IPROJEKTHI EHLAZIYAYO: Ukukhupha iVietnam kwi-Ordnance engaqhushumbayo

NGU-CHUCK SEARCY, Igqala leVVA

Kwinkoliso yabantu baseMerika, iMfazwe yaseVietnam yaphela ngowe-1975. Kodwa kubantu abaninzi baseVietnam, imfazwe ayizange iphele ngoko. Baqhubeka bebandezeleka ngokufa, ukwenzakala, kunye nokukhubazeka ubomi bonke kwizixhobo ezihlala phezu komhlaba okanye ngaphantsi komhlaba. Ezi zixhobo zazisoloko ziyingozi kubahlali abangalindelanga kulo lonke ilizwe—kodwa ngokukodwa kwindawo eyayifudula ingenamkhosi.

Ngo-2001, xa kwakuphehlelelwa iProjekthi RENEW, iPhondo laseQuang Tri lalijongene neengozi ezingamashumi amathandathu ukuya kwamashumi asibhozo ezibandakanya izixhobo ezingaqhushumbayo (UXO) minyaka le ukusukela oko kwaphela imfazwe. Umphathiswa weSebe lezaBasebenzi, abaSebenzi, kunye neMicimbi yeNtlalo yaseVietnam banike ingxelo yokuba abangaphezu kwe-100,000 baseVietnam babulewe okanye benzakaliswa kwilizwe lonke ngenxa yeebhombu kunye nemigodi.

Kwiminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu kamva, iinzame zeProjekthi RENEW-ngentsebenziswano yezinye ii-NGO kunye nee-arhente zorhulumente wephondo-ziye zahlawula. Ngo-2016 kwabakho ingozi enye kuphela kwiPhondo laseQuang Tri.

Ngo-2000 abathunywa abavela kwi-Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund (VVMF) batyelela eVietnam. Ekupheleni kolo hambo ubunkokeli be-VVMF bagqiba kwelokuba bancede iVietnam ibuye kwiziphumo zemfazwe. Urhulumente wePhondo laseQuang Tri ukhuthaze iVVMF ukuba ize nendlela eyahlukileyo nesebenzayo kwingxaki ye-UXO kwiphondo. Isigqibo senziwe sokwandisa nokuphucula iinzame zesiqhelo esele ziqhuba ezibandakanya imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe yamanyathelo okusebenza emigodini kunye neeyunithi zomkhosi zaseVietnam.

Urhulumente ucebise ukuba i-VVMF iqulunqe isicwangciso "esibanzi kunye nesidibeneyo" sokujongana namabhomu kunye nemigodi. Ugxininiso luya kuba selucocweni olukhuselekileyo lwemithetho, ekufundiseni abantwana nabantu abadala indlela yokhuseleko nokukhusela iintsapho zabo noluntu lwabo, nasekuncedeni abo banqunyulwe imilenze kunye nabantu abanezinye iziphene ezibangelwa ziingozi zeziqhushumbisi nezemigodi.

IINGXAKI ZOKUQALA

Ndabuyela eVietnam ngoJanuwari 1995 emva kokusebenza kuMkhosi waseUnited States njengomhlalutyi wezobuntlola eSaigon, ngowe-1967-68. I-Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation (VVAF) yayifumene isibonelelo se-1 yezigidi zeedola kwi-Arhente yase-US yoPhuhliso lwaMazwe ngaMazwe (USAID) ukuze kuphuculwe kwaye kuxhobise iworkshop kwiSibhedlele saBantwana saseSweden eHanoi. UMongameli Bobby Muller wandinika umsebenzi wokuba ngumphathi wenkqubo. Injongo yayikukuphucula kunye nokwandisa imveliso yezihlangu zamathambo kubantwana abanepoliyo, i-cerebral palsy, kunye nezinye iingxaki zokuhamba.

