NguGar Smith, I-Berkeley Daily Planet, UJuni 16, 2021
Ihlabathi apho abafazi banokuqulunqwa khona? Ayibhalisi.
Uyilo olungathathi cala kwezesini luyakrotyiswa (kwezinye iindawo) njengoloyiso lwamalungelo abasetyhini, umnyango ovulekileyo othembisa iqonga elitsha lamathuba alinganayo namadoda. Kule meko, ithuba elilinganayo lokudubula, ukuqhushumisa, ukutshisa nokubulala abanye abantu.
Abasetyhini banokujamelana nemfuno entsha yezomthetho yokuba kufuneka babhalise kwiPentagon xa beneminyaka eli-18.
Kodwa abaseMelika sele baye amalungelo afanayo njengamadoda okufaka kunye nokulandela ikhondo lomsebenzi kwiikhosi zomkhosi. Ke kwenzeka njani ngokwesini okanye ngokungalunganga ukuba abafazi abancinci abanyanzelekanga ukuba babhalise kwi-Pentagon (ethathe umhlala phantsi kodwa isavuseleleka) uyilo lomkhosi? Ucinga ntoni apha? "Ngaba okusesikweni kulingana nomthetho"?
In February 2019, umgwebi wenkundla yase-US lawula ukuba uyilo lwendoda kuphela lwalungahambelani nomgaqo-siseko, yamkela ingxoxo yommangali yokuba uyilo lwaphembelela "ucalucalulo ngokwesondo" ngokuchasene nomgaqo-sihlomelo we-14 "wokukhuselwa ngokulinganayo".
Eli ligatya elifanayo “lokhuseleko olulinganayo” ebelisetyenziselwa ukwandisa nokunyanzelisa amalungelo okuzala, amalungelo onyulo, ukulingana ngokobuhlanga, ubulungisa bonyulo kunye namathuba emfundo.
Icaphula i-14th Isilungiso sokuthethelela ukunyanzelwa kwabantu ukuba baye emkhosini kubonakala ngathi siyaphikisana nengcamango “yokhuseleko” Ngaphantsi yimeko "yamathuba alinganayo" kwaye ngakumbi imeko "yomngcipheko olinganayo."
Uyilo lweduna kuphela uye wabizwa "Lolunye lodidi lokugqibela olusekwe kwisini kumthetho olawulayo." Uyilo kwakhona lubizwa ngokuba yi "cannon-fodder credit card." Nokuba unqwenela ukuyibiza ntoni, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US ikhethe ukungagwebi ekufikeni koyilo, ikhetha ukulinda isenzo kwiCongress.
Amagqwetha eAmerican Civil Liberties Union akhokele ekufuneni ukuba abantu ababhinqileyo kunye nabesilisa mabaphathwe ngokulinganayo xa kufikwa kubhaliso.
Ndivumelana nengxoxo ye-ACLU yokuba uyilo kufuneka lusebenze ngokulinganayo kubo bobabini abantu besini- kodwa esi sivumelwano siza nesiqinisekiso esibalulekileyo: Ndiyakholelwa ukuba akukho abantu okanye abasetyhini kufuneka banyanzelwe ukuba babhalisele ukuya emkhosini.
Inkqubo yeNkonzo yokuKhetha (i-SSS) ayihambelani nomgaqo-siseko hayi kuba isilela ekufuneni ukuba abasetyhini baqeqeshelwe ukulwa nokubulala: ayihambelani nomgaqo-siseko kuba ifuna nawuphi na ummi ukubhalisela ukuqeqeshelwa ukulwa nokubulala.
Ngaphandle kwesihlonipho, i-SSS ayisiyo "nkonzo" kodwa "ngumsebenzi" kwaye "ikhetha" kuphela kubaqeshi, hayi "ukukhetha" kwicala labanokubanjwa.
Ubukhoboka obukhuselweyo
Uyilo luhlobo lokukhotyokiswa ngenkani. Kananjalo, ayifanelanga ukuba yinxalenye yelizwe elithi lisekwe kwisithembiso "sobomi, inkululeko kunye nolonwabo." UMgaqo-siseko ucacile. I-13th ICandelo loku-1 eliLungisayo liyabhengeza: . . ziyakubakho eUnited States, okanye nakweyiphi na indawo ephantsi kolawulo lwabo. ” Ukunyanzela abafana ukuba babe ngamajoni ngokuchasene nentando yabo (okanye ukubagweba ixesha elide entolongweni ngenxa yokwala ukwenziwa) ngokucacileyo kuyimbonakaliso "yobukhoboka obungafunekiyo."
Kodwa linda! Umgaqo-siseko ngokwenene hayi icace gca.
I-kicker ikwi-ellipsis, equka ukukhululwa okucacisa ukuba abemi basengaphathwa njengamakhoboka “njengesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho apho iqela liya kugwetywa ngokufanelekileyo.”
