Inqaku elimangalisayo livela kwi Inkomfa kaJuni ye-2014 I-American Journal yeMpilo kaRhulumente. (Ikwafumaneka njengePDF yasimahla Apha.)
Ababhali, iingcali kwimpilo yoluntu, zidweliswe nazo zonke iziqinisekiso zabo zemfundo: UWilliam H. Wiist, DHSc, MPH, MS, Kathy Barker, PhD, Neil Arya, MD, Jon Rohde, MD, Martin Donohoe, MD, Shelley White, PhD, MPH, Pauline Lubens, MPH, Geraldine Gorman, RN, PhD, kunye no-Amy Hagopian, PhD.
Ezinye zezona zibalaseleyo kunye nenkcazo:
“Ngo-2009 Umbutho wezeMpilo waseMerika (APHA) ivume ingxelo yomgaqo-nkqubo, 'Indima yabaSebenzi bezeMpilo yoLuntu, iziFundo, kunye nabaGqwetha ngokuNxibelelana neNgxwabangxwaba exhobileyo kunye neMfazwe.' . . . Ekuphenduleni umgaqo-nkqubo we-APHA, kwi-2011, iqela elisebenzayo kwi-Teaching Primary Prevention of War, elibandakanya ababhali beli nqaku, lakhula. . . .”
“Ukuphela kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, bekukho iimfazwe ezingama-248 kwiindawo ezili-153 kwihlabathi liphela. I-United States yaphehlelela imisebenzi yasemkhosini yaphesheya kwe-201 phakathi kokuphela kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi kunye no-2001, kwaye ukusukela ngoko, abanye, kubandakanya iAfghanistan neIraq. Ebudeni benkulungwane yama-20, ukufa kwabantu abazizigidi ezili-190 kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwakunxibelelene ngokungqalileyo nangokungangqalanga kwimfazwe - ngaphezu kwenkulungwane ezi-4 ezidlulileyo.
Ezi zibakala, ezibhalwe emazantsi kweli nqaku, ziluncedo ngakumbi kunangaphambili xa kujongwa utyekelo lwangoku lwezemfundo eUnited States lokubhengeza ukufa kwemfazwe. Ngokuhlela kwakhona iimfazwe ezininzi njengezinye izinto, ukunciphisa inani lokufa, kunye nokujonga ukufa njengenani labemi behlabathi kunokuba libe labemi basekhaya okanye njengamanani apheleleyo, ababhali abahlukeneyo bazamile ukubanga ukuba imfazwe iyaphela. Ewe, imfazwe inokuphela kwaye kufuneka iphele, kodwa oko kunokwenzeka kuphela ukuba sifumana i-drive kunye nezixhobo zokuyenza ukuba yenzeke.
"Inani lokufa kwabantu kunye neendlela zokwahlula ukufa njengabemi kuyaxoxwa ngazo, kodwa ukufa kwabantu kwimfazwe kwenza i-85% ukuya kwi-90% yamaxhoba abangelwa yimfazwe, malunga nabemi be-10 abafa kuwo wonke umlo obulewe edabini. Inani lokufa (ubukhulu becala lingabemi) elivela kwimfazwe yakutshanje e-Iraq liyakhutshiswana, kunye noqikelelo lwe-124,000 ukuya kwi-655,000 ukuya ngaphezulu kwesigidi, kwaye ekugqibeleni kutshanje luhlala malunga nesiqingatha sesigidi. Abemi bajoliswe ekufeni nakubundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo kwezinye iimfazwe zangoku. Amashumi asixhenxe ekhulwini ukuya kuma-90 ekhulwini amaxhoba ezigcayiseli ezili-110 ezigidi atyalwe ukususela ngowe-1960 kumazwe angama-70 yayingabemi.”