Kwafuneka sakhe kwakhona kwaye sihlaziye icandelo elikhulu lesebe le-rehab kwiSibhedlele saBantwana, sifake ii-routers, ii-saw band, ii-ovens, kunye neebhentshi zokusebenza, kwaye silungiselele umoya owaneleyo, ngelixa siqeqesha i-Vietnamese ekwenzeni i-polypropylene braces elula eyilwe kwaye yenziwe ngokwezifiso. kubantwana abakhubazekileyo.

Xa le ndibano yocweyo yavulwa ngowe-1996, oogqirha namagcisa akhawuleza afikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu lokunyanga abaguli, ababesuka kwiindawo ezikude ukuze baxilongwe baze bafakelwe izixhobo zokunceda. Kungekudala aba basebenzi bebenyanga abaguli abangamashumi amathathu ukuya kwamashumi amane ngenyanga, bebanika izixhobo ezikumgangatho ophezulu zamathambo ezenza uninzi lwabo lukwazi ukuhamba ngaphandle koncedo okokuqala.

Ngaloo minyaka yokuqala, kwakukho ingxoxo phakathi kwabahlobo bam bakagqirha waseVietnam kunye nabasebenzi bezonyango malunga neebhombu kunye nemigodi kunye nomonakalo onjalo oqhushumbisi wawuqhubeka uwenza kulo lonke elaseVietnam. Sifunda iingxelo zamaphephandaba veki nganye ngeengozi neengozi zabantu kulo lonke ilizwe. Umkhosi waseVietnam, onikwe umsebenzi wokucoca imikhosi evela emfazweni, wawungenazixhobo zaneleyo kwaye uxhaswa ngemali ngokwaneleyo. Ngaphandle koko, kwakungeyonto ibalulekileyo. Abantu abaninzi baseVietnam, kuquka namagosa athile, babonakala beyamkela into yokuba le yingxaki engasoze iphele kuba umceli mngeni wawumkhulu.

Intshabalalo yemfazwe yayinkulu. Ndandisazi ukuba ukudubula okungazange kwaqhushumba, kwanamashumi eminyaka kamva, yayisisisongelo esiyingozi kumafama, abantwana besikolo, nakubantu basezilalini abamsulwa ababesenza imisebenzi yabo yemihla ngemihla. Iingxelo beziqhelekile ukuba zingahoywa.

Ndaye ndaqonda ukuba i-Agent Orange yayililifa elifihlakeleyo lemfazwe. Amagqala aseMelika aye esiba kabuhlungu ngeziphumo zempilo ezibonakala zinxibelelene ngokuthe ngqo nokuvezwa kweAgent Orange. Kodwa urhulumente wase-US wayekhanyela, kwaye urhulumente waseVietnam wabonakala ethandabuza ukutyhala lo mbandela.

Sibuze ukuba kutheni i-US ibingalwamkeli uxanduva olungaphezulu kwezi nzame zemfazwe ezisongela ubomi bezizukulwana zaseVietnam ezazalwa kudala emva kokuba imfazwe iphelile. Amanye amalungu eCongress-kunye namagqala elizwi kunye nemibutho eyandayo-atyhalela ukubandakanyeka okukhulu kwe-US. Omnye wabaxhasi abaphambili yayinguSen. Patrick Leahy (D-Vt.). INgxowa-mali yamaXhoba eMfazwe, awathi wanceda ukuyiseka yaza kamva yabizwa ngokuba yiLeahy War Victims Fund, ibonelele ngenkxaso-mali yeeprojekthi zobuntu eziqhutywa yiVVAF kunye neminye imibutho engenzi nzuzo.

I-Ofisi ye-Ofisi yeSebe lezoBuntu boBuntu ibonise umdla obukhali malunga nokuba kunokwenzeka ukusebenzisana kwe-US kunye neVietnam ekucoceni ukungcola kwe-UXO. Ngokuthe ngcembe, umnyango wavuleka kwinkxaso-mali evela e-US ukuya kwiSebe lezoKhuselo laseVietnam. Izixhobo zobugcisa zanikezelwa, kwaye imali eninzi yafumaneka kwii-NGOs ezinobuchule bokuchithwa kwemigodi kunye nokunciphisa i-UXO.

