By I-Science Science Digest, UJuni 8, 2022
Olu hlalutyo lushwankathela kwaye lubonakalisa olu phando lulandelayo: Otto, D. (2020). Ukucinga ngokutsha 'uxolo' kumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kunye nezopolitiko kwimbono engaqhelekanga yobufazi. Uphononongo lwabasetyhini, 126(1), 19-38. I-DOI:10.1177/0141778920948081
Amaphuzu okuthetha
- Intsingiselo yoxolo ihlala iqulunqwe yimfazwe kunye nemfazwe, igxininiswe ngamabali achaza uxolo njengenkqubela phambili yendaleko okanye amabali agxile kuxolo lomkhosi.
- I-UN Charter kunye nemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe yemfazwe ibeka ingcamango yabo yoxolo kwisakhelo somkhosi, endaweni yokusebenzela ukuphelisa imfazwe.
- Iimbono zobufazi kunye nezobugebenga kuxolo zicela umngeni kwiindlela zokucinga zoxolo, ngaloo ndlela zinegalelo ekucingeni kwakhona ukuba uxolo luthetha ntoni.
- Amabali asuka emazantsi, imibutho yoxolo engahambelaniyo evela kwihlabathi liphela inceda ukuba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni woxolo ngaphandle kwezakhelo zemfazwe ngokuchaswa kwemeko yomkhosi.
Ingqondo engundoqo yoLwazi lokuziqhelanisa
- Ngethuba nje uxolo luqulunqwe yimfazwe kunye nemfazwe, abagqugquzeli boxolo kunye nabachasene nemfazwe baya kuhlala bekhuselekile, benomsebenzi osebenzayo kwiingxoxo malunga nendlela yokuphendula kubundlobongela obukhulu.
isishwankathelo
Luthetha ntoni uxolo kweli hlabathi linemfazwe nemfazwe engapheliyo? UDianne Otto ucinga “ngeemeko ezithile zentlalo nembali eziphembelela ngokunzulu indlela esicinga ngayo [ngoxolo nemfazwe].” Uyatsala esuka umntu wabasetyhini kwaye iimbono ezinqabileyo ukucinga ukuba uxolo lunokuthetha ntoni ngaphandle kwenkqubo yemfazwe kunye nomkhosi. Ngokukodwa, uxhalabile malunga nendlela umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe osebenze ngayo ukugcina imeko yomkhosi kunye nokuba kukho ithuba lokucinga kwakhona intsingiselo yoxolo. Ugxininise kumaqhinga okuxhathisa ubunzulu bomkhosi ngokusebenzisa iindlela zoxolo zemihla ngemihla, ezoba kwimizekelo yeentshukumo zoxolo.
Imbono yoxolo lobufazi: “'[P]uxolo' ingekuko nje ukungabikho 'kwemfazwe' kodwa nasekufezekisweni kobulungisa boluntu kunye nokulingana komntu wonke… [F]imimiselo yolawulo loxolo] ihleli ingatshintshanga ngokwentelekiso: ukuthotywa kwezixhobo kwindalo iphela, ukupheliswa komkhosi, ukwabiwa ngokutsha. ezoqoqosho yaye—nto leyo eyimfuneko ekuphumezeni zonke ezi njongo—ukushenxiswa kwazo zonke iintlobo zolawulo, kungekuphela nje zonke iindidi zobuhlanga, zesini nesini.”
Queer uxolo imbono: “[T] kufuneka abuze ii-orthodoxies zazo zonke iintlobo…kwaye axhathise iindlela zokucinga eziye zagqwetha ubudlelwane bethu omnye nomnye kunye nehlabathi elingengobantu, kwaye endaweni yoko sibhiyozele iindlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zobuntu. ihlabathi. Ukucinga okunzulu kuvula amathuba okuba 'okuphazamisayo' kukwazi ukucela umngeni kwi-dualism yamadoda/abasetyhini egcina impi kunye nemigangatho yesini ngokudibanisa uxolo nobufazi ... kunye nokungquzulana nobudoda kunye 'namandla'.
