I-Plutocrats yoxolo: iNobel-Carnegie Model

NguDavid Swanson, Dec 10, 2014

“Fredrik othandekayo, ngoLwesihlanu ophelileyo ndaya kumnyhadala owawuququzelelwe yiCarnegie Corporation kwisikhumbuzo sokuphela kweWWI. Ndachukunyiswa yindlela ezazifana ngayo izimvo zikaAndrew Carnegie, kunye nobubele bakhe, ezazifana nezika-Alfred Nobel. Ngaba uyazi ukuba bakhe banxibelelana nabo? Konke okusemandleni, Peter [Weiss].

“Le yimibuzo kaPeter: Kutheni le nto kukho ukufana? Ngaba uCarnegie noNobel bakhe banxibelelana? Kwaye le yeyam: Kutheni le nto unxibelelwano lunomdla kangaka- kwaye lubalulekile? -UFredrik S. Heffermehl. "

Oku ngasentla bekubhengezwa kwintsebenzo NobelWill.org ukuba ndiyiphumelele ngoku kulandelayo:

Asazi, kodwa kananjalo asinakho ukubekela ecaleni, ukuhlangana ubuso ngobuso, okanye ukutshintshiselana ngeeleta, phakathi kukaAlfred Nobel noAndrew Carnegie onokuthi achaze indlela ezimangalisa ngayo "izimvo zika-Andrew Carnegie, kunye nobubele bakhe, ezazifana nezika-Alfred Nobel . ” Kodwa ukufana kuchazwa ngokwenkcubeko yomhla lowo. Yayingengabo kuphela oosaziwayo ababexhasa ngezimali ukupheliswa kwemfazwe, bezizityebi kuphela. Isenokuphinda icaciswe yinto yokuba eyona mpembelelo iphambili kubo ngoxolo lwabo yayi ngumntu ofanayo, ibhinqa elidibene nabo bobabini kwaye yayingabahlobo abasenyongweni noNobel-Bertha von Suttner. Ukuqhubela phambili, ububele bukaNobel beza kuqala kwaye babuyimpembelelo kuCarnegie. Zombini zibonelela ngemizekelo emihle yezityebi zanamhlanje-ezityebile kakhulu, ewe, kuneCarnegie, kodwa akukho namnye kubo obeka imali ekupheliseni imfazwe. * Banikezela ngemizekelo emihle yokusebenza okugunyazisiweyo ngokusemthethweni kwamaziko abo eziphambukileyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ekhondweni.

UAlfred Nobel (1833-1896) kunye noAndrew Carnegie (1835-1919) baphila kwixesha elinabantu abazizityebi abambalwa kunanamhlanje; kwaye nobutyebi bukaCarnegie abuzange bulingane nobobutyebi banamhlanje. Kodwa banike ipesenti ephezulu yobutyebi babo kunokuba abo bazizityebi banamhlanje besenzile. UCarnegie unikezele ngesixa esiphezulu, esilungelelaniselwe ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, kunabo bonke abantu baseMelika abaphilayo (iGates, iBuffett, kunye neSoros) banikezele ngoku.

Akukho mntu kwi Forbes Uluhlu lwabaxhamli be-50 abaphezulu baxhaswa ngenzame yokuphelisa imfazwe. UNobel noCarnegie baxhaswa ngemali ngeli phrojekthi ngelixa behlala, kwaye baqhuba ukukhuthaza ngaphandle kwemali yabo. Ngaphambi kokuba bafe, bahlela ukushiya emva kwabo ilifa eliza kuqhubeka neenkxaso zokunciphisa nokuphelisa imfazwe ehlabathini. Ezi ziqendu ziye zenza izinto ezintle kwaye zinako ukwenza okukhulu ngakumbi, kwaye ziphumelele. Kodwa bobabini baye basinda kwixesha elingenakukholelwa ekuphumeni kokuthula, kwaye zombini imibutho ilahlekile kude nomsebenzi wayo, iguqule imisebenzi yabo ukufanisa amaxesha, kunokuxhathisa imilingo yenkcubeko ngokunamathela kwimimiselo yabo yomthetho nokuziphatha .

