Indlela iSebe laseYurophu lezoBulungisa elenza ukuba libulawe lihloniphekile, libulale abangenacala kunye neentambo zabo
Ulwimi lwezopolitiko lunokusetyenziswa, uGeorge Orwell wathi ku-1946, "ukuthetha ubuxoki bunyani kwaye buhloniphekile, kwaye ukunika ubungqina bomoya ococekileyo." Ukuze kulungelelaniswe inkqubo yokubulala, ukuphathwa kuka-Obama kuye kwafuneka amagama angaphaya kwamaqondo abo okuphuka. Ngokomzekelo, nayiphi na indoda engama-14 iminyaka okanye ngaphezulu eyifumene efile kwindawo yesiteyimu se-drone "umkhosi" ngaphandle kokuba kukho ulwaphulo olucacileyo emva kokumbonakalisa engenacala. Sikwaziswa kwakhona ukuba isiseko somgaqo-siseko "senkqubo efanelekileyo" asichazi ukuba urhulumente kufuneka alandele ukuqhutywa ngetyala. Ndicinga ukuba elinye igama eligqithiseleyo liye laphazamisa le ntsuku, kwiindawo ezintle kakhulu, ligama elithi "elisondeleyo."
Yisiphi nje isisongelo "esisondeleyo"? Urhulumente wethu uye wathatha ithuba lokunika inkxaso ngokubambisana kwabantu baseMelika ukuba baxhase ngokutsha imali kwiimpahla kunye nokwamkela ukubulawa kwabantu kwiimpi zasemaphandleni kunye nokunciphisa iinkqubo zasekhaya ekhaya, xa zixelelwe ezi ziimpendulo eziyimfuneko zokuchasisa ngokusesikweni izinto ezinjalo. Urhulumente uye wandisa kakhulu intsingiselo yelizwi elithi "elisondeleyo." Le ncazelo entsha ibaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo ye-drone yase-US, eyenzelwe ukuphanga amandla okubulala emhlabeni wonke. Inika umgaqo-mthethweni nokuziphatha ngokubangela ukubhujiswa kwabantu abasemazweni abangekho nto engasisongela kuyo yonke into.
Ukusetyenziswa kweedronsi ezilawulwa ngokude zixhomekeke njenge-Armed States "i-weapon" ebonakalayo "kwimfazwe" yenkxalabo yongxowankulu "ikhula ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka yamuva nje, iphakamisa imibuzo emininzi ephazamisayo. Ukukhupha iibhola ze-500 kunye neenqwelo ze-Hell, i-Predator ne-Reaper i-drones ayizona izinto ezichanekileyo kunye nezixhobo zokuchukumisa zemfazwe ezidumisa kakhulu nguMongameli Obama "ngokubhekiselele kwizenzo zethu kulabo abafuna ukusibulala hhayi abantu abafihlayo kuwo." Kuye kwavunywa ngokubanzi ukuba uninzi lwabo ababulewe ekuhlaselweni kwe-drone abayilindelekanga, amaxhoba angamaxhoba. Ukufa kweethagethi ezijoliswe kuzo kunye neendlela ezikhethiweyo akufanele kube nzima.