NgokweCandelo 1, kubonakala ngathi kuphela kwabemi base-US abanokunyanzelwa ngokusemthethweni ukuba bakhusele "ikhaya lamadoda akhaliphileyo" ngokunyanzelwa ukubanjwa.
Okumangalisayo kukuba, "umhlaba wabakhululekileyo" likhaya labona bantu baninzi abangamakhoboka emhlabeni, kunye nezigidi ezingama-2.2 zamabanjwa - isinye kwisine samabanjwa avalelweyo emhlabeni. Ngaphandle komgaqo-siseko-wobukhoboka-wegatya kunye nePentagon efunayo ngamajoni, amabanjwa aseMelika akanikwanga ukukhululwa kwangethuba ukuze angene emkhosini.
Ngokwesiko, abantu baseMelika abavalelweyo babhaliselwe kuphela ukwakha iindlela zedolophu kunye nokulwa imililo yasendle- hayi ukwakha imikhosi kunye nokulwa iimfazwe. (Idlalwe ngokwahlukileyo ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi xa amabanjwa amaJamani ayethunyelwa emfazweni Iifrafti okanye "amabanjwa ekohlwayo.")
Uqoqosho lwaseMelika kunye nokuBhaliswa kweZiko
KwiNtolongo-yezoShishino-Complex yanamhlanje, endaweni yokuthunyelwa "kwiindawo zangaphambili," amabanjwa aqeshwa ukuba asebenze "ngasemva," enikezela umsebenzi wasimahla kwiCorporate America. IComplex-Industrial Complex yiyo umqeshi wesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni nase ungumqeshi wesibini ngobukhulu e-US.
Ukungakhokhelwa (okanye "iipeni ngeyure") ukukhonkxwa entolongweni kunokubandakanya umsebenzi wokumbiwa kwemigodi kunye nokulima ekwenzeni izixhobo zomkhosi, ukusebenza njengabaqhubi beenkonzo zokufowuna, kunye nokuthunga iimpahla zangaphantsi zeVictoria's Secret. Iinkampani eziphezulu zaseMelika ezisebenzisa abasebenzi basejele zibandakanya iWal-Mart, iWendy's, iVerizon, iSprint, iStarbucks, kunye neMcDonald's. Ukuba amabanjwa abhalisiwe ayala le misebenzi, banokohlwaywa ngokuvalelwa bodwa, ukulahlekelwa yityala ngenxa "yexesha elisebenziweyo," okanye ukumiswa kotyelelo losapho.
Ngomnyaka we-1916, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagweba (uButler v. Perry) ukuba abemi abakhululekileyo banokubhaliswa kwimisebenzi engahlawulwanga ebandakanyeka kulwakhiwo lweendlela zikawonkewonke. Ngapha koko, lulwimi lwe-13th Uhlengahlengiso lwakhutshelwa kummiselo we-1787 Northwest Territories umthetho owawususa ubukhoboka kodwa wawufuna "wonke ummi ongumntu oneminyaka elishumi elinesithandathu ubudala nangaphezulu" ukuba abonise umsebenzi ongahlawulwanga "ekulumkisweni ngokufanelekileyo ukuba asebenze ezindleleni ngumphathi welokishi apho abahlali banokuba ngabakhe. ” (Kwaye, ewe, uninzi lwamabanjwa ayesebenza "kumaqela emigulukudu" ukuya kuma-20th Inkulungwane, babebandakanyeka emsebenzini ongahlawulwanga.)
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-1792 kwegunya lokulungiswa kwendlela kunciphise inani labantu ekujoliswe kubo libe ngamadoda aphakathi kweminyaka engama-21-50 yeminyaka, kwaye lanciphisa ixesha lobukhoboka ukuba "benze umsebenzi weentsuku ezimbini ezindleleni zikawonkewonke."
Ubhaliso kwihlabathi liphela
Umthetho we-1917 oseke iNkqubo yoKhetho lweNkonzo wawungqongqo. Ukusilela "ukubhalisa" kuyilo kwagwetywa ukuya kuthi ga kwiminyaka emihlanu entolongweni kunye nemali eyi- $ 250,000 ephezulu.
I-US ayisiyiyo yodwa ekunyanzeleni "abemi abakhululekileyo" ukuba basebenze njengamajoni. Ngeli xesha langoku, Amazwe e-83 - ngaphantsi kwesithathu samazwe ehlabathi - kufuneka uyilo. Uninzi alubandakanyi abasetyhini. Amazwe asibhozo abhala amabhinqa ngala: IBolivia, iChad, i-Eritrea, i-Israel, iMozambiki, iNorth Korea, iNorway neSweden.
