NgoTerry Crawford-Browne, ngoFebruwari 19, 2018
Izigwebo ngokuchasene nokubandlululo eMzantsi Afrika, ngokwembono yombhali, kuphela umzekelo xa izigwebo zifezekise injongo yazo. Baye baqhutywa yinkqubo yoluntu kunokuba baorhulumente.
Ngokwahlukileyo, izigwebo zase-US ukususela kwi-1950s malunga neCuba, iIraq, i-Iran, iVenezuela, iZimbabwe, iNorth Korea kunye namanye amazwe amaninzi ziye zabonisa ukungaphumeleli. Okubi nakakhulu, baye babangela intlungu engenakulungiswa phantsi kwabo bantu babecelwa ukuba bancede.
Lowo owayenguNobhala kaRhulumente wase-United States uMadeleine Albright uhlala engathandabuzekiyo ngenxa yegama lakhe elibonakalayo kumabonwakude ukuba ukufa kwamawaka angamawaka amawaka ase-Iraq yayingumlinganiselo omele uhlawule ngokulandela izigwebo zase-US ngokumelene noorhulumente wase-Iraq kunye noSaddam Hussein. Iindleko zokuvuselelwa ngokutshabalalisa okubangelwa yi-Iraq ukususela kwi-2003 kuqikelelwa kwi-US $ 100 billion.
Umbuzo ngowokuba ingaba isohlwayo sikarhulumente wase-US senzelwe ukufezekisa nayiphi na injongo, okanye ngaba zizimbo nje "zokuziva ulungile" ezenzelwe ukwanelisa abaphulaphuli bezopolitiko basekhaya? Oko kubizwa ngokuba yi "smart sanctions" - ukukhenkceza iiasethi kunye nokunyanzelisa ukuhamba kwamagosa aseburhulumenteni angaphandle- nako kungqineke kungasebenzi kwaphela.
Amava eMzantsi Afrika: Ukoyikwa kwezemidlalo kunye nokuqhankqalaza kweziqhamo ngokuchasene nocalu-calulo eMzantsi Afrika kwisithuba seminyaka engamashumi amabini anesihlanu ukusukela ngo-1960 ukuya kowe-1985 kwaphakamisa ulwazi malunga nokuphathwa gadalala kwamalungelo abantu eMzantsi Afrika, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo akuzange kumzisele phantsi urhulumente wengcinezelo. Ukoyikwa kwezorhwebo ngokungathandabuzekiyo kugqityiwe zizithuba. Kukho oosomashishini abangaguqukiyo abathi, ngesaphulelo okanye ipremiyamu, bakulungele ukuthatha umngcipheko wokungavumi ukurhoxa kurhwebo, kubandakanya nokunyanzelwa kweengalo.
Imiphumo, nangona kunjalo, kubantu abaqhelekileyo kwilizwe elincinciweyo kukuba umvuzo wabasebenzi unqunyulwe (okanye imisebenzi elahlekileyo) ukubonisa isaphulelo kwimpahla ephumayo okanye, nokuba, ukuba ixabiso lempahla engeniswayo lihlonywe yi-premium ehlawulwa ngumthengisi wangaphandle. ukuba aphule ukutshatyalaliswa.
"Kwinzala yesizwe," iibhanki kunye / okanye amagumbi ezorhwebo ahlala ekulungele ukukhupha iileta zekhredithi okanye izatifikethi zemvelaphi yokuthintela iinjongo zesohlwayo sorhwebo. Njengomzekelo, iNedbank ngexesha leentsuku ze-Rhodesian UDI ukusukela ngo-1965 ukuya ku-1990 ibonelela ngeakhawunti yedummy kunye neenkampani zangaphambili zenkxaso-mali yayo yaseRhodesia, iRhobank.
Kwangokunjalo, izatifikethi zomsebenzisi wokugqibela ngokubhekisele kurhwebo lwezixhobo azibalulekanga-kumaphepha- zibhalwe-kubhaliwe kuba abezopolitiko abonakeleyo bahlawulwa ngokufanelekileyo ngenxa yokungathobeli iingalo. Njengomnye umzekelo, uzwilakhe waseTogo, u-Gnassingbe Eyadema (ngo-1967-2005) wazuza kakhulu “kwidayimani yegazi” kurhwebo lwezixhobo, kwaye unyana wakhe uFaure uqhubekile nolawulo ukusukela oko waswelekayo utata wakhe ngo-2005.