Ezi zinto zijoliswe ngamabhondi ngedrones zihlala zingekho kwimibambano, zihlala zihlala kumazwe angabikho kwimfazwe yase-US kwaye ngezinye izihlandlo ziye zaba ngabemi base-US. Akunqabile "ukuthatyathwa" ekutshiseni kwemfazwe okanye xa bexhatshazwa kwaye banokubulawa kakhulu (kunye nabani na abasendaweni yabo) emtshatweni, emngcwabeni, emsebenzini, ehamba engadini, eqhuba umgwaqo omkhulu okanye ujonge ukutya kunye nosapho kunye nabahlobo. Ezi zokufa zibalwa njengento enye ngaphandle kokubulala kuphela ukugxininisa ukunyanzela ngamagqwetha karhulumente ukuba ngalinye lala maxhoba limele "ingozi" ebomini bethu kunye nokhuseleko apha ekhaya e-US
NgoFebhuwari i-2013, iSebe lezoBulungisa beSebe lase-United States, i-Department of Justice Justice, "Ukunyaniseka kwe-Lethal Operation echasene nomhlali wase-US onguNkokeli oyiNtloko we-Al-Qaida okanye uMbutho oManyeneyo," wahlaselwa yiNBC News. Leli phepha libonisa ukukhanya okusemthethweni kwesohlwayo se-drone kwaye ichaza inkcazelo entsha kunye neziguquguqukayo zegama elithi "elisondeleyo." "Okokuqala," kuchaza, "imeko yokuba inkokheli eqhubayo isisongelo 'esiseduze' sokuhlasela ngokumelene neUnited States ayifuni ukuba iUnited States ibe nobungqina obucacileyo bokuthi ukuhlasela okuthe ngqo kubantu base-US kunye neemfuno ziza kwenzeka kwixa elizayo. "
Ngaphambi kokuba abameli bezobuLungiswa beSebe lezoBulungisa bawubambe, intsingiselo yegama elithi "elisondeleyo" yayicacile ngokucacileyo. Izichazi-magama ezahlukeneyo zesiNgesi zivuma ukuba igama elithi "elisondeleyo" lithetha ngokucacileyo into ecacileyo kunye nangoko, "inokwenzeka ukuba yenze nawuphi na umzuzu," "isondela," "ikulungele ukuqhubeka," "ihamba," " , "" Esongela, "" ngeenxa zonke ekhoneni. "Akukho ncazelo yezomthetho yeli gama elishiyekileyo lokungabonakali. Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iNkundla yaseNuremberg yaqinisekisa kwakhona i-19th-century ukwakha umthetho wesintu wesizwe owabhalwa nguDaniel Webster, owathi ukubaluleka kokusetyenziswa kwamandla ngokuzikhusela kufuneka "kube ngokukhawuleza, kunzima, , kwaye akukho mzuzwana wokubambisana. "Kwakunjalo ngaphambili. Ngoku, nasiphi na isongelo esilindelekileyo - kwaye nayiphi na umntu esemhlabeni angenza ukuba kubekho enye-nangona ikude, inokwanelisa inkcazelo entsha. Ngokubhekiselele kwiSebe lezoBulungisa, isisongelo "esikufuphi" ngoku sithe "ngubani na owaziyo" egosa likaRhulumente waseburhulumenteni e-US "uzimisele ukuba njalo, ngokusekelwe kububungqina obusasazisiweyo kweso sikhundla esisodwa, akuze kubekwe luluntu okanye kuhlaziywe nayiphi inkundla.
Ububanzi benkcazelo kaRhulumente "yeza kusondela" bubulalayo kubukhulu bayo. Kukho konke okumangalisa ukuba elinye iSebe lezoBulungisa liza kuchaza ngokucacileyo igama ngokukhawuleza ukuba ligwebe kwaye libophe abemi abahlala bemihlali nabanoxanduva abasebenzela ukukhusela abangenacala kwizinto ezibangelwa nguRhulumente wase-US. Umzekelo ngokukodwa ochaphazelekayo kumcimbi wokubulala ngedonone yimeko ye "Creech 14."
Abasebenzi be-14 bangena kwiCreech Air Force Base, ngo-Epreli, 2009
Emva kwesenzo sokuqala sokuchasana nokungabi nxamnye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweedrones ezilawulwe ngokungaphelelwanga kunye nokude e-United States zenzeke kwiCreech Air Force Base e-Nevada emva kuka-Ephreli, i-2009, kuthatha ngaphezu konyaka ngaphambi kokuba i-14 kuthi ityala Ityala lalinomhla wethu enkundleni. Njengoko lo kwakuyithuba lokuqala lo-militants "ukubeka i-drones kwilingo" ngelixa abantu abambalwa baseMerika beyazi ukuba bekhona, sasizikhuthele ngakumbi ekulungiseleleni imeko yethu, ukuphikisana ngokucacileyo nangengqiqo, kungekhona ukuze sikhuphe entolongweni kodwa ngenxa yalabo abafayo kunye nabo bahlala besaba i-drones. Ngokuqeqeshwa ngamagqwetha amanyathelo athile, iinjongo zethu kwakukumele sizimelele kwaye sibheke kumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, ukunikezela ngokukhuseleka okunamandla, nangona sazi ukuba kwakungekho ithuba lokuba inkundla iza kuphulaphula iingxabano zethu.