Oku, nako, kubalulekile, njengokhuselo oluphezulu lwemfazwe kukuba kufuneka lusetyenziswe ukuthintela into embi kakhulu, ebizwa ngokuba yi-genocide. Ayipheleli nje ekubeni impi ivelise ubutshaba endaweni yokuthintela, kodwa umahluko phakathi kwemfazwe nokubulawa kwabantu ngowona ulunge kakhulu. Eli nqaku liyaqhubeka ukucaphula ezinye zeziphumo zempilo zemfazwe, endiya kucaphula amanqaku athile:
“IKomishoni yeWorld Health Organization (WHO) kwiSocial Determinants of Health yabonisa ukuba imfazwe ichaphazela impilo yabantwana, ikhokelela ekufudukeni nasekufudukeni, yaye inciphisa imveliso yezolimo. Ukubhubha kwabantwana kunye nomama, amazinga okugonywa, iziphumo zokuzalwa, kunye nomgangatho wamanzi kunye nogutyulo lwelindle lubi kakhulu kwiindawo zongquzulwano. Imfazwe ibe negalelo ekuthinteleni ukupheliswa kwepoliyo, isenokwenza kube lula ukusasazeka kwe-HIV/AIDS, kwaye yehlile nokubakho kwabasebenzi bezempilo. Ukongeza, izigcayiseli zibangela iziphumo ngokwasengqondweni nasenyameni, kwaye zibeka isoyikiso kukhuseleko lokutya ngokwenza umhlaba wolimo ungabi namsebenzi. . . .
Malunga ne-17,300 izixhobo zenyukliya zisasazwe kumazwe ali-9 ubuncinane (kubandakanywa ne-4300 yase-US kunye ne-Russian operational warheads, ezininzi zazo ezinokusungulwa kwaye zifikelele kwiithagethi zazo kwimizuzu engama-45). Nokuba ukuqaliswa ngengozi komjukujelwa kunokukhokelela kweyona ntlekele inkulu yezempilo yoluntu kwimbali erekhodiweyo.
"Nangona imiphumo emininzi yempilo yemfazwe, akukho mali yesibonelelo evela kumaZiko oLawulo lweSifo kunye noThintelo okanye amaZiko eSizwe ezeMpilo azinikele ekuthinteleni imfazwe, kwaye uninzi lwezikolo zempilo yoluntu alubandakanyi ukukhuselwa kwemfazwe emfazweni. ikharityhulamu.”
Ngoku, Pha ngumsantsa omkhulu kuluntu lwethu endibheje ngabafundi abaninzi, nangona ingqiqo yayo egqibeleleyo kunye nokubaluleka okucacileyo! Kutheni kufuneka abasebenzi bezempilo basebenze ukukhusela imfazwe? Ababhali bayacacisa:
“Abasebenzi bezempilo boluntu bakufanelekele ngokukodwa ukubandakanyeka ekuthinteleni imfazwe ngokusekelwe kwizakhono zabo kwi-epidemiology; ukuchonga umngcipheko kunye nezinto ezikhuselayo; ukucwangcisa, ukuphuhlisa, ukubeka esweni, kunye nokuvavanya amaqhinga okuthintela; ulawulo lweenkqubo kunye neenkonzo; uhlalutyo nophuhliso lomgaqo-nkqubo; uvavanyo lokusingqongileyo kunye nokulungiswa; kunye nenkxaso yezempilo. Abanye abasebenzi bezempilo bakawonke-wonke banolwazi ngemiphumo yemfazwe ekuveleni komntu kwingxabano enobundlobongela okanye ekusebenzeni kunye nezigulane kunye noluntu kwiimeko zengxabano ezixhobileyo. Impilo yoluntu ikwabonelela ngendawo efanayo apho amacandelo amaninzi azimisele ukuhlangana ukuze enze umanyano lokuthintela imfazwe. Ilizwi lempilo yoluntu lisoloko liviwa njengamandla okunceda uluntu. Ngokuqokelelwa rhoqo kunye nophononongo lwezalathi zempilo impilo yoluntu inokubonelela ngezilumkiso zakwangoko malunga nomngcipheko wongquzulwano olunobundlobongela. Impilo yoluntu inokuchaza imiphumo yempilo yemfazwe, isakhelo ingxoxo malunga neemfazwe kunye nenkxaso-mali yazo. . . ize ibhence umkhosi odla ngokukhokelela kungquzulwano lwezixhobo ize ikhuthaze abantu ukuba bafune imfazwe.”