IiNGO ezimbalwa zaseHanoi ezinomdla okwabelwana ngazo kwezi ngxaki zenze iQela eliSebenzayo leLandmine ukuhlola iindlela zokusebenzisana. Urhulumente wephondo laseQuang Tri wayekulangazelela ukufumana uncedo ekujonganeni nale ngxaki.

Umbutho osekelwe eSeattle, i-PeaceTrees, ityale imithi emhlabeni jikelele kwiindawo ezazifudula zingquzulana, intlekele, kunye nokonakala kwendalo. Abaseki uJerilyn Brusseau kunye noDanaan Parry beza eVietnam ukuza kucebisa iprojekthi efanayo. Ndabakhuthaza ukuba batyelele iQuang Tri. Urhulumente wephondo wawamkela lo mbono, kodwa waphawula ukuba nayiphi na inzame yokutyalwa kwemithi kuqala ifuna ukucocwa ngenyameko okukhulu kweebhombu kunye nemigodi kuloo ndawo. Oko kwavula umnyango wokubandakanyeka kokuqala kwe-US ekucoceni iibhombu kunye nemigodi: ukukhutshwa ngokukhuselekileyo kweehektare ezintandathu zomhlaba ngumkhosi waseVietnam, oxhaswa ngemali yi-PeaceTrees, kwaye kulandelwa ukutyalwa kwemithi engaphezu kwewaka.

Kungekudala emva koko umbutho waseJamani, iSODI-Gerbera, yabandakanyeka, yalandelwa ngumbutho omkhulu waseBritani wokudiliza iziqhushumbisi, iMines Advisory Group (MAG), iClear Path International, neGolden West Humanitarian Foundation. Imeko ngoku yayisele ilungele ukwaziswa kombono owathi waba yiProjekthi ENTSHA.

UKUMAMA

Isigqibo sokumisela iProjekthi ENTSHA ixhomekeke ekunyuseni i-$500,000 ukuqinisekisa ubuncinci iminyaka emibini yeemali ezaneleyo ukwenza iprojekthi ibe yinyani. UJan Scruggs, umongameli we-VVMF, waqinisekisa u-Christos Cotsakos, igqala laseVietnam elalilimele e-Quang Tri, ukuba lize nesiqingatha senkxaso-mali. I-Cotsakos ibe nempumelelo kakhulu kwi-E*Trade Online Financial Services. Ndasondela kwi-Freeman Foundation, ehambelana nomnikelo we-Cotsakos kunye nenye i-$ 250,000. IProjekthi RENEW yayiqhuba.

Umsebenzi omncinci oqaqambileyo, u-Hoang Nam, kunye nam ndakhokela ekusekeni iProjekthi YOBUSHA. Siqeshe abasebenzi abaphambili, sabelwa inxalenye yebhajethi yethu ukuzisa ingcali yezobugcisa, uBob Keeley ovela kwi-European Landmine Solutions, ukusinceda simise iprojekthi kunye nabasebenzi bokuqeqesha, kwaye sigxininise kwimfundo yomngcipheko-ukufundisa abantu indlela yokuphepha, ukuphepha. iingozi kunye nokwenzakala, kunye nokuxela umthetho njengoko bewufumene.

Kungekudala safumanisa ukuba ngaphandle kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshelwe ukutshabalalisa okanye ukususa izixhobo eziyingozi xa kungena ikhwelo loncedo, ngokukhawuleza umgudu wethu wawuphelisa ukuthenjwa ngabantu basekuhlaleni. Kwafuneka siqinise iinzame zethu zokunyusa imali yokuhambisa amaqela e-Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) ukuphendula iifowuni eziphuthumayo zoncedo.

Iprojekthi RENEW izabalazela ukufumana inkxaso-mali, ukusuka kwimithombo evela kwiSebe leSizwe laseMelika ukuya kurhulumente waseNorway, owaba yenye yezona zinto zinamandla zeProjekthi RENEW.

