadoda anelungelo lokufikelela rhoqo kwimizimba yabasetyhini, ukuyilawula ngokokuthanda kwabo? Ababhali-mbali abaninzi banokukhomba umnwe kumkhonzi othembekileyo woMlawuli, uTojo Hideki (1884-1948), omnye wabaphuli-mthetho ababuleweyo. Ngokutsho kukaYuki Tanaka, omnye wababhali-mbali abadumileyo baseJapan kwimbali “yabafazi abathuthuzelayo,” uTojo “wathwala uxanduva lokugqibela kwiimbandezelo zabafazi abathuthuzelayo” (Amasikizi afihlakeleyo: Ulwaphulo-mthetho lweMfazwe yaseJapan kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, 1996).

Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zikaTojo zazingenakuthetheka kangangokuba zaziphantse zilingane nezo zendoda eyayiphethe isebe lethu lesigqeba ukususela ngowe-1945 ukuya kowe-1953, uMongameli uHarry S. Truman. UTruman ugunyazise ukuqhushumba kwebhombu yeathom yaseNagasaki kwiintsuku ezintathu emva kokuqhushumba kwakhe eHiroshima nje ukuba akukho mntu ububonileyo ubungakanani bomonakalo eHiroshima. Omnye wabacebisi bakhe abathenjiweyo emva kwaloo mfazwe yaba ngungqondongqondo weMfazwe yaseKorea kunye nokwakhiwa okukhulu kwendawo yomkhosi-kwimizi-mveliso uDean Acheson (1893-1971).

Nabani na olungele iMfazwe yaseKorea 2.0 enamandla enyukliya? Ukuba into eyenziwa yi-US eJapan yayimbi, qwalasela oko kuya kwenziwa kwiNorth Korea exhobileyo. Cinga ngento eyayiza kwenzeka xa iziseko zase-US eSouth Korea nase-Okinawa zabethwa, okanye ukuba iBeijing yaziva isoyikiswa luhlaselo lwase-US lwaseNyakatho Korea (njengoko yenzayo ngexesha leMfazwe yaseKorea yokugqibela) kwaye yangena kungquzulwano. Qwalasela into eyayiza kwenzeka kumabhinqa namantombazana eKorea njengoko iimbacu zazibaleka zisuka eKorea zisiya eTshayina.

Ilungelo laMadoda aseMkhosini kunye naMadoda aseMelikas

Sele kudlule iminyaka engama-73 ukususela ekupheleni kweMfazwe yePasifiki, ukususela oko ukuthengiswa ngesini komkhosi waseJapan kuye kwancipha. Ngenxa yokuba uBukhosi baseJapan babhala ukuqeshwa kwabo ngabarhwebi ngesondo, akukho mbuzo ngoku phakathi kwababhali-mbali baseJapan, Korea, China, US, Philippines kunye namanye amazwe-ukuba urhulumente waseJapan wayengomnye wabameli. uxanduva lobu bubi bobukhoboka bezesondo bomkhosi. Kodwa ababhali-mbali, amatsha ntliziyo amalungelo abasetyhini, kunye nezinye iingcali ngoku nabo baqalisa ukugrumba imathiriyeli zembali ukusuka kwinqanaba elilandelayo kwintuthumbo yasolusapho-based Korean abafazi, oko kukuthi, ukuba urhulumente United States kunye namadoda American, eyathatha ixesha elide ngaphezu Japan. ukuthengisa ngesondo emkhosini.

Ngethamsanqa, ukuthengisa ngomzimba kwabantu ngamajoni ase-US kwavalwa ngumkhosi wase-US ngo-2005, kwaye kwiminyaka yakutshanje inkqubela yenziwa e-US malunga nomzabalazo wokuphelisa ubundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo ngokubanzi. Enye ikhredithi ngenxa yaloo nto ibangelwa "abasetyhini abathuthuzelayo" abasindileyo, amatshantliziyo amabhinqa, kunye nababhali bembali abaye basebenza ngokubambisana nabo, abaninzi babo baseKorea. Abantu abanjalo baye bavula amehlo ethu kwinto enokwenzeka ngokurhweba ngesondo phantsi kweemeko zemfazwe, kodwa incwadi kaNorma isibonisa ukuba inokuba yingozi eyoyikekayo ebantwini naphantsi kweemeko zasekuhlaleni.