IBhunga lezoKhuseleko leZizwe eziManyeneyo ngo-Novemba 1977 lagqiba kwelokuba ukuphathwa gadalala kwamalungelo oluntu eMzantsi Afrika kwaba sisongelo kuxolo nakukhuseleko lwamazwe aphesheya, kwaye kwamiselwa nesithintelo seengalo. Ngelo xesha, isigqibo sanconywa njengothatho-phambili olukhulu kwi-20th yezobudlelwane benkulungwane.
Kodwa kunjalo inqaku kwi-Daily Maverick malunga nenzuzo yobandlululo (kubandakanywa neefowuni ze 19 zangaphambili) ezipapashwe ngoDisemba 15, iziqulatho ze-2017, i-US, iBrithani, isiShayina, i-Israel, isiFrentshi nabanye oorhulumente, kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zorhwebo, bekulungele ukuthobela umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ukuxhasa urhulumente wobandlululo kunye / okanye ukuzuza kwiintengiso ezingekho mthethweni.
Inkcitho enkulu kwizixhobo, kubandakanya izixhobo zenyukliya- kunye nepremiyamu engaphezulu kweedola ezingama-25 zeedola ezichithwe kwi-oyile- ngo-1985 kukhokelele kwingxaki yemali, kwaye uMzantsi Afrika usilele kumatyala asezantsi aphantsi e-US $ 25 yezigidigidi ngoSeptemba ngaloo nyaka. . UMzantsi Afrika wawuzanele ngaphandle kweoyile, kwaye wawuthatha ukuba, njengomvelisi wegolide ophambili kwihlabathi, wawungenakoyiswa. Ilizwe, nangona kunjalo, lalisendleleni ekhawulezayo yemfazwe yamakhaya kunye nokuchithwa kwegazi ngokobuhlanga.
Ukuhanjiswa kweThelementi kwihlabathi lembambano yoluntu luvuselelekile ukuguquka kwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nenkqubo yobandlululo, kwaye phakathi kwabemi baseMerika bahlaselwe ngumkhankaso wamalungelo oluntu. Ingaphezulu kweyesibini kwisithathu kwetyala leMzantsi Afrika lixesha elifutshane kwaye ngaloo ndlela lihlawulwa ngunyaka owodwa, ngoko ke ingxaki yamatyala angaphandle yinkinga yokungena kwemali kunokuba ilahleke.
Zonke izixhobo zasemkhosini, ezibandakanya ezo zixhobo zenyukliya, zibonakalise zingenamsebenzi ekukhuseleni inkqubo yobandlululo
Ukuphendula kuxinzelelo loluntu, uChase Manhattan Bank ngoJulayi wanciphisa "ukuma kwetyala" ngokubhengeza ukuba ayizukuyihlaziya i-US $ 500 yezigidi kwimali mboleko ayivelisileyo eMzantsi Afrika. Ezinye iibhanki zase-US zilandele, kodwa iimali mboleko zabo ezidityanisiweyo ezifikelela ngaphezulu kwe-US $ 2 yezigidigidi zodwa zigqithisiwe yile yeBhanki yeBarclays, eyona tyala inkulu. Ikomiti yokuhlela kwakhona, echotshelwe nguGqr Fritz Leutwiler waseSwitzerland, yasekwa ukuze iphinde icwangcise amatyala.
Ulwahlulo luyimpendulo ekhethekileyo yaseMelika inikwe indima yemali yepensheni kwiNew York Stock Exchange, kunye nenxaxheba yokusebenza kwabasebenzi. Ngokomzekelo, i-Mobil Oil, i-General Motors kunye ne-IBM yabuya eMzantsi Afrika ngaphantsi koxinzelelo lwabalandeli besizwe saseMerika, kodwa bathengisa ama-subsidiary abo baseMzantsi Afrika "kwixabiso lokuthengiswa komlilo" kwi-Anglo-American Corporation nakwezinye iinkampani ezazingenelwayo kwinkqubo yobandlululo.
“Ukuma kwetyala” kunike iBhunga leeCawe loMzantsi Afrika namanye amatsha ntliziyo oluntu ithuba lokumilisela iphulo lokohlwaya ngeebhanki kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo ngeyeDwarha ngo-1985. UGqr Beyers Naude ukuba acele iibhanki ezithatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokumisela kwakhona ukuba: -
"Ukuhlaziywa kwetyala leMzantsi Afrika kufuneka kwenziwe ngokwemiqathango yokutyunjwa kwalo mbuso, kunye nokutshintshwa kwalo nguRhulumente ophendula iimfuno zabo bonke abantu baseMzantsi Afrika."
Njengenyathelo lokugqibela elingenabundlobongela lokuthintela imfazwe yamakhaya, isibheno, sasasazwa kwi-US Congress, saza sabandakanywa ngokwemigaqo yoMthetho oBanzi wokuLwa noCalu-calulo. UMongameli uRonald Reagan waphikisa umthetho oyilwayo, kodwa i-veto yagqitywa yi-Senate yase-United States ngo-Oktobha 1986.