Yintoni ebangel 'umdla kunye nokulungelelaniswa malunga nokufana phakathi kweNobel noCarnegie ubukhulu babo ububele babo bokuthula beyimveliso yexesha labo. Bobabini baqalisa uxolo, kodwa bobabini babenomdla wokupheliswa kwemfazwe ngaphambi kokubambisana. Le ngcamango yayiqheleke ngakumbi kwiminyaka yabo kunoko. Ububele obukhulu boxolo buye buqhelekile, nangona kunjalo alukho ngezinga elifanayo kunye nesiphumo sokuba uNobel noCarnegie baphathe.

Eyona nto inomdla kukuba iziphumo zoko kwenziwa nguNobel noCarnegie zihlala zimiselwe, ngezenzo zabantu abaphilayo abazenzayo ukuzalisekisa isithembiso seNobel Peace Prize kunye neCarnegie Endowment yoXolo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe, kunye nezenzo esizenzayo ukulandela i-ajenda yoxolo ngaphandle kwaloo maziko, kwaye mhlawumbi ngabaphilisayo abanokufumana iindlela zokulinganisa le mizekelo edlulileyo. Ngo-2010, uWarren Buffett noBill noMelinda Gates bakhuthaze oosozigidigidi ukuba banikele ngesiqingatha sobutyebi babo (hayi ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba likaNobel-Carnegie, kodwa kubalulekile). UBuffett uchaze ukusayinwa koosozigidigidi bokuqala abangama-81 kwisibambiso sabo “njengeeVangeli zezoButyebi ezingama-81,” ngokunika imbeko “kwiVangeli yoButyebi,” inqaku nencwadi kaCarnegie.

Kuya kuba nzima ukungqina ukuba uCarnegie kunye noNobel zange babhalelana. Sisebenza apha kunye nababhali beencwadi ezimbini ngexesha lokubhalwa kweeleta, kwaye amadoda amabini iileta zawo esaziyo ziye zanyamalala kwimbali ngamanani amakhulu. Kodwa ndikhe ndafunda imisebenzi eliqela yabo bobabini kunye nabahlobo ababenabo ngokufanayo. Ezinye zezi ncwadi zibhekisa kuwo omabini la madoda ngendlela yokuba ukuba umbhali ebazi ukuba bakhe badibana okanye bahambelana ngokuqinisekileyo bekuya kuba kukhankanyiwe. Kodwa lo mbuzo unokuba ngumbala obomvu. Ukuba uNobel noCarnegie badibana, ngokucacileyo kwakungekho banzi kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo yayingeyiyo le nto yabenza bafana kwizimo zabo zoxolo kunye nesisa. UNobel wayengumzekelo kuCarnegie, njengoko uxolo lwakhe lwaphambi kwexesha likaCarnegie ngexesha. Omabini la madoda abongozwa ngabanye babaxhasi boxolo, okona kubaluleke kakhulu nguBertha von Suttner. Omabini la madoda ayebalasele, kodwa bobabini baphila kwixesha apho inkqubela phambili yenkxaso-mali ekupheliseni umlo yayiyinto eyenziweyo, ngokungafaniyo namhla xa iyinto engenziwanga- nokuba yikomiti yeNobel okanye iCarnegie Endowment Uxolo Lwamazwe Ngamazwe.