Kwimeko yabafazi baseJapan abathuthuzelayo, ubukhoboka nokurhweba ngokungekho mthethweni ngokuqhelekileyo kwaqala xa abafazi babekwishumi elivisayo. Oku kuvisisana noko sikwaziyo ngokurhweba ngesini eMerika namhlanje: “Umlinganiselo weminyaka amantombazana aqala ngawo ukuba ngamaxhoba obunongogo uphakathi kweminyaka eli-12 ukusa kweli-14. Asingomantombazana asezitratweni kuphela achaphazelekayo; amakhwenkwe kunye nolutsha olutshintshe isini lungena kubunongogo phakathi kweminyaka eli-11 neli-13 ngokomlinganiselo.” (https://leb.fbi.gov/2011/march/human-sex-trafficking) “Nyaka ngamnye, abarhwebi bangenisa iibhiliyoni zeerandi kwingeniso ngokuxhaphaza izigidi zabantu eUnited States nasehlabathini lonke. Kuqikelelwa ukuba abarhwebi baxhaphaza amaxhoba azizigidi ezingama-20.9, yaye kuqikelelwa ukuba amaxhoba aqikelelwa sisi-1.5 sesigidi kuMntla Merika, kwiEuropean Union nakwamanye amazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho.” (“UkuRhweba ngoLuntu,” uMnxeba weSizwe wokuRhweba ngoLuntu, ufikelele kuJulayi 17, 2017:  https://humantraffickinghotline.org/type-trafficking/human-trafficking).

Ke kuyinyani ukuba malunga ne-100 leminyaka eyadlulayo iJapan yayineshishini elikhulu lokuthengisa ngomzimba / lokurhweba ngesondo, kodwa kufanele kukhathaze abantu baseMelika ukuba sinelinye. namhlanje. Kwaye kunjalo emva amashumi eminyaka emfundo ngesini, ukuxhatshazwa kwabantwana, ukubethwa kwabafazi, ukudlwengulwa, njl. Ngokungafaniyo namaJapan awayeka ukubandakanyeka emfazweni ngowe-1945, amaMerika asabulala inkitha yabantu abamsulwa kumabala edabi. Kwaye iimfazwe zikarhulumente wethu zivuselela ukubanjwa kunye nokukhotyokiswa kwabasetyhini ngenxa yamajoni ngomlinganiselo omkhulu. Ke sineshishini lokurhweba ngesondo ngokungekho semthethweni kwaye sinokurhweba ngesondo emkhosini, kanye njengoko uBukhosi baseJapan benzayo kwiminyaka yabo yokugqibela. (Andiyi kuzama ukuthelekisa umlinganiselo wobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo-isikhumbuzo kwakhona ukuba oku akusiyo uthelekiso).

Kukho ulwazi olukhulayo lwengxaki yokurhweba ngesondo kwabantu bakwiiPhilippines e-US kunye nendlela amadoda athengisa ngomzimba kwiiFilipinas ahlala ebaxhaphaze ngawo. (Umzekelo wengxelo eyothusayo ye-UN bona https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/vaw/ngocontribute/Gabriela.pdf). Unyango lwabasetyhini baseMzantsi Korea kufuneka lube lubi ngakumbi ngexesha lokuhlala kwe-US eKorea (1945-48), iMfazwe yaseKorea, kwaye kwiminyaka emva kweMfazwe yaseKorea. Uphando lwembali malunga nezenzo zenkohlakalo ezenziwa kubantu baseKorea zisaqala. Ukuba kwaye xa uxolo lufika kwiPeninsula yaseKorea, uphando oluninzi olutsha lolwimi lwesiNgesi eNyakatho Korea luya kupapashwa, ngokuqinisekileyo kwizenzo zenkohlakalo zase-US, mhlawumbi kwezinye izenzo zenkohlakalo ze-UN, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo kwizenzo zenkohlakalo zaseJapan zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini.

Kwimeko yamantombazana aseJapan kunye nabafikisayo abaqeqeshwe njenge geisha, abathe ekugqibeleni bathengiswa "kwizikhululo zokuthuthuzela," babesele befumene intlungu yesiqhelo yokuhenyuza kwabantwana ngaphambi kokuba "bathuthuzele abafazi," kuquka "amathambo aphukileyo, amanxeba, iingxaki zokuzala, i-hepatitis kunye ne-STIs ... [kunye] nobunzima bengqondo kuquka ukudakumba. , iPTSD, ukucinga ngokuzibulala, ukuzenzakalisa, nokuziva unetyala nokuba neentloni.” Olu luhlobo lokubandezeleka amaxhoba okurhweba ngesondo e-US kufuneka ajongane nawo ngoku.