Ukulungiswa kwetyala leMzantsi Afrika kwaba ngumzila wokufikelela kwinkqubo yokuhlawula ibhanki yaseNew York, into ebaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yendima yeDola ye-US njengemali yokuhlawula imali kwiintengiselwano zerhwebo lwangaphandle. Ngaphandle kokufikelela kwiibhanki ezinkulu ezisixhenxe zaseNew York, uMzantsi Afrika bekungayi kukwazi ukuhlawula iintlawulo zangaphandle okanye ukufumana iintlawulo zokuthumela ngaphandle.
Ngenxa yempembelelo ka-Archbishop Tutu, iicawa zase-US zanyanzelisa iibhanki zase-New York ukuba zikhethe phakathi kweshishini laseburhulumenteni localucalulo loMzantsi Afrika okanye ishishini lengxowa-mali yomhlala-phantsi kumahlelo abo. Xa uDavid Dinkins esiba nguSodolophu weSixeko saseNew York, umasipala wongeze ukhetho phakathi koMzantsi Afrika okanye iiakhawunti zemivuzo yesiXeko.
Injongo yephulo lokugwetywa kwebhanki yamazwe ngamazwe yavakaliswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo:
- Ukuphela kwimeko yongxamiseko
- Ukukhululwa kwamabanjwa ezopolitiko
- Ukungabikho kwemibutho yezopolitiko
- Ukupheliswa komthetho wobandlululo, kunye
- Uthathethwano lomGaqo-siseko olubhekiselele kuMzantsi Afrika ongabonwanga ngokobuhlanga, owonokrasi kunye nobumbano.
Kwakukho ke umdlalo wokugqibela onokulinganiswa, kunye nesicwangciso sokuphuma. Ixesha lalingenaxabiso. Umlo obandayo wawusele uza kuphela, kwaye urhulumente wocalu-calulo wayengasenako ukubanga isoyikiso sobukomanisi kwizibheno zakhe kurhulumente wase-US. UMongameli uGeorge Bush wangena ezihlangwini zikaReagan ngo-1989 kwaye wadibana neenkokheli zecawe ngoMeyi kulo nyaka, nalapho wathi waxhalatyiswa koko kwakusenzeka eMzantsi Afrika wamnika inkxaso.
Iinkokeli zeCongress zase ziqwalasele umthetho ngexesha le-1990 ukuvala iingqungquthela kwi-C-AAA kunye nokuthintelwa yonke imali yaseMzantsi Afrika e-US. Ngenxa yendima ye-dollar yase-US, oku kuya kuba nefuthe kwintengiso yelizwe lesithathu kunye namazwe afana neJamani okanye eJapan. Ukongezelela, iZizwe eziManyeneyo zibeke uJuni 1990 njengomhla wokugqibela wokuphelisa inkqubo yobandlululo.
Urhulumente wase-Bhritane phantsi kukaNkosikazi uMargaret Thatcher wazama -kangaphumeleli- ukuthintela la manyathelo ngokubhengeza ngo-Okthobha u-1989 ukuba ebambisene ne-South African Reserve Bank bandise ityala langaphandle lo Mzantsi Afrika kude kube ngo-1993.
Ukulandela iKapa ngoMatshi ngoxolo ngoSeptemba 1989 oholwa ngu-Archbishopu Tutu, uNobhala-phantsi we-US-Secretary of State kwimicimbi ye-Afrika, uHenk Cohen wakhupha isigqibo sokufuna ukuthotyelwa nguRhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika yeemeko zokuqala ezintathu zephulo lohlwayo lwebhanki ngoFebruwari 1990.
Nangona ulwaphulo-mthetho lworhulumente wobandlululo, lwaluyimvelaphi yesikhalazo sikaMongameli uFW de Klerk ngomhla we-2 ngoFebhuwari 1990, ukukhululwa kukaNelson Mandela iintsuku ezilishumi emva kwexesha, kunye nokuqaliswa kweengxoxo zomgaqo-siseko ukuphelisa inkqubo yobandlululo. UMandela ngokwakhe wavuma ukuba ukukhwabanisa ngokugqithiseleyo kubandlululo kwavela kumaBhanki aseMerika, esithi:
"Bebancedise ekuncedeni imali yaseMzantsi Afrika ephakamileyo, kodwa ngoku ngokukhawuleza bayeke ukuboleka imali kunye nokutshala imali."
