"Mhlawumbi umlo wase-Afghanistan ungabonwa njengotyekelo lolawulo oluncinci lwabaphambukeli kukhenketho olufutshane ngezinto zabo eziphambili" -Rory Stewart
Ngu-Hanna Qadir, weYunivesithi yaseColumbia (uMfo oGqwesileyo), ngoJulayi 15, 2020
Isibhengezo saseWashington sokurhoxa ngokukhawuleza kwemikhosi yaseMelika yokugqibela e-Afghanistan nge-31 ka-Agasti, kubangele ukwahlukana kweMelika, ngoPhando lweDyunivesithi yaseQuinnipiac ebonisa ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sabaseMelika besithi bayasamkela isigqibo, iipesenti ezingama-29 bengavumi kwaye iipesenti ezisi-9 zinikezela Akukho luvo.[1] Kwinqanaba loluntu esi sigqibo (kunye neziphumo zovoto) zifuna ukubonakaliswa okunzulu ngesicwangciso sokungenelela kwezomkhosi e-USA kunye novavanyo olubuthathaka ngaphezulu kweminyaka engamashumi amabini yokuhanjiswa komdibaniso waseNtshona eAfghanistan. Nge-2trn echithwe emfazweni,[2] Ukuphulukana namawaka amajoni aseNtshona kunye nokufa kwamashumi amawaka ama-Afghani (amajoni kunye nabantu ngokufanayo), umntu kufuneka ahlole ukuba ngaba imfazwe e-Afghanistan yayifanelekile na ukuyilwa, nkqu no-Biden evuma ukuba ayizukubakho bhiyozela. Ithini ke ifuthe elihlala lihleli kweyona mfazwe inde ebalekayo embalini kunye novavanyo lokuba ingaba utshintsho kwezentlalo belunokufumaneka ngokulula ngesicwangciso sokwakha uxolo esigxile kuxolo “ukususela emazantsi phezulu? ”[3] Ngaba abahlali ababandakanyeka kumanyathelo okwakha uxolo-asencwadini kunokuba yinto engcono kwimfazwe eyonakalisayo negazi eyadlula iminyaka engamashumi amabini?
Umphathiswa wezemfundo wase-Bhritane nowayesakuba ngu-Mphathiswa Wezemicimbi Yasezilalini, u-Stewart, uchaza imfazwe yase-Afghanistan kunye nongenelelo olulandelayo lwembambano "njengolawulo oluncinci lwabantu bamanye amazwe kukhenketho olufutshane ngezinto zabo eziphambili," [4] Ukubamba inkolelo yokuba inyathelo elinzima lomkhosi waseMelika eneneni alinampumelelo, oko kukhokelela ekwandeni kunokuba kunciphe kubundlobongela. Ukuthatha olu hlaselo inyathelo eliya phambili kuvumela ukudalwa kwendlela eyahlukileyo yokwakha uxolo ngezicwangciso ezijolise kubunini bendawo kunye noxabiso lwendlela amandla asymmetry kunye nokungalingani phakathi kwabadlali bamanye amazwe kunye nabemi belizwe kunye nemibutho yoluntu kufuneka ivavanywe ngcono ukuvumela Inkqubo yotshintsho lwempixano eyakhayo.