Umkhwa wokuthengisa ngomzimba “ufunyanwa ehlabathini lonke ubangela uxinezeleko lwasemva kokwenzakala kumabhinqa ngaphezu kwaloo magqala emfazwe, kwanaxa ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesini kwangaphambi komntwana kuthatyathwe njengenye into ehambisanayo.” Olu luhlobo lwentlungu amadoda omkhosi waseJapan awandwendwela abafazi baseKorea iminyaka engamashumi amabini okanye amathathu, kwaye yintoni amadoda asemkhosini aseMelika aye andwendwela kwabasetyhini eMzantsi Korea isithuba seminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe ngoku ikakhulu kwiindawo ezikufutshane neziseko zomkhosi zase-US.

Lulwazi oluqhelekileyo ukuba amadoda omkhosi waseMelika athengisa ngomzimba wabasetyhini kwinqanaba elikhulu ngexesha leMfazwe yaseKorea kunye neMfazwe yaseVietnam, hayi eKorea naseVietnam kuphela, kodwa naseJapan, eOkinawa naseThailand. Kukho ukuqonda okuncinci kwinto yokuba bathatha imikhwa emibi kwimimandla yemfazwe kwaye bayibuyisela e-US. Ubundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo ngokuchasene nabasetyhini baseAsia "buqhuma" e-US emva kweMfazwe yaseVietnam, ngokutsho kukaKatherine MacKinnon. Uyabhala,

Xa umkhosi ubuyile, undwendwela amakhosikazi emakhayeni inqanaba elonyukayo lokubetha amadoda afundiswa kwaye aqheliselwa kubafazi kwindawo yemfazwe. I-United States iyazi kakuhle le nto kwimfazwe yaseVietnam. Ugonyamelo lwasekhaya lwamadoda nxamnye namabhinqa lwaya luqatsela—kuquka nobuchule bawo bokungcungcuthekisa ngaphandle kokushiya iimpawu ezibonakalayo. Ubundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo kubafazi baseAsia ngokuthengisa ngomzimba kunye nephonografi kwaqhuma eUnited States ngeli xesha. Amadoda aseMelika afumana incasa ethile yokuwaphula phaya.

MacKinnon, Ngaba ngabaLuntu baBantu?, Isahluko 18 (Sicatshulwe nguNorma).

Amava omkhosi wemfazwe akhulisa iingxaki zobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo ngaphakathi e-US. Ngaphandle kwazo naziphi na iimfazwe, uluntu luhlala luvumela ubundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo okoyikekayo, kodwa iimfazwe zizala ubundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo. “Ugonyamelo olungokwesini oluqhelekileyo nobuhlanga ngoku, kusetyenziswa amanyala, ‘kukhuthazwa ehlabathini lonke njengesini’.” Zombini i-US kunye ne-Japan ziququzelela ukukhuthazwa kobundlobongela kunye nobuhlanga njengesondo ngokusebenzisa i-prostitute yethu enkulu yokuthengisa ngomzimba kunye ne-pornography namhlanje.

Abasetyhini baseKorea abalandela amaLungelo oLuntu kunye noXolo

Abemi baseMzantsi Korea, kubandakanywa nabakhenkethi abaninzi ngesondo, bayaqhubeka nokuthatha ithuba kwishishini lokurhweba ngesondo apho elandiswa bubukoloniyali baseJapan kunye nesiseko somkhosi wase-US "iinkampu" (iindawo ezijikeleze iziseko apho ubuhenyu babasetyhini bunyanyezelwe eMzantsi Korea ukuze kuxhamle Amajoni aseMelika). Kwaye ukukhotyokiswa kwabasetyhini kwihlabathi jikelele, ngelishwa, akubonakali kuncipha. Ukurhweba ngesondo kwihlabathi jikelele lishishini elikhulu kwi-2018, kodwa kufuneka liyeke. Ukuba uyawakhathalela amaxhoba emfazwe, ngoko kufuneka ukhathazeke, nawe, malunga nobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo. Omabini aneengcambu zoosolusapho, apho amakhwenkwe afundiswa ukuba yindima yawo ukongamela ngogonyamelo, njengokuba namakhwenkwe amaninzi exhatshazwa lulo. Masithi kwanele. Nceda uhlanganyele nathi ekumemeni ukupheliswa kwazo zonke iintlobo zobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo.