UMandela akazange awuxabise umahluko phakathi kwemali-mboleko kunye nenkqubo yokubhatala yebhanki yaseNew York, kodwa umphathiswa wezemali wase Mzantsi Afrika wavuma ukuba “uMzantsi Afrika awunakuvelisa iidola.” Ngaphandle kokufikelela kwinkqubo yokubhatala yebhanki yaseNew York, uqoqosho ngeluwile.
Ukulandela izibhengezo zorhulumente wobandlululo kwi-2 Febhuwari 1990, kwakungekho mfuneko kwi-Congress ye-US ukuba iqhubekele ukutyunjwa okupheleleyo kwe-Afrika yokufikelela kwinkqubo yezemali yaseMelika. Loo khetho luhlale luvulekile, kodwa kufuneka ukuba iingxoxo phakathi koburhulumente wobandlululo kunye ne-African National Congress behluleka.
“Umbhalo wawuseludongeni.” Endaweni yokubeka emngciphekweni uqoqosho kunye neziseko zophuhliso kunye nokuphalazwa kwegazi ngokobuhlanga, urhulumente wocalu-calulo wakhetha ukwenza uthethathethwano kunye nokuya kwidemokhrasi yomgaqo-siseko. Oku kuchazwe kwintshayelelo yoMgaqo-siseko ethi:
Thina, abantu baseMzantsi Afrika.
Qaphela ukungabi nabulungisa kwexesha lethu elidlulileyo,
Hlonipha abo bahlupheka ngenxa yobulungisa kunye nenkululeko ezweni lethu,
Hlonipha abo basebenze ukwakha nokuphuhlisa ilizwe lethu, kunye
Kholelwa ukuba uMzantsi Afrika unabo bonke abahlala kuwo, babumbene kwiintlobo zethu. "
Ngezohlwayo zebhanki "ezilinganise izikali" phakathi kwala maqela mabini, iingxoxo zomgaqo-siseko zaqhubeka phakathi korhulumente wengcinezelo, i-ANC nabanye abameli bezopolitiko. Zininzi izinto ezazibuyisela umva, kwaye kwakusekupheleni kuka-1993 apho uMandela wagqiba kwelokuba inguquko kwidemokhrasi ekugqibeleni yayingenakuphikiswa, kwaye isohlwayo semali sinokurhoxiswa.
Ngenxa yempumelelo yezohlwayo ekupheliseni ucalucalulo, kwabakho umdla omkhulu kwiminyaka ethile kwizigwebo njengesixhobo sokusombulula ezinye iimbambano ezazikade zikho kwilizwe jikelele. Kubekho gwenxa ukusetyenziswa gwenxa, kunye nesiphumo sokugxeka, sezohlwayo yi-US njengesixhobo sokuqinisekisa umkhosi waseMelika kunye ne-hegemony yezemali emhlabeni.
Oku kuboniswa izigwebo zase-US ngokumelene ne-Iraq, iVenezuela, i-Libya ne-Iran, efuna ukuhlawulwa kwezinto zeeyile ngaphandle kwezinye iirhafu kunye / okanye igolide endaweni ye-dollar yase-US, kwaye ilandelwa "utshintsho lolawulo."
Ubunjineli bebhanki buye lwaqhubekela phambili ngokuphawulekayo kwiminyaka emashumi amathathu alandelayo ukusuka kwiphankaso yebhanki yaseMzantsi Afrika. Indawo yokubaluleka ayisekho eNew York, kodwa eBrussels apho uMbutho weeNkcukacha zeeNkcukacha zeeNkcukacha zeeNkxaso zeMali kwi-Worldwide Bank (SWIFT).
I-SWIFT ngokuyimfuneko yikhompyuter enkulu eqinisekisa imiyalelo yentlawulo yeebhanki ezingaphezu kwe-11 000 kumazwe angaphezu kwama-200. Yonke ibhanki inekhowudi ye-SWIFT, unobumba wesihlanu nowesithandathu ochonga ilizwe lokuhlala.
Palestina: Inkqubela phambili yoKwahlulwa, ukuHanjiswa kunye neSohlwayo (i-BDS) yasekwa ngo-2005, kwaye imodareyithwa emva kwamava oMzantsi Afrika. Ngelixa kuthathe ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-25 isohlwayo ngokuchasene nocalucalulo eMzantsi Afrika ukwenza igalelo elibonakalayo, urhulumente wase-Israeli uya esiba noxhala malunga ne-BDS ethi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ityunjelwe i-2018 Nobel Peace Prize.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuba imbasa kaNobel Peace Prize ka-1984 eya ku-Desmond Tutu yanika umfutho omkhulu kumanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nentshukumo echasene nocalucalulo. Ingxowa-mali yomhlala-phantsi yaseNorway, elawula imali engaphezulu kwe-US $ 1 yezigidi zezigidi, iye yabeka uluhlu lweyona nkampani iphambili yezandla kwa-Israeli, i-Elbit Systems.