Ukukhusela ukubaluleka, ukuba umntu akenzanga ulwaphulo-mthetho ukuba isenzo esingekho mthethweni senzekile ukukhusela umonakalo omkhulu okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho ekuqhutyweni, luyabonwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo njengenxalenye yomthetho oqhelekileyo. Akusiyo into engabonakaliyo okanye ukukhuseleka ngokuqhelekanga. I-West Encyclopedia yaseAmerican ithi, "Ngokwexesha elithile, kwimeko ethile, ukuphulwa kobuchule bomthetho kubaluleke kakhulu kuluntu kunokuba kubambelele ngokungqongqo komthetho," kusho iWest Encyclopedia yaseMelika. ngempumelelo kwiziganeko ezibandakanya i-Trespass kwipropati ukugcina ubomi bomntu okanye ipropati. "Ngoko ke, kunokubonakala ngathi le yokhuselo yendalo ngokwezonyango ezincinane ezifana nesiphambeko sethu esicaleni, senzelwe ukuyeka ukusebenzisa i-drones kwimfazwe lobugwenxa, ulwaphulo-mthetho olubhekiselele kuxolo olubizwa ngokuba yiCandelo leNuremburg ngokuthi "ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu."
Enyanisweni, kunjalo, iinkundla zaseMelika ziphantse zivumele ukuba kufuneka ukukhuselwa kwiimeko ezifana neyethu. Uninzi lwethu belunolwazi olungenakumangaliswa xa ekugqibeleni sifike kwiNkundla YobuLungisa eLas Vegas ngoSeptemba, i-2010, kunye noMgwebi uJensen wabusa ngokubambisana nabasebenzi bakhe. Wayegxininisa ekuqalekeni kwetyala lethu ukuba wayengenayo into. Wathi, "Hamba phambili," esivumela ukuba sibize amangqina ethu obuchwephesha kodwa sithintela ngokuzeleko ukuba singababuzanga nayiphi na imibuzo ebalulekileyo. "Qonda, kuya kupheleliswa kweso siphene, yiyiphi ulwazi ayenayo, ukuba kukho, nokuba ukhona okanye ungazange uphume kwisiseko. Asingena kwimithetho yamazwe ngamazwe; akuyiyo imbambano. Akusiyo imbambano. Oko uorhulumente akwenzayo kakubi, akusiyo imbambano. Umba unetyala. "
Ummangaleli wethu uSteve Kelly walandela imiyalelo yejaji waza wabuza umbuzo wethu wokuqala, owayengummeli we-US uGeneral General Ramsey Clark, malunga nolwazi lwakhe lokuqala lweempazamo ekusebenzeni kwiSebe lezoBulungisa ngexesha lolawulo lukaKennedy noJohnson. USteve ukhokele ngokukodwa u bungqina ukuba akhulume "ngamatyala enkcazo ... kwimisebenzi yamanxeba apho kusenziwa khona imithetho apho akufanele uhlale kwii-counters ezithile zokutya" kumzabalazo wamalungelo oluntu. URamsey Clark wavuma ukuba abo babanjwe ngenxa yokuphula le mithetho babengenzi mthetho. USteve waphakamisa inhlanhla yakhe ngejaji waza wanikela umzekeliso weklasi wokubaluleka kokukhuseleka: "Imeko apho kukho 'uphawu olungenasiphelo' kwaye kukho umsi ophuma emnyango okanye efestile kwaye umntu uphakamileyo abafuna uncedo. Ukungena eso sakhiwo, kwimeko engqinileyo yobuchwepheshe, kuya kuba yinto ephosakeleyo. Ngaba kunokwenzeka, ekuhambeni kwexesha, bekungekho mpazamo ukunceda umntu ophezulu? "URamsey waphendula wathi," Sithemba ukuba kunjalo, akunjalo? Ukuba nosana luvutha ekufeni okanye into, ngenxa yesibonakaliso 'esingenasiphambeko' siya kuba ngumgaqo-nkqubo womntu ohluphekileyo ukuwubeka ngobumnene. Ulwaphulo-mthetho. "
UMgwebi uJensen ngeli xesha wayenomdla. Isigwebo sakhe sokunciphisa ububungqina bentyala, kodwa njengoko ukuthanda kwakhe kwanda, ngoko ukuchazwa kwakhe kwenkqubo kuye kwanda ngakumbi. Ngaphezulu kwezichaso eziphindaphindiweyo zeqela lotshutshiso, ijaji yavumela ubungqina obunamandla kodwa obunamandla obuvela kuRamsey kunye namanye amaNgqina, umhlala-phantsi wase-US Army Colonel kunye nowayengumongameli we-diploma uAn Wright noLolala Law School uBill Quigley owabeka ityala lethu kwisimo sawo njengesenzo ukuyeka ulwaphulo-mthetho olubi.
