ukusuka I-Science Science Digest, UJuni 28, 2020
Imboleko yeMoto: Ifoto yeZizwe eziManyeneyo
Olu hlalutyo lushwankathela kwaye lubonakalise olu phando lulandelayo: Belgioioso, M., Di Salvatore, J., & Pinckney, J. (2020). Ukudityaniswa ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: Iziphumo zokugcina uxolo lwe-UN koqhanqalazo olungenabundlobongela kumazwe angasemva kwemfazwe yamakhaya. Izifundo zamazwe aphesheya ngekota. https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqaa015
Amaphuzu okuthetha
Kwiimeko zasemva kwemfazwe yamakhaya:
- Amazwe asebenza ngokugcina uxolo e-UN abaqhanqalaze kakhulu kunamazwe angenabasebenzi boxolo be-UN, ngakumbi ukuba loo misebenzi yokugcina uxolo ibandakanya amapolisa e-UN (UNPOL).
- Xa abagcini boxolo be-UNPOL bevela kumazwe anenqanaba eliphezulu loluntu, amathuba aqikelelayo okuqhankqalaza okungekho mthethweni kumazwe asemva kwemfazwe yamakhaya ngama-60%.
- Xa abagcini boxolo be-UNPOL bevela kumazwe anenqanaba eliphantsi loluntu, amathuba aqikelelayo okuqhankqalaza okungekho mthethweni kumazwe asemva kwemfazwe yamakhaya ngama-30%.
- Ngenxa yokuba abagcini boxolo be-UNPOL basebenzisana ngokuthe ngqo nabemi, kwaye baqeqesha kwaye babambisene namapolisa asezweni, kukho “ukungafani kwemilinganiselo kunye nokukhusela ukugqugqisa kwezopolitiko” - ukwenza ukuba abahlali abanoxolo babe nexabiso lokuqhanqalaza okunamandla. nefuthe kwesi siphumo.
isishwankathelo
Uninzi lophando olukhoyo ngokugcina uxolo ku-UN lugxile kwiinkqubo zoxolo ezisezantsi njengezivumelwano zezopolitiko okanye utshintsho lweziko. Ezi nkqubo zodwa azinakho ukulinganisa ukubekwa ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kwimilinganiselo yedemokhrasi okanye iinguqu zenkcubeko ezenza ukuba ukubuyela emfazweni kungalingani. Ukulinganisa "ezantsi-phezulu" izinto ezakhayo zoxolo lokugcina uxolo kwi-UN, ababhali bagxila kwinto ebalulekileyo yokuzibandakanya eluntwini-ukungavisisani kwezopolitiko-babuze, "ingaba imisebenzi yokugcina uxolo iqhubekeka nengxabano yezopolitiko yamazwe asemva kwemfazwe?"
Ukuphendula lo mbuzo, baqulunqa idatabase yenoveli ebandakanya amazwe angama-70 avela kwimfazwe yamakhaya phakathi konyaka ka-1990 no-2011 kunye novavanyo lweqela loqhanqalazo olungelulo olo lwenzeka kula mazwe. Njengomgaqo wolondolozo, i-database ayizibandakanyi iimeko apho uqhankqalazo lukhokelela kwizidubedube kunye nogonyamelo oluzenzekelayo. Le datha ikwabandakanya izinto ezihluka-hlukeneyo ezifana nokuba ilizwe libambe umhlangano wokugcina uxolo kwi-UN, linani labagcini boxolo, kunye nenqaku lommandla ovela kwilizwe lokugcina uxolo. Eli nqaku loluntu lifunyenwe kwiindidi zeDemokrasi kwisalathiso sentatho-nxaxheba yoluntu. Esi salathisi sijonga ukuba imibutho yaseburhulumenteni ibandakanyeka njani (njengamaqela emidla, imibutho yabasebenzi, okanye amaqela okhuselo, njalo njalo) kubomi boluntu. Kubandakanya imibuzo malunga, umzekelo, ukuba ngaba bayabonisana nabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo okanye bangaphi abantu ababandakanyekayo kuluntu.
Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba amazwe emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya kunye nemisebenzi yokugcina uxolo yeUN inezinto ezininzi ezingalunganga kuhlobo lwamazwe angenabasebenzi boxolo. Ubungakanani bemishini abubonakali ngathi ayinanto. Amanqaku oluntu lwaseburhulumenteni ilizwe-avela kwimicimbi yokugcina uxolo kuphela ngamapolisa e-UN (UNPOL) kodwa hayi ezinye iintlobo zabagcini boxolo. Ukubeka oko ngamanani,
- Ubukho babagcini boxolo be-UN, nokuba ngaba bangabagcini boxolo, bonyusa amathuba aqikelelweyo okuqhankqalaza okungahambelaniyo ukuya kuma-40%, xa kuthelekiswa nama-27% xa kungekho bukho boxolo ku-UN.
- Ubukho bamagosa e-UNPOL asuka kumazwe anezinga eliphantsi loluntu libonisa iziphumo ezingama-30% eziqikelelweyo ezinokubakho kuqhanqalazo.
- Ubukho bamagosa e-UNPOL asuka kumazwe anezinga eliphakamileyo loluntu libonisa iziphumo ezingama-60% eziqikelelweyo zokuqhankqalaza okungekho mthethweni.
Ukucacisa ukuba zithini ezi ziphumo kwimeko yokugcina uxolo ku-UN kunye 'nokwehla ezantsi' uxolo, ababhali baqulunqa umkhombandlela wentetho-mbono obona uqhanqalazo olungavaliyo njengophawu oluphambili lwangaphakathi lolawulo lwentando yesininzi. Ukuba uqhanqalazo luhlale lungaqhelekanga kwaye lubalulekile, ngakumbi kumazwe asemva kwemfazwe yamakhaya apho ukusetyenziswa kobundlobongela njengentetho yezopolitiko nanjengendlela yokufikelela kwiinjongo zopolitiko kuyinto eqhelekileyo. Ukongeza, amaziko ezopolitiko amatsha kula mazwe ahlala esilela, ke ukubanakho kwelizwe ukujongana nale miceli mngeni ngokungagungqiyo kubalulekile ekugcineni uxolo. Ababhali bacinga ukuba abagcini boxolo be-UN, ngakumbi amapolisa e-UN (UNPOL), babonelela ngokhuseleko nokuba ubukho babo bukhuthaza "indlela zokuthatha inxaxheba kwezopolitiko." Ngapha koko, ukuba amazwe emfazwe yasemva kwembambano ayakwazi ukuxhasa uqhanqalazo olungenabugwenxa, bobabini abemi beli kunye noRhulumente baneempawu zangaphakathi zentando yesininzi.
Ngokugxininisa kubukho bamapolisa e-UN (UNPOL), ababhali bachonga indlela ephambili apho ezi ndlela zedemokhrasi zichithwe khona kwimisebenzi yokugcina uxolo kumazwe abawabambayo. Amagosa e-UNPOL aqeqesha kwaye ahambisane namapolisa esizwe, ebanika intsebenzo ngqo noluntu kunye namandla okuphembelela amapolisa ezwe ukuba ahlonele uqhanqalazo. Ukongeza, uluntu olomeleleyo loluntu[1] isentloko ekuququzeleleni uqhanqalazo olungenanto. Ngelixa amazwe avelayo kwimfazwe yamakhaya esenokuba enze buthathaka uluntu, amandla oluntu lokuthatha inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwinkqubo yezopolitiko yasemva kwemfazwe amele indlela esezantsi yokwakha uxolo. Ke ngoko, amagosa e-UNPOL eyasekuhlaleni kwintlalontle (nokuba la magosa avela kwilizwe elinoluntu olomeleleyo okanye akunjalo) abaphembelela kubanakho ukuxhasa uqhankqalazo olungenabugwenxa kumazwe apho asasazwa khona. Ngamanye amagama, ukuba amagosa e-UNPOL avela kumazwe aneendawo zokuhlala ezomeleleyo, anokuba nako ukukhusela ilungelo lokungabinakho ukoyikeka kwaye “angayiboni ingcinezelo eqatha koorhulumente abaxhalabileyo ngokugxekwa kurhulumente.”