Malunga naloo mkhosi. Ingaba yin?
"I-Militarism kukwandiswa ngabom kweenjongo zomkhosi kunye nengqiqo ekubunjweni kwenkcubeko, ezopolitiko, kunye nezoqoqosho kubomi boluntu ukuze imfazwe kunye nokulungiswa kwemfazwe kube yinto eqhelekileyo, kwaye uphuhliso kunye nokugcinwa kwamaziko omkhosi anamandla abekwe phambili. I-Militarism kukuthembela ngokugqithisileyo kumandla omkhosi oqinileyo kunye nosongelo lomkhosi njengendlela esemthethweni yokulandela iinjongo zomgaqo-nkqubo kubudlelwane obunzima bamazwe ngamazwe. Izukisa abaphumi-mkhosi, inika intembeko eyomeleleyo emkhosini njengomqinisekisi wokugqibela wenkululeko nokhuseleko, kwaye iyayihlonela imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yasemkhosini njengengaphezu kokugxekwa. Umkhosi womkhosi uphembelela uluntu ukuba lwamkele iingqiqo zasemkhosini, indlela yokuziphatha, iintsomi kunye nolwimi njengolwalo. Uphononongo lubonisa ukuba i-militarism ihambelana ngokufanelekileyo ne-conservatism, ubuzwe, inkolo, ukuthanda izwe, kunye nobuntu obunegunya, kwaye inxulumene kakubi nentlonipho yenkululeko yoluntu, ukunyamezela ukuchasana, imigaqo yedemokhrasi, uvelwano kunye nentlalontle kwabo babandezelekileyo nabahluphekileyo kunye noncedo lwangaphandle. kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo. I-Militarism ibeka phantsi ezinye iimfuno zoluntu, kuquka impilo, kwizinto zomkhosi. "
Kwaye ngaba iUnited States iyabandezeleka kuyo?
"Umkhosi womkhosi unxulunyaniswa kwiinkalo ezininzi zobomi eUnited States kwaye, ekubeni idrafti yomkhosi yapheliswayo, yenza iimfuno ezimbalwa ezicacileyo kuluntu ngaphandle kweendleko zenkxaso-mali yabarhafi. Indlela elithetha ngayo, ubukhulu, nentsingiselo yayo ayibonakali kuninzi lwabemi abangekho mkhosini, yaye ingaziqondi iindleko zoluntu okanye imbonakalo engentle enamanye amazwe. Umkhosi womkhosi ubizwa ngokuba 'sisifo sengqondo soluntu,' nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe luncedo kungenelelo lwabantu ngokubanzi. . . .
“IUnited States inoxanduva lokusebenzisa ama-41 ekhulwini ayo yonke inkcitho yasemkhosini ehlabathini. Elona lilandelayo likhulu kwinkcitho yi-China, ethatha i-8.2%; eRashiya, 4.1%; kunye ne-United Kingdom ne-France, zombini i-3.6%. . . . Ukuba yonke imikhosi . . . iindleko zibandakanyiwe, inkcitho yonyaka [yase-US] ifikelela kwibhiliyoni enye yeedola. . . . Ngokwengxelo yesiseko sesiseko se-DOD yonyaka-mali we-1, 'I-DOD ilawula ipropati yehlabathi engaphezulu kwe-2012 yezibonelelo kwiindawo ezingaphezu kwe-555,000, ezigubungela ngaphezu kwe-5,000 yezigidi zehektare.' I-United States igcina i-28 ukuya kwi-700 iziseko zomkhosi okanye iisayithi kumazwe angaphezu kwe-1000. . . .
“Ngowama-2011 iUnited States yabeka kwindawo yokuqala kwiintengiso zezixhobo zesiqhelo ehlabathini lonke, yenza i-78% (i-66 yeebhiliyoni zeedola). IRashiya yayikwindawo yesibini nge-$4.8 yezigidigidi. . . .
"Ngo-2011-2012, iinkampani eziphezulu ezisi-7 zase-US ezivelisa izixhobo kunye neenkonzo zenza i-9.8 yezigidi zeedola kumaphulo onyulo. Abahlanu kwawona aphezulu ali-10 [omkhosi] amaqumrhu asemajukujukwini ehlabathini (3 US, 2 UK naseYurophu) achithe i-53 yezigidi zeerandi ephembelela urhulumente wase-US ngo-2011. . .