Amanye amaziko aseScandinavia nawaseDatshi alandele ngokufanayo. Iimali zepenshini zecawa e-US nazo ziyabandakanyeka. Abancinci nabanenkqubela phambili kumaJuda amaMelika aseMelika baya bezikhetha kude kurhulumente wase-Israeli onamaphiko, kwaye bade bavelane nabantu basePalestine. Oorhulumente baseYurophu e2014 balumkisa abemi babo malunga nomngcipheko wokudumisa kunye nezemali wentengiselwano kwiindawo zokuhlala zakwa-Israeli kwi-West Bank.
IKomiti yoLuntu yamaLungelo e-UN ngoJanuwari 2018 iqokelele uluhlu lweenkampani ezingaphezu kwe-200 zase-Israel ne-Amerika ezichaphazelekayo ekuququzeleleni nasekuxhaseni iMisebenzi yamaPalestina aseMaphandleni ngokungahambisani neMivumelwano ye-Geneva kunye nezinye izixhobo zomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.
Ukuphendula, urhulumente wase-Israeli wabele imali kunye nezinye izibonelelo kumalinge ezomthetho- kwa-Israyeli nakumazwe aphesheya- ukwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho lwe-BDS, kunye nokuthintela intshukumo njenge-anti-Semitic. Oku kunjalo, sele kungqina ukuba akukho mveliso, njengoko kubonisiwe ziimpikiswano kunye namatyala enkundla e-US.
I-American Civil Liberties Union iphikise ngempumelelo iinzame ezinjalo, umz. EKansas, icaphula ukwaphulwa koLungiso lokuQala olujongana nentetho yasimahla, njengoko idityaniswe namasiko amade e-US-kubandakanya ne-Boston Tea Party kunye nomkhankaso wamalungelo oluntu-wokukhaba ukuqhubela phambili uphuhliso lwezopolitiko.
Iileta ze-IL kwikhowudi ye-SWIFT zichonga iibhanki zakwa-Israeli. Ngokwenkqubo, iya kuba ngumcimbi olula ukumisa ukuthengiselana ukuya kwii-akhawunti ze-IL. Oku kuya kuthintela ukuhlawulwa kwezinto ezingeniswa elizweni kunye nokufunyanwa kwemveliso kuthumelo lwangaphandle lakwa-Israeli. Ubunzima yintando yezopolitiko, kunye nefuthe lokungenisa kwa-Israeli.
Isandulela kunye nokusebenza ngempumelelo kwezohlwayo ze-SWIFT sele kunjalo, sele kusekwe kwimeko ye-Iran. Phantsi koxinzelelo oluvela e-US nase-Israel, i-European Union yayalela i-SWIFT ukuba imise ukuthengiselana neebhanki zase-Iranian ukuze icinezele urhulumente wase-Iranian ukuba axoxe ngesivumelwano sezixhobo zenyukliya zika-2015.
Ngoku kuvunyiwe ukuba oko kubizwa ngokuba "yinkqubo yoxolo" nokulamla ngurhulumente wase-US yayisisiciko nje sokwandisa i-Occupation kunye neendawo zokuhlala zase-Israeli "ngaphaya komda oluhlaza." Ithemba ngoku lothethathethwano olutsha phantsi kwephiko leZizwe eziManyeneyo phakathi kwePalestine no-Israyeli licela umngeni kuluntu lwamanye amazwe ukuba lincedise ekuqinisekiseni ukuba olo thethwano luyaphumelela.
Kwinjongo yokuncedisa ezo ngxoxo ngokulinganisa izikali, kucetyiswa ukuba i-SWIFT izigwebo ezinxamnye neebhanki zase-Israel ziza kubetha kwii-Israel zezemali kunye nezopolitiko, ezithintelayo ukuba zithintele urhulumente wase-Israel ukuba ahambisane nezimo ezine ezichazwe, oku:
- Ukukhulula ngokukhawuleza onke amabanjwa asePalestina,
- Ukuphelisa umsebenzi walo weWest Bank (kuquka iYurophu yaseMpuma) kunye neGaza, kwaye iya kutshabalalisa "udonga lobandlululo,"
- Ukuqaphela amalungelo asemthethweni ase-Arab-Palestiniya ukulingana ngokupheleleyo kwi-Israel-Palestine, kunye
- Ukuvuma ilungelo lokubuya kwamaPalestina.