Ndenalo ilungelo lokumisela isityhilo sokumangalelwa kummangalelwa, endikugqibileyo, "Thina i-14 yileyo ebona umsi osuka endlwini evuthayo kwaye asiyi kugqitywa 'ngokungenasiphambeko' kubantwana abavuthayo. "
Ukuxabisa kwethu ijaji ngokungaqhelekanga kwiinkalo zecaleni elingaphandle, sasingalindelanga nto ngaphandle kokugwetywa kwangoku kunye nokugwetywa. UMgwebi uJensen wasimangalisa: "Ndiyicinga nje ngaphezu kwesilingo sobulungisa. Uninzi lwemiba enzulu ingozi apha. Ngoko ndiza kuthatha phantsi kwengcebiso kwaye ndiya kunika isigqibo esibhaliweyo. Kwaye kunokuthabatha iinyanga ezimbini ukuya kwethathu ukwenjenjalo, kuba ndifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba ndichanekile kwinto endiyilawulayo. "
Xa sabuyela eLas Vegas ngoJanuwari, i-2011, uMgwebi uJensen wafunda isigqibo sakhe sokuba kwakuyilingo leetyala, emva kwayo yonke into kwaye sinetyala. Phakathi kwezizathu ezininzi zokusigweba, ijaji inqabile into athiwa yi-"Defendants" ibango eliyimfuneko "kuba" okokuqala, abaPhathiswa behlulekile ukubonisa ukuba ukukhusela kwabo kwenzelwe ukukhusela ukulimala. enkundleni "ngobungqina bokuba nayiphi na imisebenzi yemikhosi ebandakanya iidrones iqhutyelwa okanye iya kuqhutyelwa ngomhla wokubanjwa kwabaPhathiswa," kubonakala ukuba uyakhohlwa ukuba uye wayala ukuba singenise ubungqina obunjalo, nokuba sinawo.
Isigwebo sikaJajien sigxininiswe ngokubanzi ngamaxesha awayekhankanyiweyo, kubandakanya isigwebo sekhotho se-1991, i-US v Schoon, eyayijongene nombhikisho okujoliswe "ukugcina iirekhodi zeRhafu zase-El Salvador" kwiofisi ye-IRS eTucson. Kulo mbhikisho, iSithili seNtshi sigweba, "i-imperence efunekayo yayingabikho." Ngamanye amazwi, ngenxa yokuba inobungozi eyayibanjelwe e-El Salvador, ityala eTucson alikwazi ukulungiswa. Ngoko, uMgwebi uJensen wacingisisa, ukutshisa abantwana endlwini e-Afghanistan akunakukuxolela ityala eNevada.