Umntu unokudwelisa ikhulu ukufana nokungafani phakathi kukaNobel noCarnegie. Ezinye zezinto ezifanayo ezinokuthi zibe nefuthe elincinci apha zibandakanya ezi. Omabini la madoda afudukela ebutsheni bawo, uNobel esuka eSweden esiya eRashiya eneminyaka eli-9, uCarnegie waseScotland waya eUnited States eneminyaka eli-12. Bobabini babegula. Bobabini babenemfundo encinci esesikweni (hayi njengeyinqabileyo ngelo xesha). Bobabini babengama-bachelors ixesha elide, uNobel ebomini, kunye noCarnegie kwi-50s yakhe. Bobabini babengabahambi ubomi bonke, ii-cosmopolitans, kwaye (ngakumbi uNobel) abangabodwa. UCarnegie wabhala iincwadi zokuhamba. Bobabini babengababhali beentlobo ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemidla kunye nolwazi. UNobel wabhala umbongo. UCarnegie wenza ubuntatheli, kwaye wade waphawula nangamandla eendaba ezixela ukuba “iDynamite ngumdlalo womntwana xa kuthelekiswa nabeendaba.” I-Dynamite yayiyenye yezinto ezenziwa nguNobel, kunye nemveliso umntu awayekhe wayizama ukuqhushumbisa indlu kaCarnegie (into eyabuzwa ngumbhali-mbali ukuba yayiyeyona inxibelelene kakhulu phakathi kwala madoda mabini). Bobabini babeyinxalenye kodwa hayi ikakhulu abaxhamli bemfazwe. Zombini zazintsokothile, ziphikisana, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elithile ityala lihleli. UNobel uzame ukulinganisa ukuveliswa kwakhe kwezixhobo ngengcinga yokuba izixhobo ezomeleleyo ngokwaneleyo zinokucenga abantu ukuba bayeke imfazwe (umbono oqhelekileyo ukuya kuthi ga kwixesha leentlanga zenyukliya ezenza kwaye ziphulukana neemfazwe ezininzi). UCarnegie wasebenzisa umkhosi oxhobileyo ukucinezela amalungelo abasebenzi, wayenekhefu lokusebenzisa i-telegraphs kurhulumente wase-US ngexesha leMfazwe yamakhaya yase-US, kwaye wazuza kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala.

Ingxoxo yokuba abo bazizityebi baya kwazi ngcono ukuba mabenze ntoni ngobutyebi babo obugciniweyo ixhaswe yimizekelo kaNobel noCarnegie, nangona bekulo meko-kunjalo-iimeko ezizodwa endaweni yomthetho. Kunzima kakhulu ukuphikisana nokugxininiswa kwento abayenzileyo ngemali yabo, kwaye isabelo esashiywa nguCarnegie emva kwe-Endowment for Peace yinto yemodeli yokuziphatha ebeka ihlazo kulo naliphi na unjingalwazi wokuziphatha. Imali kaCarnegie yayiza kuchitha ekupheliseni imfazwe, njengeziko elibi kakhulu. Kodwa xa imfazwe isuswe, i-Endowment kukufumanisa ukuba leliphi na iziko elingendawo, kwaye uqale ukusebenza ukuphelisa oko okanye ukwenza iziko elitsha elinokwenza eyona nto ilungileyo. (Ayisiyiyo le nto ekufuneka yenziwe ngumntu nawuphi na oziphethe kakuhle, nokuba uhlawulelwe okanye hayi?) Nantsi indawo efanelekileyo:

“Xa amazwe aphucukileyo engena kwizivumelwano ezinje ngegama okanye emfazweni ilahlwa njengehlazo kumadoda aphucukileyo, njengoko imfazwe yomntu (ukurhawuzelela) kunye nokuthengisa nokuthenga (ubukhoboka) kulahliwe phakathi kwemida ebanzi yohlanga lwethu oluthetha isiNgesi, abaphathiswa uyacelwa ukuba ujonge ukuba yeyiphi eyona nto ithoba isidima ngokuseleyo okanye ububi, ukugxothwa kwabo - okanye yeyiphi into entsha yokunyusa okanye izinto ukuba ziye zaziswa okanye zakhuthazwa, okanye zombini zidityanisiwe- zingayiqhubela phambili inkqubela phambili, ukuphakama nolonwabo lomntu, njalo njalo ukusuka Iinkulungwane ukuya kwinkulungwane ngaphandle kokuphela, abantu endibaphathisiweyo kwisigaba ngasinye baya kugqiba ngendlela abanokumnceda ngayo umntu kuhambo olunyukayo ukuya kumanqanaba aphezulu naphezulu ngokungapheliyo, kuba ngoku siyazi ukuba njengomthetho wobukho bakhe umntu wadalwa wanomnqweno kwaye Isakhono sokuphuculwa apho, ngokungathi kunjalo, akunakubakho mda kunqongopheleko nakwimpilo yalapha emhlabeni. ”

Nantsi inqaku eliphambili elivela kwintando ka-Alfred Nobel, eyile amabhaso amahlanu kubandakanya:

"Inxalenye enye kumntu oya kuthi enze owona msebenzi mhle okanye owona msebenzi ubalulekileyo phakathi kwamazwe, ukupheliswa okanye ukunciphisa imikhosi emileyo kunye nokubanjwa nokunyuswa kweenkongolo zoxolo."