Uninzi lwamazwe anemikhosi exhobileyo (kubandakanya uninzi NATO kwaye udibano lwaseyurophu States) ungaxhomekeki kubhaliso ukunyanzela ubhaliso. Endaweni yoko, banikezela ngesithembiso semisebenzi ehlawula kakuhle emkhosini ukutsala abantu abafuna ukubuthwa.
ISweden, ilizwe "elinobuntu obusemfazini" elaphelisa uyilo ngo-2010, kutshanje lavuselela inkonzo yasemkhosini enyanzelekileyo ngokwazisa uyilo olusebenza okokuqala kumadoda nabasetyhini. Urhulumente uthi "ukubhaliswa kule mihla akuthathi cala kwezesini kwaye kuya kubandakanya abasetyhini kunye namadoda" kodwa, ngokutsho komphathiswa wezomkhosi waseSweden, esona sizathu sotshintsho yayingekuko ukulingana ngokwesini kodwa babhaliswa kancinci ngenxaimeko yezokhuseleko eya isiba mandundu eYurophu nakwiSweden. ”
Ukuthotyelwa kweeConundrums
Ingxoxo ye-ACLU yokulingana iza neengxaki. Ukuba abantu ababhinqileyo nabesilisa kuya kufuneka ngokulinganayo babhalisele uyilo lomkhosi (okanye bajongane nokuvalelwa ngenxa yokwala ukuya kwinkonzo), ingaba nefuthe elinjani kubemi belizwe lethu abathandanayo?
Ngo-Matshi 31, iPentagon Ukuguqula ukuvalwa kwexesha likaTrump ukuthintela abemi abathandanayo ukuba basebenze emkhosini. Ngaba imithetho emitsha engathathi hlangothi ngokwesini iya kunyanzelisa abantu baseMelika ukuba babhalise kuyilo ukuyiphepha intolongo okanye isohlwayo?
Ngokutsho IZiko leLizwe lokuLingana kweTransgender, Ubhaliso lweeNkonzo eziKhethiweyo ngoku alubandakanyi “Abantu ababelwe ababhinqileyo ekuzalweni (kubandakanywa abadlulisi). ” Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iNkonzo yokuKhetha ifuna ubhaliso "lwabantu ababelwe amadoda xa kuzalwa."
Ukuba "ulungelelwaniso lobulungisa" belunokuba ngumgangatho omtsha wokulingana ngokwesini, iNkundla ePhakamileyo inokubizwa ngenye imini ukuba ithathele ingqalelo ukuba ifuna iNational Soccer League ivumele abasetyhini ukuba babhalisele uyilo lweNFL. Phambi kokuba ujongane naloo quandary yokuziphatha, kunokuba kufanelekile ukubuza ukuba ingaba akukho nabasetyhini ngenene na wayefuna ukukrola kunye neepawundi ezingama-240. Njengoko kusengqiqweni ukubuza naliphi na ibhinqa-okanye indoda- ingaba iyafuna na ukudubula iimbumbulu, iziqhushumbisi, kunye nemijukujelwa kubantu abangabazi bezabalaza ukuba baphile kwilizwe elikude, ilizwe elidlavulwe yimfazwe.
Ngomdla wokulingana ngokwesini, makhe sigqibe ukubhala ubhaliso lwe- zombini abafazi kwaye amadoda. ICongress kufanele ukuba inezwi kwizigqibo zemfazwe noxolo. Kwidemokhrasi, abantu mabahlale bekhululekile ukumisela ukuba banqwenela ukuxhasa imfazwe okanye hayi. Ukuba wenele ngokwaneleyo: akukho mfazwe.
Ukuphelisa uyilo
Kukho iphulo elikhulayo lokuphelisa uyilo lomkhosi e-US-kwaye ngekhe kube lixesha lokuqala. UMongameli uGerald R. Ford waphelisa uyilo lobhaliso ngo-1975, kodwa uMongameli uJimmy Carter wayivuselela le mfuno ngo-1980.
Ngoku, abathathu be-Oregon Congressmen-uRon Wyden, uPeter DeFazio kunye no-Earl Blumenauer-bayaxhasa Umthetho wokuKhetha ukuSuswa kweNkonzo ka-2021 (HR 2509 no S. 1139), eya kuthi iphelise inkqubo ebizwa nguDeFazio “ngumbuso ophelelwe lixesha, omoshakeleyo” ohlawula abarhafi baseMelika i $ 25 yezigidi ngonyaka. Isenzo sokurhoxisa sineqela labaxhasi beRiphabhlikhi, kubandakanya uSenator Rand Paul kunye nabameli uThomas Massie waseKentucky noRodney Davis waseIllinois.
Ukupheliswa koyilo kunye nokubuyela kuwo wonke umkhosi wamavolontiya kuya kuyiphelisa inkonzo enyanzelekileyo- yamadoda nabasetyhini. Inyathelo elilandelayo? Ukuphelisa imfazwe.
