Akukho mhlalutyi wezomkhosi okanye wobunqolobi okholelwa ukuba umkhosi wasemkhosini owenziwe e-Iraq nase-Syria unethuba elincinane lokoyisa i-IS.
Imfazwe yase-US 'kwi-Islamic State e-Iraq kunye ne-Levant' okanye i-ISIL, ekwabizwa ngokuba liLizwe lamaSilamsi le-IS-olona phuhliso lukhulu kumgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle wase-US ngexesha le-2014-iyaqhubeka nokudida abo bafuna ubuchule bayo. Kodwa isisombululo sephazili sixhomekeke kukuqwalaselwa okungenanto yakwenza nempendulo ebambekayo kwizinto eziyinyani emhlabeni.
Ngapha koko, imalunga nemicimbi yezopolitiko neyasekhaya enomdla.
Ngokucacileyo umkhosi olukhokelwa ngumkhosi wase-US ujonge “ekutshabalaliseni” i-Islamic State ”njengesisongelo kuzinzo lwe-Mbindi Mpuma nakukhuseleko lwase-US. Kodwa akakho umvavanyi wezomkhosi ozimeleyo okanye umchasi wobugrogrisi okholelwa ukuba umkhosi oqhutywa e-Iraq naseSyria unethuba elincinci lokufezekisa loo njongo.
Njengonozakuzaku baseMelika kuvunywa ngokukhululekileyo kwintatheli u-Reese Ehrlich, ii-airstrikes ezenziwa ngabalawuli baka-Obama aziyi koyisa abagrogrisi be-IS. Kwaye njengokuba i-Ehrlich icacisa, i-United States ayinabalingani abanokuthatha indawo efanelekileyo kumhlaba olawulayo ngoku. IPentagon iye yanikezela kumbutho omnye waseSyria owawujongwa njengoyinkxaso yenkxaso yase-US-Umkhosi wamaSyria wasimahla.
Ku-Agasti ophelileyo, umhlalutyi obenzela ubugrogrisi, uBrian Fishman wabhala ukuba akukho mntu “uthethe ngecebo elifanelekileyo lokoyisa [i-IS] elingaquki ukuzibophelela okukhulu kwe-US emhlabeni….” Kodwa uFishman waya ngaphezulu, echaza ukuba [IS] iyayifuna imfazwe i-United States ibonelela, kuba: "[W] ar wenza umnyhadala we-jihadist womelele, nangona ujongene noloyiso olukhulu lobuchule kunye nokusebenza."
Ngapha koko, ngaba ngokwayo kufuneka iqondwe njengesiphumo sokulandelelana kwemikhankaso yomkhosi wase-US ukusukela kwixesha le-9/11 -ukuhlasela kwe-US kunye nokuhlala e-Iraq. Imfazwe yase-US e-Iraq yayijolise ikakhulu ekudaleni iimeko zokuba amaSilamsi angaphandle aphumelele kwelo lizwe. Ngapha koko, amaqela adibeneyo ekugqibeleni ajikeleze i-IS afunde indlela yokwenza "imibutho eguqukayo" ukusuka kwishumi leminyaka lokulwa nemikhosi yase-US, ngelo xesha njengoMlawuli wezoKhuselo lezoKhuselo, uMichael Flynn uye waphawula. Kwaye okokugqibela, i-US yenza i-YANGANGAMAKHOSI omkhosi obonakalayo nanamhlanje, ngokuguqula ngaphezulu kweebhiliyoni zeedola yezixhobo kwinto eyonakeleyo nengakwaziyo ukusebenza iIraq ngoku iwile kwaye yajika uninzi lwezixhobo zayo kubanqolobi be-jihadist.
Emva kweminyaka elishumi elinesithathu apho ulawulo kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe belandele imigaqo-nkqubo kwi-Mbindi Mpuma ezizezona ziyintlekele kwimibono yokhuseleko nokuzinza, iparadigm entsha iyafuneka ukuze uqonde izizathu ezishukumisayo zokuqalisa kwamanyathelo amatsha afana nemfazwe IS. Incwadi entsha kaJames Risen Hlawula naliphi na ixabiso: Ukubawa, Amandla kunye neMfazwe engapheliyo, ibonisa ukuba eyona nto iphambili ekuzenzakaliseni kokuzikhusela kwinyathelo lesizwe emva kwelinye ukususela kwi-9 / 11 ngamathuba amakhulu anikezwe amagosa okwakha amandla kunye nesimo.