Bobabini uNobel noCarnegie bafumana indlela yabo yokulwa imfazwe ngokusebenzisa inkcubeko ngokubanzi. UNobel wayengumlandeli kaPercy Bysshe Shelley. Uluvo lukaCarnegie olucatshulwe apha ngasentla malunga nenkqubela phambili ekoyiseni ubukhoboka, ukujija, kunye nobunye ububi - ngemfazwe eza kongezwa kuluhlu - zingafunyanwa kwisahlulo sokuqala sabaseMelika (sobukhoboka kunye nemfazwe) njengoCharles Sumner. UCarnegie wayengu-1898 ngokuchasene ne-impiriyali. UNobel waqala waphakamisa umbono wokuphelisa imfazwe kuBertha von Suttner, hayi ngenye indlela. Kodwa yayilukhuthazo olungapheliyo luka-von Suttner kunye nabanye olwashukumisela la madoda mabini ukuba azibandakanye njengoko ayenzile kwinto eyayiphezulu kakhulu, ehloniphekileyo, ndingatsho ukuba umbutho woxolo owawusenziwa ngokugaya ii-VIPs kunye nokubanjwa kweenkomfa namagosa akumgangatho ophezulu karhulumente, ngokuchaseneyo nematshi, imiboniso, okanye uqhanqalazo lwabantu abangaziwayo. UBertha von Suttner wacenga uNobel wokuqala emva koko uCarnegie ukuba amxhase ngemali, amahlakani akhe, kunye nentshukumo iyonke.

Bobabini uNobel noCarnegie babecinga njengobungqingili kwaye babecinga ihlabathi ngokusebenzisa loo lensi. I-Nobel yasungula umvuzo wenkokheli enye, nangona ayisoloko ilawulwa njengoko ihlosiwe (ngamanye amaxesha iya kumntu omnye okanye kumbutho). UCarnegie wenza i-Hund Fund kwakhona ukuba ixhase, kwaye yenza ihlabathi likwazi, amaqhawe oxolo, kungekhona imfazwe.

Omabini la madoda, njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, ashiye imiyalelo esesikweni yokuqhubeka nokusetyenziswa kwemali yabo yoxolo. Zombini zinenjongo yokushiya ilifa kwihlabathi, hayi kwiintsapho zabo kuphela, apho uNobel wayengenayo. Kuzo zombini iimeko le miyalelo ithe yahoywa kakhulu. I-Nobel Peace Prize, echazwe ngokubanzi kwimibhalo kaFredrik Heffermehl, inikwe abaninzi abangayifanelanga le mfuno, kubandakanya nabanye abathanda imfazwe. I-Carnegie Endowment yoXolo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe iye yavuma ngokucacileyo injongo yayo yokuphelisa imfazwe, yafudukela kwezinye iiprojekthi ezininzi, yaphinda yahlulahlula njengetanki lokucinga.

Kwabaninzi abantu abanokuthi banikwe i-Nobel Peace Prize kodwa bengekho-uluhlu oluhlala luqala ngo-Mohandas Gandhi - omnye otyunjwe ngo-1913 ngu-Andrew Carnegie, kunye nomvuzo ngo-1912 wayengumlingane kaCarnegie u-Elihu Root. Ewe, umhlobo onguNobel noCarnegie, uBertha von Suttner ufumene ibhaso ngo-1905 njengoko wenzayo noAlfred Fried ngo-1911. UNicholas Murray Butler wafumana ibhaso ngo-1931 ngomsebenzi wakhe eCarnegie Endowment, owawubandakanya ukuphembelela iKellogg- U-Briand Pact wowe-1928. UFrank Kellogg wafumana ibhaso ngo-1929, no-Aristide Briand wayesele elifumene ngo-1926. Xa uMongameli wase-United States u-Theodore Roosevelt wafumana ibhaso ngo-1906 yayingu-Andrew Carnegie owamcenga ukuba athathe uhambo oluya eNorway alwamkele. Kukho unxibelelwano oluninzi lolu hlobo oluye lwafika emva kokubhubha kukaNobel.