"Owona mthombo uphambili wabafundi abancinci yinkqubo yesikolo sikarhulumente yase-US, apho ukugaya kugxininise kulutsha olusemaphandleni kunye nolutsha oluhlwempuzekileyo, kwaye ngaloo ndlela lwenza uyilo olusebenzayo lwentlupheko olungabonakaliyo kwiintsapho ezininzi ezikudidi oluphakathi kunye noluphezulu. . . . Ngokuchasene nokutyikitywa kweUnited States kwiProtocol yoKhetho yokuBandakanya kwaBantwana kuMnqophiso oxhobileyo, umkhosi uqesha abantwana kwizikolo eziphakamileyo zikawonke-wonke, kwaye awubaxeleli abafundi okanye abazali ngelungelo labo lokubamba iinkcukacha zoqhagamshelwano ekhaya. Ibhetri yeeNkonzo ezixhobileyo zeVocational Aptitude Battery inikezelwa kwizikolo eziphakamileyo zikawonke-wonke njengovavanyo lwezakhono zekhondo kwaye inyanzelekile kwizikolo ezininzi eziphakamileyo, kunye nolwazi loqhagamshelwano lwabafundi oluthunyelwa emkhosini, ngaphandle kwaseMaryland apho indlu yowiso-mthetho yayalela ukuba izikolo zingaphindi zithumele ngokuzenzekelayo. ulwazi.”
Abameli bezempilo yoluntu bakhalaza ngokurhweba kwiindidi zophando olutyalwa yi-United States kulo:
“Izinto ezisetyenziswa emkhosini . . . uphando, imveliso, kunye neenkonzo ziphambukisa ubuchule bomntu kude nezinye iimfuno zoluntu. I-DOD ngoyena mxhasi mkhulu wophando kunye nophuhliso kurhulumente wobumbano. AmaZiko ezeMpilo eSizwe, iSiseko seSizwe seSayensi, kunye namaZiko oLawulo lweZifo kunye noThintelo anikezela imali eninzi yenkxaso-mali kwiinkqubo ezifana 'ne-BioDefense.' . . . Ukunqongophala kweminye imithombo yenkxaso-mali kuqhuba abanye abaphandi ukuba bafune inkxaso-mali yomkhosi okanye yokhuseleko, kwaye abanye emva koko baye bangabi namvakalelo kwimpembelelo yomkhosi. Enye iyunivesithi ehamba phambili e-United Kingdom isandula ukubhengeza, nangona kunjalo, iya kuphelisa utyalo-mali lwayo lwe-£ 1.2 yezigidi kwi-. . . inkampani eyenza iinxalenye zeedrones ezibulalayo zase-US kuba ithe ishishini 'alilixanduva ngokwentlalo.'
Kwanangexesha likaMongameli uEisenhower, umkhosi womkhosi wawuxhaphakile: “Impembelelo yomkhosi iyonke—ezoqoqosho, ezobupolitika, nezokomoya—ibonakala kuzo zonke izixeko, kuzo zonke izindlu zikarhulumente, kuzo zonke iiofisi zorhulumente womanyano.” Isifo siye sasasazeka:
“Iinqobo zokuziphatha zomkhosi kunye neendlela ziye zanabela kunyanzeliso lomthetho kunye neenkqubo zobulungisa. . . .
“Ngokukhuthaza izisombululo zomkhosi kwiingxaki zezopolitiko nokubonisa intshukumo yasemkhosini njengento engenakuthintelwa, umkhosi udla ngokuphembelela ukusasazwa kweendaba, nto leyo eyenza ukuba uluntu lwamkelwe imfazwe okanye ulangazelelo lwemfazwe. . . .”
Ababhali bachaza iinkqubo eziqala ukusebenza ngokuthintela imfazwe kwimbono yezempilo yoluntu, kwaye baphetha ngeengcebiso malunga noko kufuneka kwenziwe. Thatha ujongo.