Ababhali baqukumbela ngophononongo olufutshane lwamatyala apho imishini ye-UN kumazwe asebenza emva kwemfazwe yendawo yaba negalelo ekwakhiweni koxolo lwasekhaya kunye nokususwa kwemilinganiselo yedemokhrasi. ENamibia, iQela loNcedo leTshintsho leZizwe eziManyeneyo lalijikeleza kwaye likhusele abantu ngexesha leentlanganiso zasesidlangalaleni kwaye libonakalise ukungakhethi kulawulo lwezihlwele ngexesha loqhanqalazo. Kwenzeka okufanayo naseLiberia apho i-United Nations Mission e-Liberia yayiya kujonga uqhankqalazo olungenelela kunye nongenelelo ukuze luchithe udushe, kubandakanya phakathi kwamapolisa kuzwelonke nabaqhankqalazi, ngexesha lonyulo luka-2009. Esi senzo, ukukhusela ilungelo lokubhikisha nokuqinisekisa ukuba yenzeka ngokungachukumiyo, sibeka imigaqo-nkqubo kwimidlalo yezopolitiko engabalulekanga ebaluleke kakhulu ukuze kubekho uxolo kumazwe asemva kwemfazwe. Ababhali baphela ngenqaku lokuxhalabisa ngomthwalo oshukumayo wokugcina uxolo kwi-UN kumazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho anazo nemibutho yoluntu eyomeleleyo ukuya kumazwe ahluphekayo anabantu ababuthathaka ekuhlaleni. Bacela abaqulunqi bomgaqo-nkqubo abayila imisebenzi yokugcina uxolo e-UN ukuba bakhumbule ukufumana abasebenzi abaninzi abavela kumazwe anabantu abomeleleyo.
Ulwazi lokuziqhelanisa
Inoveli yeli nqaku igxile kwindima yamapolisa ekwakhiweni koxolo ibonelela ngendlela entsha yokucinga ngokugcina uxolo kwi-UN, ngakumbi njengendlela esezantsi yokufumana iziko eligxininisa ngeendlela eziphakamileyo okanye ezezikarhulumente. Inxalenye yokwakha uxolo, ngakumbi amazwe emfazwe yasemva kwemfazwe, kukwakha kwakhona ikhontrakthi yezentlalo phakathi kukarhulumente nabantu bayo eyayiqhekezwe ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya. Isivumelwano soxolo sinokubuphelisa ubutshinga, kodwa umsebenzi omninzi uyafuneka ukwenza abantu bakholelwe ukuba banokuthatha inxaxheba kubomi boluntu kunye notshintsho lwempembelelo. Ukhuseleko sisixhobo esisiseko sokuthatha inxaxheba kwezopolitiko-zisebenza ukwazisa ngengxaki, ukudibanisa imibutho yezopolitiko, kunye nokufumana inkxaso yoluntu. Ukuze urhulumente aphendule ngobundlobongela kukuya kwisivumelwano sokuhlangana esidibanisa uluntu.
Asinakho ukwenza ukuba olu hlalutyo, olujolise kwiinkalo zoqhanqalazo kunye nezobupolisa kumazwe asemzini, lurhoxisiwe kumnqweno wethu wokulungisa ngendlela eyakhayo ngalo mzuzu e-US. Kujongwa njani ubupolisa kuluntu oluzibophelele kulo? wonke umntu ukhuseleko? Yincoko efunekayo I-Digest's Iqela labahleli kunye nabanye ababonisana nokubulawa kwamapolisa kaGeorge Floyd, uBreonna Taylor, nabanye abantu baseMelika abamnyama. Ukuba injongo ebalulekileyo yamapolisa kukubonelela ngokhuseleko, kuya kufuneka ubuzwe: Luphi ukhuseleko oluboniswa ngamapolisa? Amapolisa ahamba njani elungiselela ukhuseleko? Ixesha elide kakhulu e-United States, ipolisa lisetyenziswa njengesixhobo sengcinezelo nxamnye nabantu abaMnyama, amaNdiya, kunye nabanye abantu abanemibala (BIPOC). Le mbali yobupolisa ihambelana nesiko elingene nzulu lokugqwesa okumhlophe, ibonakala kubuhlanga olunobuhlanga ifunyanwa kuyo yonke inkqubo yokunyanzeliswa komthetho kunye nolwaphulo mthetho. Sikwangqina ukuya kwinqanaba lokuphathwa gadalala kwamapolisa ngokuchasene nabaqhankqalazi abangavumelaniyo-okuthi, ngokulinganayo kwaye kube lusizi, kunika ubungqina obungakumbi bemfuno yokutshintsha ngokusisiseko indlela yobupolisa eUnited States.