UBertha von Suttner, unina wemfazwe yokubhubhisa imfazwe, waba ngumntu omkhulu wamazwe ngamazwe ngokupapashwa kwencwadana yakhe Ukubeka phantsi izixhobo zakho Andiqondi ukuba yayikukuthozama okungeyonyani kodwa kuvavanyo oluchanekileyo xa wathi impumelelo yencwadi yakhe ibangelwa yimvakalelo esele isasazekile. "Ndicinga ukuba xa incwadi enenjongo iphumelele, le mpumelelo ayixhomekekanga kwimpembelelo enayo kumoya wamaxesha kodwa ngenye indlela," utshilo. Ngapha koko, zombini kunjalo. Incwadi yakhe yatyhilwa kukukhula kwaye yandisa ngokumangalisayo. Kunokuthethwa into efanayo ngobubele (ngokwenyani nothando lwabantu) kaNobel noCarnegie awakhuthazayo.

Kodwa ezona zicwangciso zibekiweyo zinokusilela. U-Bertha von Suttner waphikisana nomnye wabatyunjwa bokuqala kwibhaso loxolo, u-Henri Dunant njengo "mphunguli wemfazwe," kwaye xa wayifumanayo, wakhuthaza umbono wokuba uzukisiwe ngokuxhasa ukupheliswa kwemfazwe endaweni yomsebenzi wakhe. noMnqamlezo Obomvu. Kwi 1905 Ngo-1906, njengoko kuphawuliwe, ibhaso laya ku-Teddy Roosevelt oshushu, nonyaka olandelayo waya ku-Louis Renault, ebangela u-von Suttner ukuba aphawule ukuba "nkqu nemfazwe ingalifumana ibhaso." Ekugqibeleni abantu abanjengoHenry Kissinger kunye noBarack Obama baya kwenza uluhlu lwabaphumeleleyo. Ibhaso elungiselelwe ukuxhasa ngemali umsebenzi wokunyanzeliswa wanikezelwa ngo-2012 kwi-European Union, enokuthi ixhase ukunyanzeliswa ngokulula ngokuchitha imali encinci kwizixhobo.

Akuzange kuthathe xesha lide kwilifa likaCarnegie ukuba lishenxise umkhondo. Kwi-1917 i-Endowment for Peace yaxhasa ukubandakanyeka kwe-US kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala. Emva kwemfazwe yesibini yehlabathi, i-Endowment yabeka u-John Foster Dulles oshushu okhokelayo kwibhodi yakhe kunye no-Dwight D. Eisenhower. Iziko elifanayo elixhase iKellogg-Briand Pact, evala yonke imfazwe, ixhase uMgaqo-siseko we-UN osemthethweni iimfazwe ezikhuselayo okanye ezigunyazisiweyo ze-UN.

Njengokungahoywa kotshintsho lwemozulu kwii-1970s kunye nee-1980s zanceda ukudala ingxaki yemozulu yanamhlanje, ukungakhathalelwa kweenjongo zikaNobel kunye noCarnegie kunye nezigunyaziso zomthetho ekuqaleni nasephakathi kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini kwanceda ukudala umhlaba wanamhlanje apho ubukhosi base-US kunye ne-NATO zamkelekile khona amandla.

UJessica T. Mathews, uMongameli wangoku weCarnegie Endowment yoXolo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe, ubhala athi: “Isibonelelo seCarnegie soXolo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe sesona sixeko sidala sokucinga eUnited States. Eyasekwa nguAndrew Carnegie ngesipho se- $ 10 yezigidi, i-charter yayo yayikukuba 'ukukhawulezisa ukupheliswa kwemfazwe, elona tyala libalaseleyo kwimpucuko yethu.' Ngelixa le njongo ibisoloko ingafikeleleki, iCarnegie Endowment iye yahlala ithembekile kwimishini yokukhuthaza uthethathethwano ngoxolo. ”

Oko kukuthi, ngelixa ndigxeka ingxabano into endiyifunayo njengento engenakwenzeka, ndihlala ndithembekile kuloo mishini.