Ukuvuza kwe-NBC yeSebe lezoBulungisa kwiPhepha leNgcaciso kungeke kwenzeke eminye iminyaka emibini (kubiza ukukhutshwa kobubungqina?) Kwaye kufikelele kuMgwebi uJensen wayesazi, inkcazelo yesichazamazwi "esondele" yayisasebenza. Nangona kunjalo, ngaba siye savunyelwa ukufaka ubungqina ngaphaya kwemigca emincinci esetyenziswe kwilingo, siyakuboniswa ukuba ngeteknoloji entsha ye-satellite, isichengela esibulalayo esasilungisa kuso soloko sisondele kuyo nayiphi na inkcazo ecacileyo yegama. Nangona amaxhoba obundlobongela be-drone ngomhla wokubanjwa kwethu bekuninzi kude nase-Afghanistan nase-Iraq, ezo nzophulo-mthetho zenziwa ngabasemagxeni abahlezi kwizikrini zekhompyutheni, abaxhatshazwayo ngexesha langempela kwiindlela ezihamba phambili, kungekude sonke esivela apho sabanjwa yiPolisa yamapolisa.
Urhulumente akakholelwa ukuba kufuneka "ube nobungqina obucacileyo bokuthi ukuhlaselwa okuthe ngqo kubantu base-US kunye neemfuno ziza kwenzeka kwixesha elizayo" ukuseka isisongelo esisondeleyo kwaye ngoko kufezekiswe ukuqhutyelwa kwabantu abangenamkhethe nakweyiphi na emhlabeni. Abahlali abenza ukuyeka ukubulawa ngamadrones, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufuneka ukuba babe "ubungqina bokuba kukho nawuphi na umsebenzi wemikhosi obandakanya iidrones ezenziwa okanye malunga nokuqhutyelwa," ukwenzela ukuthethelela ukungena ngokungenangqondo kwipropati karhulumente. Isikhundla sikarhulumente kule nto ayinakuhambelana, ngokufanelekileyo. Nangemva kokupapashwa kwePhepha leNgcaciso, iSebe lezoBulungisa liyaqhubeka nokuvimba abantu abasetyenziswe ngetyala ngokungakhankanya nokuba babanjwe xa besabela ekusongeni ubomi obungenasiphelo, kwaye iinkundla zivuma ukuba ziphikisana.
Ukukhusela imfuneko akuthethi nje nje ngezenzo zokuthi uphula umthetho ngokomthetho. I-Encyclopedia yaseMelika yase-West ithi, "Kubalulekile," kuthethwa ngumntu olwaphulo-mthetho okanye ummeli-mthethweni ukuba wayengenanto yokukhetha kodwa ukuphula umthetho. "Njengoko uRamsey Clark wangqina enkundleni yaseLas Vegas iminyaka emihlanu edluleyo," ukuba umntwana ashise ngenxa yokufa ngenxa yokuba 'akukho mqondiso wecala' kuya kuba yintlupheko yomgaqo-nkqubo womntu ukuwubeka ngokuthobeka. "Ngethuba lokutshisa abantwana," akukho mthethweni "onxulumene nezicwangciso ezikhusela ubugebengu obwenziwe ngeedrones kunye nezinye izixhobo zokusongela azibambi kwaye aziyikuyalela ukuthobela kwethu. Inkundla ezingayifumani le nyaniso ziyakuvumela ukuba zisetyenziswe njengezixhobo zoxhatshazo lukaRhulumente.
UKathy Kelly noGeorgia Walker kwi-Whiteman Air Force Base Kukho izilingo ezininzi ukususela kwiCreech 14 kwaye ngelo xesha, abantwana abaninzi banokutshabalaliswa yimichilo ekhishwe kwiidrones. NgoDisemba i-10, i-International Walkers Day, i-Georgia Walker kunye neKathy Kelly baya kuTyala kwiNkundla yeSithili sase-US eJefferson City, eMissouri, emva kokuba bazise uxolo kunye nesonka sawo kwi-Whiteman Air Force Base, omnye kwiindawo ezilawula kude zokulawula izidumbu zama-drone.
Kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo kweso sinye kwimeko enjalo, uMgwebi uWotworth wenqabile ukubaluleka kwokhuselo olunikezwa nguRon Faust kunye nam, emva koko ugweba uRon ukuya kwiminyaka emihlanu yokuvavanywa kwaye undithumele entolongweni ngeenyanga ezintandathu. Kufuneka nethemba lokuba uMgwebi uWotworth uza kulusebenzisa ngeli lungelo lesibini ukuba uKathy noGeorgia banikezele ngesibindi baze baxhomekeke.