Kwi-2008 iqela elivela kwiNorwegian People's Aid (NPA) lafika e-Quang Tri, lijonge ukwandisa eVietnam kunye nomsebenzi walo omangalisayo wemigodi yehlabathi, kwaye yangena kwintsebenziswano kunye neProjekthi RENEW. Urhulumente waseNorway unikezele ngenkxaso-mali eninzi kunye nenkxaso yobugcisa ebalulekileyo. Oku kwakungexesha apho ikusasa leProjekthi i-RENEW yayingaqinisekanga ngenxa yesigqibo se-VVMF kwi-2011 yokukhupha intsebenziswano yeminyaka elishumi. I-VVMF yayifuna ukugxila kwiZiko lezeMfundo le-$100 lezigidi.

Inkxaso-mali yaseNorway yayibalulekile. Kungekudala emva koko, iSebe likaRhulumente lathembisa ngemali eyongezelelweyo, nge-NPA, kunye nenkxaso-mali ehambelanayo kwiQela leeNgcebiso zeMigodi kunye ne-PeaceTrees. IProjekthi i-RENEW kunye ne-NPA ifumene i-7.8 yezigidi zeerandi kwixesha leminyaka emithathu. I-MAG ifumene ngaphezu kwe-8 yezigidi zeedola.

Ngoku silandela isicwangciso esaphuhliswa ngumlawuli welizwe le-NPA ngelo xesha, uJonathon Guthrie, olusekelwe kubungqina beCluster Munitions Remnants Survey (CMRS). Elo nyathelo lidibanisa ukuphononongwa kweendawo ezingcolileyo ze-UXO, udliwano-ndlebe nabahlali bendawo, ukuthelekisa iirekhodi zebhomu eziguqulwe liSebe lezoKhuselo, kunye nokusebenzisa loo datha ukuhambisa amaqela asusa okanye atshabalalise i-ornance kuloo mimandla. Njengoko iinyawo zogwayimbo lwezixhobo zeqela zincitshiswa kwaye zipheliswe, kwaye yonke eminye imimiselo kwindawo ingathathi hlangothi, olu lwazi lusekelwe kubungqina lungena kwisiseko sedatha esibanzi esifumanekayo kubo bonke abafuna ulwazi.

IMEKO YAKU

Kukho intsebenziswano ebanzi kwiPhondo leQuang Tri phakathi kwabo bonke abadlali abaphambili, kubandakanywa ii-NGOs kunye nomkhosi waseVietnam. Elo nqanaba lentsebenziswano alizange libonwe ngaphambili kwaye lisalathiso esiqinisekileyo sokuba sisiya kulo mhla, kwiminyaka embalwa emfutshane, xa ingxaki iya kulawulwa kwaye inokuguqulwa ngokupheleleyo kwiVietnam. I-US inokuthi emva koko, ngenyaniso ethile kunye nokwaneliseka, ukuba ekugqibeleni senze into elungileyo.

Ukutshintsha kwingcinga yeqhinga kuye kwacotha kwaye kunzima. KwiProjekthi ENTSHA siyakholelwa ukuba akunakwenzeka ukucoca yonke ibhombu kunye neyam. I-US yehla ubuncinci i-8 yezigidi zeetoni ze-ornance ngexesha lemfazwe, apho i-Pentagon ithe malunga neepesenti ze-10 ayizange iqhume. Lo ngumlinganiselo omkhulu wemimiselo esekho emhlabeni-akunakwenzeka ukuyicoca kwisizukulwana.

Nangona kunjalo, kunokwenzeka ukwenza iVietnam ikhuseleke. Sibonisa ukuba yonke imihla kwiPhondo laseQuang Tri. Inhlanganisela yabaqeqeshi abaqeqeshiweyo, abaxhotyisiweyo, abavunyiweyo abaqeqeshiweyo kunye namaqela e-EOD, i-database ethembekileyo, kunye nabemi bendawo abafundileyo nabanolwazi banokugcina wonke umntu ekhuselekile.