Uninzi lwencoko yobupolisa e-United States igxile kumkhosi wamapolisa, kuthathelwa ingqalelo “imfazwe” kumasebe amapolisa ngenkqubo ye-1033 yoMthetho wokuGunyazisa woKhuseleko. Njengoluntu, siqala ukubona ukuba loluphi uhlobo olunokubonakala njengolungelelene nomkhosi wamapolisa omkhosi. Kukho ubungqina obumangalisayo ekusebenzeni kweendlela ezingekho emkhosini nezingafakwanga izixhobo. I-Science Science Digest. Umzekelo, kwi Ukuvavanywa kweendlela zokuNgqubana nengadibaniyo nokugcina uxolo, uphando lubonisa ukuba "ukugcinwa koluntu ngokungekho mthethweni (i-UCP) ngaphandle kwemfazwe kusebenze ngokuphumelelayo kwimisebenzi ehambelana nokugcina uxolo, kubonakalisa ukuba ukuthula akunyanzelekanga ukuba kube semkhosini okanye ukubakho kwezixhobo zokwenza umsebenzi wawo wokuthintela ubundlobongela kunye nokukhuselwa kwabantu." Nangona bexhobile, amapolisa e-UN, ngakumbi ngokwamkela kwawo amapolisa ajolise kuluntu, isamele indlela engekho mncinci yokulwa nokhuseleko xa kuthelekiswa neminye imikhosi yoxolo ye-UN, ngakumbi leyo enegunya elinobuzaza lokuzibandakanya kwimlo yokulwa. Kodwa, njengoko besiya bonakala ngakumbi e-US (nkqu nentlalo-ntle yoluntu nenqubo yedemokhrasi), amapolisa axhobileyo asengabeka isoyikiso esisiseko kubukhulu belizwe. Ngeliphi ixesha esivuma ukuba amapolisa axhobileyo, endaweni yokuxhasa ikhontrakthi yentlalo, ikakhulu ngabameli bokwahlukana kwabo? Oku kuvunywa kufanele ukuba kusenze ukuba siqhubele phambili ukuya kwicala lokwehliswa koluntu ekungenweni kwezixhobo ezingenazo izixhobo ezinganazo izixhobo zokhuseleko-iindlela ezingacacisi ukhuseleko lomntu omnye ngaphandle kwento yomnye. [KC]
Ukuqhubeka kokufunda
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Hunt, CT (2020, Februwari 13). Ukukhuselwa ngamapolisa: Indima yokhuselo yamapolisa e-UN kwimisebenzi yoxolo. IZiko loXolo lweHlabathi. Ibuyisiwe ngoJuni 11, 2020, ukusuka https://www.ipinst.org/2020/02/protection-through-policing-un-peace-ops-paper
UDe Coning, C., kunye noGelot, L. (2020, ngoMeyi 29). Ukubeka abantu kwiziko lemisebenzi yoxolo ye-UN. IZiko loXolo lweHlabathi. Ibuyisiwe ngoJuni 26, 2020, ukusuka https://theglobalobservatory.org/2020/05/placing-people-center-un-peace-operations/
I-NPR. (2020, Juni 4). Amapolisa aseMelika. I-Throughline. Ibuyiselwe nge-26 kaJuni, 2020, ukusuka https://www.npr.org/transcripts/869046127
USerhan, Y. (2020, Juni 10). Yintoni ilizwe elinokuthi ifundise iMelika malunga nobupolisa, the Atlantic. Ibuyisiwe ngoJuni 11, 2020, ukusuka https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/06/america-police-violence-germany-georgia-britain/612820/
Inzululwazi Imihla ngemihla. (Ngo-2019, nge-26 kaFebruwari). Ubungqina obuqhutywa yidatha kwiimbaleki vs umgcini wamapolisa. Ibuyiselwe nge-12 kaJuni, 2020, ukusuka https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/02/190226155011.htm
I-Peace Science Digest. (2018, Novemba 12). Ukuvavanywa kweendlela ezinezikhuselo nezingenazo izixhobo zokugcina uxolo. Ibuyisiwe ngoJuni 15, 2020, ukusuka https://peacesciencedigest.org/assessing-armed-and-unarmed-approaches-to-peacekeeping
Imibutho / amanyathelo
Amapolisa aManyeneyo: https://police.un.org/en
Internet: emva kwemfazwe, ukugcina ukuthula, ukuthula, amapolisa, iZizwe eziManyeneyo, imfazwe yamakhaya
[1] Ababhali bayichaza intlalo yoluntu "njengendawo [equka] ukuba ngabemi abalungelelanisiweyo nabangalungelelwananga, ukusuka kubakhuseli bamalungelo abantu ukuya kubalingisi abangaziphathi kakuhle."