Hayi ayisebenzi ngaloo ndlela. Nantsi UPeter van den Dungen:

“Umbutho woxolo wawunemveliso ngakumbi kumashumi amabini eminyaka eyandulela iMfazwe Yehlabathi I xa i-ajenda yayo yafikelela kwelona nqanaba liphezulu likarhulumente njengoko kubonisiwe, umzekelo, kwiiNkomfa zoXolo zaseHague zowe-1899 nowe-1907. Isiphumo esithe ngqo kwezi nkomfa zingazange zibonwe ngaphambili - ezalandelayo Isibheno (1898) sikaTsar Nicholas II sokumisa ugqatso lweengalo, nokufaka endaweni yomlo ngokulamla ngoxolo- yayilulwakhiwo lweNdlu yoXolo eyavula iingcango zayo ngo-1913, neyathi yabhiyozela ikhulu layo ngo-Agasti ka-2013. Ukusukela ngo-1946, ngokuqinisekileyo sisihlalo seNkundla yezoBulungisa yaMazwe ngaMazwe ye-UN. Ihlabathi lityala iNdlu yoXolo ngozuko luka-Andrew Carnegie, itycoon yentsimbi yaseScotland-Melika eyaba nguvulindlela wobuxhamla bale mihla kwaye ikwangumchasi okhutheleyo wemfazwe. Njengomnye umntu, wanikela ngokukhululekileyo amaziko azinikele ekufuneni uxolo lwehlabathi, uninzi lwazo olusekhona nanamhlanje.

“Ngelixa i-Peace Palace, egcina iNkundla yezoBulungisa yaMazwe ngaMazwe, ikhusela umsebenzi wayo ophakamileyo wokuthabathela indawo imfazwe ngobulungisa, elona lifa likhulu likaCarnegie loxolo, iCarnegie Endowment for Peace International (i-CEIP), iye yaphambuka ngokucacileyo kwinkolelo yomseki wayo Ukupheliswa kwemfazwe, ngaloo ndlela kuthintela ukuhambisa uxolo kwezixhobo ezifuneka kakhulu. Oku kungachaza ukuba kutheni le ntshukumo ingakhange ikhule ibe yintshukumo enokubangela uxinzelelo kuorhulumente. Ndiyakholelwa ukuba kubalulekile ukukujonga oku okomzuzwana. Ngo-1910 uCarnegie, owayelilwela-ntloko elidumileyo eMelika, kwaye eyindoda esisityebi ehlabathini, wanika isiseko sakhe soxolo nge-10 yezigidi zeedola. Kwimali yanamhlanje, oku kulingana ne- $ 3.5 yezigidigidi. Khawufane ucinge nje ukuba yintoni uxolo loxolo-Oko kukuthi, intshukumo yokupheliswa kwemfazwe-enokuyenza namhlanje ukuba ibinokufikelela kolo hlobo lwemali, okanye iqhezu layo. Ngelishwa, ngelixa uCarnegie ethanda ubhengezo kunye nobutshantliziyo, iitrasti zoXolo lwayo zithanda uphando. Kwangowe-1916, embindini weMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala, enye yeetrasti yade yacebisa ukuba igama leziko kufuneka litshintshelwe kwiCarnegie Endowment for International Justice. ”

Andiqinisekanga ukuba naziphi na ezoqoqosho ezimbini zibala ixabiso lentengo ngendlela efanayo. Nokuba i-3.5 yezigidigidi zeedola linani elichanekileyo okanye akunjalo, yimiyalelo yobukhulu obukhulu kunayo nantoni na exhasa uxolo namhlanje. Kwaye i-10 yezigidi zeedola yayiliqhezu nje loko uCarnegie akubeka eluxolweni ngenkxaso mali, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo eDC naseCosta Rica kunye naseHague, kunye nenkxaso mali yabaphembeleli kunye nemibutho iminyaka kunye neminyaka. Ukucinga uxolo kunzima kwabanye abantu, mhlawumbi kuthi sonke. Mhlawumbi ukucinga ukuba umntu osisityebi otyala imali ngoxolo iya kuba linyathelo kwicala elifanelekileyo. Mhlawumbi iyakusinceda ukucinga kwethu ukwazi ukuba yenziwe ngaphambili.

* Ngezinye izibalo ezinye zeebhononi zokuqala zabaphangi, ngokwenene, zicebile kunezinye zethu zangoku.