Ukuqulunqa ingxoxo, u-Otto ubalisa amabali amathathu abeka izimvo ezahlukeneyo zoxolo ngokubhekiselele kwiimeko ezithile zentlalo nezembali. Ibali lokuqala ligxininise kuluhlu lweefestile zeglasi ezifakwe kwiNdlu yoXolo eHague (jonga ngezantsi). Esi siqwenga sobugcisa sibonakalisa uxolo “ngembali yenkqubela phambili yoKhanya” ngezigaba zempucuko yabantu kwaye ibeka amadoda amhlophe njengabadlali kuwo onke amanqanaba ophuhliso. U-Otto ubuza iimpembelelo zokuphatha uxolo njengenkqubo yendaleko, esithi le ngxelo ithethelela iimfazwe ukuba ziliwa ngokuchasene “nabangaphucukanga” okanye kukholelwa ukuba “zinempucuko.”
Ibali lesibini ligxile kwiindawo ezingafunekiyo, ezizezi, iDMZ phakathi koMntla noMzantsi Korea. Imelwe “njengoxolo olunyanzelweyo okanye lomkhosi… endaweni yoxolo lwendaleko,” i-DMZ yaseKorea (ngokuphoxayo) isebenza njengendawo yokusabela izilwanyana zasendle nanjengoko iqhubeka nokugadwa ngamajoni amabini. U-Otto ubuza ukuba ngaba uxolo lomkhosi lubandakanya uxolo ngokwenene xa iindawo ezingenamkhosi zenziwe zikhuselekile kwindalo kodwa "ziyingozi ebantwini?"
Ibali lokugqibela ligxile kuluntu loxolo lwaseSan Jośe de Apartadó eColombia, uluntu olungenamkhosi olwathi lwabhengeza ukungathathi hlangothi kwaye lwala ukuthatha inxaxheba kungquzulwano oluxhobileyo. Ngaphandle kohlaselo oluvela kwimikhosi exhobileyo ye-paramilitary kunye nelizwe, uluntu luhlala luqinile kwaye luxhaswa lukwamkelwa okusemthethweni kwelizwe kunye namazwe ngamazwe. Eli bali limele intelekelelo entsha yoxolo, ebotshelelwe ngowasetyhini kunye nendlovukazi "ukwaliwa kokubini ngokwesini semfazwe noxolo [kunye nokuzinikela] ekuthotyweni izixhobo ngokupheleleyo." Eli bali likwacel’ umngeni intsingiselo yoxolo eboniswe kumabali amabini okuqala “ngokuzabalazela ukudala iimeko zoxolo phakathi kwemfazwe.” U-Otto uyazibuza ukuba ziya kusebenza nini iinkqubo zoxolo zamazwe ngamazwe okanye zelizwe “ukuxhasa uluntu olunoxolo.
Ukuphethukela kumbuzo wendlela uxolo oluqalwa ngayo kumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, umbhali ugxininise kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo (i-UN) kunye nenjongo yayo yokuseka ukuthintela imfazwe nokwakha uxolo. Ufumana ubungqina bokubalisa ngendaleko yoxolo kunye noxolo lwemfazwe kwi-UN Charter. Xa uxolo ludityaniswa nonqabiseko, lubonisa uxolo lomkhosi. Oku kubonakala kwigunya leBhunga lezoKhuseleko lokusebenzisa umkhosi womkhosi, ezizinziswe kwimbono yobudoda/yenyani. Umthetho wemfazwe wezizwe ngezizwe, njengoko uphenjelelwa nguMqulu weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, “unceda ekufihleni ugonyamelo lomthetho ngokwawo.” Ngokubanzi, umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ukususela ngo-1945 uye waxhalaba ngakumbi ngemfazwe "yobuntu" kunokusebenzela ukupheliswa kwayo. Umzekelo, ngaphandle kokuthintelwa kokusetyenziswa kwamandla kuye kwaba buthathaka ngokuhamba kwexesha, kanye okwamkelekileyo kwiimeko zokuzikhusela ukuba ngoku kwamkelekile lindele ngohlaselo oluxhobileyo.”
Iimbekiselo zoxolo kuMqulu weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ezingadityaniswanga nonqabiseko zinokunikela indlela yokucinga kwakhona ngoxolo kodwa zixhomekeke kwingxelo yendaleko. Uxolo lunxulunyaniswa nenkqubela yezoqoqosho nentlalontle ethi, enyanisweni, “isebenze ngakumbi njengeprojekthi yolawulo kunenkululeko.” Eli bali libonisa ukuba uxolo lwenziwa “ngokomfanekiso wamazwe aseNtshona,” “oluzinze ngokunzulu kumsebenzi woxolo wawo onke amaziko nabaxhasi bamazwe ngamazwe.” Iingxelo zenkqubela phambili ziye zasilela ukwakha uxolo kuba zixhomekeke ekubuyiseleni “ubudlelwane bobukhosi bolawulo.”