Khawube nomfanekiso-ngqondweni webhinqa elirhweba ngesini licula ingoma kaTracy Chapman ethi “Subcity” (1989) enamazwi athi “Ndiphantsi kwenceba yehlabathi, ndicinga ukuba ndinethamsanqa ngokuphila.” (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WZiQXPVWho). Bendisoloko ndicinga le ngoma njengenye malunga nomfazi wase-Afrika-waseMelika ephoswa imvuthuluka evela kubutyebi obukhulu baseMelika ngendlela yentlalontle karhulumente kunye nezitampu zokutya, kodwa ngoku ngeNyanga yeMbali yabasetyhini, uxolo eKorea lujonge ngakumbi kunanini na. I-2017, njengoko ndimamele le ngoma, ndicinga ngomfazi waseKorea oye wathengisa ngesondo ngaphambili ngenxa yokuzonwabisa okwethutyana kwamajoni anobundlobongela. Ndiba nomfanekiso wakhe ecula, “sisenokungafuni nje ukuphiwa kodwa indlela yokuphila ngokunyaniseka. Uphila? Ayiphili le nto,” ngengqiqo yokuba akafuni ukuba aphoswe ngemali emva kokuba indoda imxhaphaze ngokwesini. Uyafuna phila, kungekhona njengesidalwa esithotyiweyo esisindileyo kwezi “zipho” ezivela kubenzi bogonyamelo nxamnye naye nakwabanye abafazi kodwa njengomntu “wokwenyani” ngengqiqo yegama elithi “okwenyani” elivakaliswa ngumvukeli wamabhinqa waseJapan uHiratsuka Raicho, umseki. kwijenali yokuqala yobufazi yaseJapan Seito (Bluestocking) ngo-1911:

Ekuqaleni umfazi wayelilanga ngokwenene. Umntu wokwenene. Ngoku yinyanga, inkungu nenyanga egulayo, ixhomekeke kwenye, ibonakalisa ubukrelekrele bomnye. (Ekuqaleni, Umfazi WayeliLanga, inguqulelo kaTeruko Craig, 2006)

Khawufane ucinge umntu waseMzantsi Korea osindileyo ekurhwebeni ngesondo esithi, "Nceda unike uMnumzana umongameli ngokunyaniseka kwam ngokungandihoyi" -amagama adluliselwe kuMongameli uTrump xa umbona.

Mayibe le nyanga, njengoko uxolo lubonakala lunokwenzeka ngakumbi kwaye njengoko sizama ukunyusa iindleko zobundlobongela kwi-Peninsula yaseKorea kunye nokukhusela ubomi babantwana abamsulwa, abafazi, kunye namadoda, ibe lixesha lokulila, ukuvumela iinyembezi. flow, ekuqondeni kwethu oko abafazi Korean baye ngokusebenzisa. Kodwa makube lixesha lokugqiba ukwenza indima yethu, ukuma kunye nokujoyina abafazi baseKorea abasebenza ngokungakhathali namhlanje kumalungelo oluntu noxolo. Sonke sinokufumana ukuzithemba kunye nenkalipho kwizenzo zabo kunye nemibhalo yabo, madoda kwaye abafazi. La mazwi aqinisekileyo akubuso “Bomfanekiso Wentombazana Eselula Woxolo” phambi konozakuzaku waseJapan eSeoul (ekwabizwa ngokuba “nguMfanekiso Womfazi Wentuthuzelo”) ngoku asisikhumbuzo esithe rhoqo sesizathu sokuba sinethemba loxolo nokupheliswa kokurhweba ngesini. . Kumakhulu eminyaka ukususela ngoku, le mifanekiso iqingqiweyo isenokuba isafundisa abantu yaye ikhuthaza inkalipho. Kanye njengokuba iingqondo ziphakanyiswa umntu omnye ngexesha, baphindaphindeka ngabanye, ngoku bavele eGlendale, eKhalifoniya; eBrookhaven, eGeorgia; eSouthfield, eMichigan; naseToronto, eKhanada, singasathethi ke ngezinye iindawo ezingaphandle koMntla Merika.