Ukuba umntu ubuyisa imbali, kulula ukuchaza ukusilela okuqhubekayo kongenelelo lomkhosi olungenampumelelo ngaphandle kwengxelo ezingapheliyo kwimibono yemfazwe engenakuphepheka, iyimfuneko kwaye ichanekile. Kwimeko ye-Afghanistan, umntu unokuya kuthi utyalomali lwemali kunye nezixhobo zilonakalisile ilizwe, zahlukanisa ama-Afghani kwaye zakhawulezisa ukudalwa korhwaphilizo kunye nenkunkuma. Ukufaka isicelo selensi yamandla ebaluleke kakhulu kugqamisa indima yesazisi kwisisombululo sempixano enogonyamelo. Isikhundla esinjalo sikholelwa ngamandla kusetyenziso lwezixhobo zemveli zokusombulula ungquzulwano kunye nendlela elula yokuyila uyilo ngongenelelo lwamazwe aphesheya, ukulandela ubulungisa kwezentlalo. Ngapha koko, ubudlelwane bamandla kufuneka bubonakalise ngokupheleleyo indima yokuxhomekeka phakathi kweeNGO zamanye amazwe (zihlala zixhaswa ngemali ngabanikeli) kunye nabadlali bendawo; ubambe ubutyebi bolwazi lwasekhaya kodwa oswele imali. Ukuqonda okunzulu kwempembelelo yomanyano kunye nokunxibelelana phakathi kwamanyathelo oxolo kuzwelonke nakwingingqi, kunye nokuphumelela kokunyusa amathuba okuphumelela kwenye, kunokuba yindawo ekubhekiswa kuyo enenzuzo. Ulwakhiwo loxolo lwasekhaya ayisiyiyo induku yomlingo kwaye ukuze ibe yimpumelelo ifuna ukuxabiswa kwezithintelo ezinje ngokuqinisa iinkqubo zobuphathamandla okanye oosolusapho; Kunye nokudibanisa iimpembelelo ze-Afghanistan zezopolitiko nezentlalo nakweyiphi na imigaqo-nkqubo yexesha elizayo.
Lixesha lokuba ucelomngeni phezulu ukuya ezantsi Iparadigm yongenelelo lomdlali wesithathu welinye ilizwe ngokuvula amathuba otshintsho oluphezulu lwengxabano kunye nendlela yokuhlengahlengisa ixabiso lesidingo sezisombululo zasekhaya zasekhaya zokusombulula ungquzulwano kunye nentsebenziswano eqhutywa apha ekhaya.[5] Kule meko mhlawumbi abagcini-masango bokwenene bokwenza iindlela zongenelelo e-Afghanistan ziingcali zezifundo zase-Afghani ezinolwazi ngezenzo zalapha, ukubandakanyeka kobunkokheli boluntu kunye ne-disapora yendawo, hayi imikhosi yamanye amazwe. Ngokwamazwi ka-Autesserre, umbhali kunye nomphandi wase-Merika-wase-Melika: “Kuphela ngokujonga ngokusondeleyo amanyathelo amatsha, aneengcambu, ngokufuthi esebenzisa iindlela ezithandwa ngabantu abakumazwe ngamazwe, apho sinokuthi sitshintshe indlela esizijonga nesakha ngayo uxolo. ” [6]
[1] Sonmez, F, (2021, Julayi) "U-Geroge W. Bush uthi ukuphelisa umkhosi wase-US e-Afghanistan yimpazamo." Ukufunyanwa kwiWashington Post.
[2] Ingcali yezoqoqosho, (2021, Julayi) “Imfazwe yaseMelika eAfghanistan iphela ngokoyisa.” Ukufunyanwa kwi-https: //www.economist.com/leaders/2021/07/10/americas-longest-war-is-ending-in-crushing-defeat
[3] UReese, L. (2016) "Uxolo oluvela ezantsi phezulu: amaQhinga kunye nemiceli mngeni yoBunini beNgingqi kwiiNdibano eziSekwe kuLwakhiwo loXolo" kwi-Shifting Paradigms, ehlelwe nguJohannes Lukas Gartner, 23-31. ENew York: Ubuntu boKwenziwa kweendaba.
[4] UStewart, R. (2011, Julayi). "Ixesha lokuphelisa imfazwe eAfghanistan" [Ifayile yeVidiyo]. Kubuyiselwa kwi https://www.ted.com/talks/rory_stewart_time_to_end_the_war_in_afghanistan?language=en
[5] Reich, H. (2006, uJan 31). "'Ubunini beNgingqi' kwiiProjekthi zoTshintsho lwezoNgquzulwano: Ubuhlakani, ukuthatha inxaxheba okanye ukuxhaswa?” Iphepha lamaXesha eBerghof, akukho. I-27 (iZiko loPhando laseBerghof loLawulo lweeNgxabano, uSeptemba 2006), ibuyisiwe kwi http://www.berghoffoundation.org/fileadmin/ redaktion / Ushicilelo / Amaphepha / Ithuba
[6] I-Autesserre, S. (2018, Okt 23). Kukho enye indlela yokwakha uxolo kwaye ayiveli kwabaphezulu. ” Ukufunyanwa kwi-Monkey Cage yeWashington Post.