Ukongeza, ubungqina bezembali buveza indlela yabongameli abalandela ukuya emkhosini kunye neminye imigaqo-nkqubo ngenxa yamaza oluntu okanye uloyiko lokuba abacebisi bezokhuseleko lukazwelonke baya kubamangalela ukuthamba lutshaba okanye ukhuseleko lukazwelonke. Kwimeko ka-Obama, omabini amabakala adlale indima ekudaleni umlo kwi-IS.
Ulawulo luka-Obama lujonge I-IS 'kaJuni ithathe inxaxheba kuthotho lwezixeko kwiTigris Valley eIraq njengezisongelo zezopolitiko kulawulo uqobo. Izithethe zenkqubo yezopolitiko zase-US zifuna ukuba kungabikho mongameli unakho ukujongana nobuthathaka ekuphenduleni kwimicimbi yangaphandle edala ukuphenduka koluntu okuqinileyo.
yakhe Udliwanondlebe lokugqibela Phambi kokuba uthathe umhlala-phantsi njengeNtloko yeArhente yoKhuseleko i-Intanethi- ipapashe kwangolo suku ibhombu yeethagethi ze-IS yaqala ngomhla we-7 Agasti - UGeneral Michael Flynn ugqabaze: “Nokuba uMongameli uyakholelwa, ngamanye amaxesha uziva enyanzelekile ukuba enze into engakhange athi, 'Yima! Kwenzeke njani? '”
Emva koko, ukuziphindezela kwi-airstrikes yase-US, kwenziwe iintloko zentatheli yaseMelika uJames Foley kunye nentatheli yase-Amelika-uSteven Sotloff, bephakamisa iindleko zepolitiki zokungathathi amanyathelo aqatha kwezomkhosi ngokuchasene ne-villains entsha yamajelo osasazo. Nditsho nasemva kwevidiyo yokuqala eyoyikisayo ye-IS, nangona kunjalo, uSekela-Mphathiswa woKhuseleko kuZwelonke, uBen Rhodes xelele i intatheli ngomhla we-25 Agasti ukuba u-Obama wayejolise ekukhuseleni ubomi baseMelika kunye namaziko kunye nengxaki yoluntu, "equkethe" IS apho bakhoyo kwaye bayayixhasa inkqubela phambili yimikhosi yase-Iraq neKurdish.
URhode uphinde wakugxininisa ukuba i-IS "ngumbutho ongene nzulu", kwaye umkhosi awukwazi "ukubakhupha kuluntu abasebenza kulo". Eso silumkiso sibonisa ukuba u-Obama wayekuthanda ukuzibophelela okuvulekileyo okuya kumshiya esengozini yokuphathwa gadalala emkhosini kunye nolawulo oluphezulu.
Ngokukodwa emva kweveki emva koshicilelo lwesibini, u-Obama wazibophelela e-United States ukusebenzisana "nabahlobo kunye nabahlobo" "Yonakalisa kwaye ekugqibeleni ulitshabalalise iqela labanqolobi elibizwa ngokuba [IS]". Endaweni yokuhamba kancinci, ibikukuthatha “ukutsiba okuphucukileyo” okuvela kumgaqo-nkqubo wolawulo lokubetha okungapheliyo kwiiveki ezintathu ngaphambili. U-Obama waphakamisa ukucacisa okucacileyo ukuba umzamo wexesha elide wokulwa nxamnye ne-IS kwakuyimfuneko ukuthintela isoyikiso kwi-United States uqobo. Into ebekucingwa ngayo kukuba abgrogrisi babeza kuqeqesha uninzi lwabantu baseYurophu nabaseMelika ababethontelana ukuya eIraq naseSyria ukuba babuye baye "kuhlasela okubulalayo".