UmJapan owasinda “kwizitishi zokuthuthuzela” iShirota Suzuko wapapasha ibali elingobomi bakhe ngowe-1971. bekunjalo Ngethamsanqa bathuthuzelekile ngolwazi lokuba amaxhoba ase-South Korea aphume esidlangalaleni nebali lawo, kwaye bathathe indawo yokujonga amazwe ngamazwe eya kusetyenziswa ukukhuthaza umzabalazo wokulwa imfazwe kunye nokunqanda ubundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo. UKim Hak-sun owasindayo waseMzantsi Korea (1927-94) ngokuqinisekileyo wayithomalalisa intlungu yamawakawaka abasindi abanjalo, bezizwe ezilishumi elinesibini, xa wathi ngenkalipho wayivakalisa esidlangalaleni imbali yakhe yobuqu ngowe-1991, ejamelene nosolusapho wobuConfucius baseMpuma Asia nesiqhelo. ukucalucalulwa kwamabhinqa arhwetywe ngesini—ucalucalulo olo iMerika ilubonakalisa kuluntu lwaseMpuma Asia, apho ixhoba libekw’ ityala ngogonyamelo olwenziwe kulo.

Okuncinci kuzo zonke izinto ezifezekisiweyo zabasetyhini baseKorea yileyo abayifezileyo kunyaka ophelileyo igxalaba kunye namadoda aseMzantsi Korea kwi-Candlelight Revolution ethe yafikelela esiphelweni ulawulo lwalowo wayesakuba ngumongameli uPark Geun-hye, intombi ye-US-backed. uzwilakhe uPark Chung-hee owalawula ilizwe ukusuka ku-1963 ukuya ku-1979. Izigidi zabasetyhini baseKorea bancedise ukwenza umzuzu wangoku wokusondelelana phakathi koMntla noMzantsi Korea. Abantu baseKorea kunye nabanye abasindileyo kwisikhululo sokuthuthuzela-abasuka kwamanye amazwe afana neJapan, iChina, iiPhilippines, iThailand, iVietnam, iTaiwan, kunye ne-Indonesia-banokubulelwa ngokuzisa usuku olumnandi xa uMongameli Moon Jae-in wamema ixhoba kunye nomlweli wamalungelo abasetyhini. U-Lee Yong-soo kwisidlo saseburhulumenteni kunye noMongameli uTrump. Abasetyhini baseMzantsi Korea benza inkqubela phambili yoluntu eya kunceda izigidi zabasetyhini baseKorea kunye nezigidi zabasetyhini ngaphandle kwePeninsula yaseKorea kwamanye amazwe.

U-Lee Yong-soo, omnye wamaxhoba anqabileyo abalaseleyo obundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo kwiqonga lezizwe ngezizwe, ngokwenene uye wamanga oyena mntu udume ngokujongelwa phantsi kwabafazi kunye nentloko yeziko elidume ngobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo-umkhosi wase-US. Isenzo sakhe esinye yayisisenzo esityebileyo nesimboli esigcina ikamva loxolelo, uxolelwaniso kunye noxolo eMpuma Asia. Olo xolelaniso lwexesha elizayo luya kufezekiswa njengoko amadoda kuyo yonke indawo esiya kuvumelana noosolusapho kunye neendlela esiye safundiswa ngazo, sikhohliswa, saza saqeqeshwa ukususela ebukhwenkhweni ukuba sikholelwe ukuba ukulawula abafazi, ngokwesini nangezinye iindlela zokungekho sikweni, kuya kwanelisa ngakumbi yaye kube bubudoda. abathanda abafazi kunye nokusebenza ngokubambisana kunye nabo.

UChristine Ahn, umthetheleli ophambili waseMelika woxolo kwiPeninsula yaseKorea, usanda kubhala ukuba "njengoko ulawulo lukaTrump luza kufumanisa kungekudala, abafazi baseKorea kunye namahlakani abo baphambili ekuchazeni ubudlelwane belizwe labo kunye neWashington kwaye baya kuqinisekisa ukuba ziviwa—ezitratweni, phambi koonozakuzaku nakwiipokotho zabo.” Ewe. Namhlanje, xa kukho uxolo olukhulu kuSingasiqithi waseKorea, masikhumbule ukubandezeleka kunye namagalelo amabhinqa aseKorea.