U-Otto uqukumbela ngokubuza, “iqala ukubonakala njani intelekelelo yoxolo ukuba siyala ukuvelisa uxolo ngenkqubo yemfazwe?” Esebenzisa eminye imizekelo efana noluntu loxolo lwaseColombia, ufumana inkuthazo kwimibutho yoxolo engahambelaniyo ecela umngeni ngokuthe ngqo kwimeko yomkhosi-enje ngeGreenham Common Women's Peace Camp kunye nephulo layo leminyaka elishumi elinesithoba lokulwa nezixhobo zenyukliya okanye iJinwar Free. Ilali yabasetyhini ebonelela ngokhuseleko lwabasetyhini kunye nabantwana kuMntla weSyria. Ngaphandle kothumo lwabo loxolo ngenjongo, olu luntu luphantsi lusebenza(d) phantsi komngcipheko ogqithisileyo wobuqu, namazwe abonisa le mibutho “njengezoyikiso, ubugebenga, ubuqhophololo, ubugrogrisi—okanye uburhalarhume, ‘ubuqhophololo’, nobundlongondlongo.” Nangona kunjalo, abameli boxolo banokuninzi abanokufunda kule mibutho yoxolo, ngakumbi kuqheliselo lwabo loxolo lwemihla ngemihla lokuxhathisa isithethe somkhosi.
Ulwazi lokuziqhelanisa
Abaphembeleli boxolo nabachasi imfazwe basoloko bebotshelelwa kwiindawo zokuzikhusela kwiingxoxo ngoxolo nokhuseleko. Ngokomzekelo, uNan Levinson wabhala kwi Tyena Sizwe ukuba amatshantliziyo achasene nemfazwe ajongene nengxaki yokuziphatha ekuphenduleni uhlaselo lwase-Ukraine lwaseRussia, ichaza ukuba "izikhundla ziye zasuka ekugxekeni i-United States kunye ne-NATO ngokuxhokonxa uhlaselo lwaseRussia ukuba ihlawulise iWashington ngokungaxoxisani kakuhle, ukuba nexhala lokucaphukisa uMongameli waseRussia u-Putin ngakumbi [ukuba] abize ukhuselo. imizi-mveliso nabaxhasi bayo [ukuba] bancome abemi baseUkraine ngokuchasa kwabo baze baqinisekise ukuba abantu ngokwenene banelungelo lokuzikhusela.” Impendulo inokubonakala isasazekile, ingahambelani, kwaye, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ulwaphulo-mthetho oluxeliweyo e-Ukraine, lungenaluvelwano okanye lungenalwazi kubaphulaphuli baseMelika abasele behleli. izimisele ukuxhasa isenzo somkhosi. Le ngxaki yoxolo namatshantliziyo achasene nemfazwe ibonisa ingxoxo kaDianne Otto yokuba uxolo luqulunqwe yimfazwe kunye nemeko yomkhosi. Logama nje uxolo luqulunqwe yimfazwe kunye nemfazwe, abagqugquzeli baya kuhlala bekwimeko yokuzikhusela, esebenzayo kwiingxoxo malunga nendlela yokusabela kubundlobongela bezopolitiko.
Esinye isizathu sokuba ukukhuthaza uxolo kubaphulaphuli baseMelika kunzima kakhulu kukungabikho kolwazi okanye ulwazi malunga noxolo okanye ukwakha uxolo. Ingxelo yakutshanje yeFrameworks kwi Ukuhlaziya uXolo kunye noKwakha uxolo ichonga iingqondo eziqhelekileyo phakathi kwabantu baseMelika malunga nokuba kuthetha ukuthini ukwakha uxolo kwaye inikezela ngeengcebiso malunga nendlela yokunxibelelana ngempumelelo ngokwakha uxolo. Ezi ngcebiso zihambelana nomxholo wokwamkelwa kwemeko yomkhosi ophakamileyo phakathi koluntu lwaseMelika. Iingqondo eziqhelekileyo malunga nokwakha uxolo ziquka ukucinga ngoxolo "njengokungabikho kwengxabano okanye imeko yokuzola kwangaphakathi," ukucinga ukuba "isenzo somkhosi singundoqo kukhuseleko," sikholelwa ukuba ungquzulwano olunobundlobongela alunakuphepheka, ukukholelwa kwizinto ezikhethekileyo zaseMelika, kunye nokwazi okuncinci malunga nokuba yintoni. ukwakha uxolo kubandakanya.