Ngokuphawulekayo u-Obama wagxininisa kwingxelo ekubizeni ngokuthi "isicwangciso-qhinga esibanzi nesizinzileyo sobunqolobi" - kodwa hayi imfazwe. Ukuyibiza ngokuba yimfazwe kuya kwenza ukuba kubenzima ngakumbi ukulawula ukuhamba kwemishini ngokunika iindima ezintsha zomkhosi kumaziko oorhulumente ahlukeneyo, kunye nasekugqibeni ukuzisa umsebenzi.
Kodwa iinkonzo zomkhosi kunye nolawulo oluchasene nobugrogrisi kwi-CIA, NSA kunye noMthetho oyi-Special Operation Command (i-SOCOM) bajonge ukusebenza okukhulu, okunamacala amaninzi emkhosini ngokuchasene ne-ISIL njengenzala ephambili. Ngaphambi kokuhamba okumangalisayo kwe-ISIL kwi-2014, iPentagon kunye neenkonzo zomkhosi zajongana nethemba lokuncipha kohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lokuphinda bakhuphe i-US e-Afghanistan. Ngoku uMkhosi, Umkhosi Womoya kunye noMyalelo oKhethekileyo wokuSebenza wabona ukubakho kweendima zomkhosi omtsha ekulweni ISIL. Umyalelo wokuSebenza oKhethekileyo, owayekade engu-Obama "Isixhobo esikhethiweyo" ngokulwa nabanqolobi abangamaSilamsi, babeza kubandezeleka ngohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lokuqala lwonyaka emva kweminyaka eyi-13 yokunyuswa kwemali okuqhubekayo. Ibiyi umbiko "ukudideka" ngokunikezelwa kwindima ye-US yokubhabha ye-US kwaye unomdla wokuthatha i-ISIL ngqo.
Nge-12 ngoSeptemba, bobabini uNobhala Wezwe, uJohn Kerry kunye noMcebisi ngezoKhuseleko kuZwelonke, uSusan Rice bebesabiza i-airstrikes ngokuba "ngumsebenzi ogwenxa", ngelixa ukuvuma abanye kulawulo babefuna ukuyibiza ngokuba "yimfazwe". Kodwa uxinzelelo oluvela kwiPentagon kunye namahlakani ayo okulwa nobugrogrisi ukuphucula ukusebenza baye “emfazweni” lwalusebenza kakhulu kangangokuba kwathatha usuku olunye ukufezekisa utshintsho.
Ngentsasa elandelayo, isithethi somkhosi, u-Admiral John Kirby xelele i intatheli"Sukuyenza impazamo. Siyazi ukuba sisilwa [ne-IS] ngendlela efanayo esilwa ngayo, kwaye qhubeka usemfazweni, kunye ne-al-Qaeda kunye nababambisene nayo." Emva kwangolo suku, unobhala wephephandaba I-White House, UJosh Ernst usebenzise ulwimi olunye.
Phantsi kweemeko ezikhoyo eIraq naseSyria, eyona mpendulo isengqiqweni kwimpumelelo yomkhosi we-IS yayikukuphepha isenzo sasemkhosini sase-US ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa u-Obama wayenezikhuthazo ezinamandla zokuthatha iphulo lomkhosi elinokuthi liyithengise kwimimandla yezopolitiko ephambili. Aywenzi mqondo wobuchule, kodwa ithintela ubungozi obubaluleke kakhulu kwezopolitiko zaseMelika.
-UGareth Porter yintatheli ezimeleyo yophando kunye nombhali-mbali obhala ngemigaqo-nkqubo yezokhuseleko yase-US. Incwadi yakhe yamva nje, "Ingxaki eyenziweyo: Ibali elingaziwayo le-Iran Nuclear Scare," yapapashwa ngoFebruwari 2014.
Iimbono ezichazwe kweli nqaku zivela kumbhali kwaye azibonakaliswanga umgaqo-nkqubo wokuhlela we-Eye East.
Ifoto: Umongameli wase-US u-Barack Obama ukwazile ukusuka emngciphekweni wokungena kwi-mission, ukuya 'kwi-mission leap' (AFP)