Kwenziwa eJamani nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, asacoca amawaka eebhombu minyaka le evela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I nakwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II. KwiPhondo laseQuang Tri, libuyela kwi-1996, iProjekthi RENEW kunye nezinye ii-NGOs ziye zatshabalalisa ngaphezu kweebhomu ze-600,000. Kunyaka ophelileyo amaqela e-EOD alawulwa yiProjekthi RENEW kunye ne-NPA yenze imisebenzi ye-723 yendawo ekuphenduleni ukufowunelwa kwabantu basekuhlaleni, okubangela ukuba izinto ze-2,383 ze-UXO zitshatyalaliswe. Lilonke, ngaphezu kwezinto ze-18,000 zafunyanwa kwaye zatshatyalaliswa ngexesha lophando kunye nokuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwii-callouts ze-UXO. Kwezo, iipesenti ezingama-61 yayizizixhobo zokudubula ezidibeneyo.

I-ARENTE OKWENZIWE UMBA

Elinye ilifa elibuhlungu lemfazwe eVietnam yiAgent Orange. Abantu baseVietnam abakasondeli kulo naluphi na uncedo olunentsingiselo ekujonganeni nemingeni eyoyikekayo yezonyango, yezempilo, kunye neyokubuyisela kwisimo sangaphambili esibalelwa kwityhefu ye-dioxin.

Urhulumente wase-US uchitha ngaphezu kwe-100 yezigidi zeedola ukucoca ukungcola kwe-dioxin kwi-Airport ye-Da Nang International, kwaye kukho izibonakaliso zokuba i-airbase yangaphambili e-Bien Hoa ingaba yinto elandelayo, kunye nexabiso eliphezulu.

Kodwa ngaphandle kokwandiswa kwenkxaso-mali yoncedo lwabakhubazekileyo eVietnam, bekukho imali encinci okanye akukho nkxaso-mali yase-US yokunceda iintsapho ezihluphekayo ngabantwana ababini, abathathu, okanye ngaphezulu abakhubazeke kakhulu, ngoku abakwiminyaka yabo yamashumi amabini okanye amathathu, ababuthathaka emzimbeni nasengqondweni. ngokunzulu ukuba abanakuzenzela nto.

Ngenkxaso evela kwi-Veterans for Peace (VFP), iProjekthi RENEW yazama ukufumana inkxaso-mali kwi-USAID ukufikelela kwi-15,000 Agent Orange amaxhoba kwiPhondo laseQuang Tri. Eso siphakamiso sakhatywa. Abasebenzi abahlaziyiweyo abenzanga sigqibo malunga nokuba baphinde bafune inkxaso karhulumente wase-US kwezi ntsapho.

Abantu bayandibuza, emva kweminyaka engaka, kutheni uselapha? Andifunwa, ngokwenene; abasebenzi baseVietnam abangaphezu kwe-180 iProjekthi YOBUSHA kunye nabasebenzi be-NPA banobuchule obungaphezulu kunokuba ndiya kuze ndibe nako.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ndingenza igalelo elincinci lokugcina umzamo endleleni, ukusinceda sigxininise kwisiphumo sokugqibela sokwenza yonke iVietnam ikhuseleke, ngoko ndizinikele kulo msebenzi. Imodeli yeQuang Tri iyasebenza. Ukuba ndinganceda ukugcina imijelo yonxibelelwano eyakhayo nehloniphanayo ivulekile phakathi kwamagqala aseMelika, amagqala aseVietnam, amagosa karhulumente waseVietnam, kunye nabasebenzi boMzi wozakuzo wase-US kunye namagosa aseWashington, ngoko ndiyavuya ukuzama ukunceda ixesha elide.

Ayizukuthatha iminyaka emininzi ngakumbi, ndiqinisekile, de sibe nokuphelisa yonke intlekele, intlungu kunye nosizi oludlulileyo. Ke abantu baseVietnam banokuphila ngokuzithemba kwaye baqhubeke nemisebenzi yabo yemihla ngemihla ngaphandle kokoyika iibhombu kunye nemigodi. Baya kwazi ukuba bayilawula ngeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo le meko. Kwaye amagqala aseMelika anokuthi sincede ukuzisa isiphelo semfazwe eVietnam.