Oku kunqongophala kolwazi kudala amathuba okuba abaphembeleli boxolo kunye nabaxhasi bafake umsebenzi wexesha elide, wenkqubo yokulungisa ngokutsha kunye nopapasho lokwakha uxolo kubaphulaphuli ababanzi. I-Frameworks icebisa ukuba ukugxininisa ixabiso loxhulumaniso kunye nokuxhomekeka kuyona ngxelo isebenzayo yokwakha inkxaso yokwakha uxolo. Oku kunceda ukwenza uluntu olunomkhosi luqonde ukuba lunenxaxheba yobuqu kwisiphumo soxolo. Ezinye izakhelo ezibalisayo ezicetyiswayo ziquka “ukugxininisa[ukugxininisa] umlinganiswa osebenzayo noqhubekayo wokwakha uxolo,” kusetyenziswa isafobe sokwakha iibhulorho ukucacisa indlela ukwakhiwa koxolo okusebenza ngayo, ukucaphula imizekelo, kunye nokuqulunqa ukwakhiwa koxolo njengento eyongayo.
Ukwakha inkxaso yokucinga ngokutsha koxolo kuya kuvumela uxolo kunye nabalweli bemfazwe ukuba babeke imiqathango yengxoxo malunga nemibuzo malunga noxolo nokhuseleko, kunokuba babuyele kwizikhundla ezikhuselayo kunye nezisebenzayo kwimpendulo yomkhosi kubundlobongela bezopolitiko. Ukwenza unxibelelwano phakathi kwexesha elide, umsebenzi wenkqubo kunye neemfuno zemihla ngemihla zokuphila kuluntu olunomkhosi omkhulu ngumngeni onzima kakhulu. UDianne Otto uya kucebisa ukuba agxininise kwizenzo zoxolo zemihla ngemihla ukugatya okanye ukuchasa ukulwa. Enyanisweni, zombini iindlela-ixesha elide, ukucinga kwakhona kwenkqubo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla zokuchasana ngoxolo-zibaluleke kakhulu ekupheliseni impi kunye nokwakha uluntu olunoxolo nobulungisa. [KC]
Imibuzo iphakanyisiwe
- Abaphembeleli boxolo kunye nabathetheleli banganxibelelana njani ngombono oguqulayo woxolo owala imeko yomkhosi (kunye neqheleke kakhulu) xa isenzo somkhosi sifumana inkxaso yoluntu?
Siqhubeka Sifunda, Siphulaphule yaye Sibukele
Pineau, MG, & Volmet, A. (2022, April 1). Ukwakha ibhulorho yoxolo: Ukuhlengahlengisa uxolo kunye nokwakha uxolo. Imigaqo-nkqubo. Ibuyisiwe ngoJuni 1, 2022, ukusuka https://www.frameworksinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/FWI-31-peacebuilding-project-brief-v2b.pdf
Hozić, A., & Restrepo Sanín, J. (2022, Meyi 10). Ukucinga kwakhona emva kwemfazwe, ngoku. Ibhlog ye-LSE. Ibuyisiwe ngoJuni 1, 2022, ukusuka https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/wps/2022/05/10/reimagining-the-aftermath-of-war-now/
Levinson, N. (2022, Meyi 19). Abantu abachasene nemfazwe bajongene nengxaki yokuziphatha. Isizwe. Ibuyiselwe nge-1 kaJuni, 2022, ukusuka https://www.thenation.com/article/world/ukraine-russia-peace-activism/
UMüller, Ede. (2010, Julayi 17). Ikhampasi yehlabathi kunye noLuntu loxolo iSan José de Apartadó, eColombia. Associação para um Mundo Humanitário. Ibuyisiwe ngoJuni 1, 2022, ukusuka
https://vimeo.com/13418712BBC Radio 4. (2021, Septemba 4). Isiphumo seGreenham. Ibuyiselwe nge-1 kaJuni ngo-2022, ukusuka https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m000zcl0
Abasetyhini Khusela Rojava. (2019, Disemba 25). Jinwar – Iprojekthi yelali yabasetyhini. Ibuyiselwe nge-1 kaJuni ngo-2022, ukusuka
Imibutho
IkhowudiPinki: https://www.codepink.org
Women Cross DMZ: https://www.womencrossdmz.org
Internet: ukuthomalalisa ukhuseleko, ukulwa, uxolo, ukwakha uxolo
Ifoto mboleko: Banksy
