Pinkiism kunye Militarism Ungena egumbini

NguDavid Swanson, Februwari 6, 2020

Incwadi kaCharles Kenny, Vala iPentagon, ine endorsement evela kuSteven Pinker nangona ufuna ukuvala into uPinker ayifane ivume ukuba ikho.

Le yincwadi yokuphendula lo mbuzo: Kuthekani ukuba umntu okholelwa ukuba imfazwe yenziwa kuphela ngabantu abahluphekileyo, abumnyama, abantu abakude, kwaye waphantse waphulukana nomhlaba, babeza kudibana nomkhosi wase-US kunye nohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lomkhosi wase-US?

Impendulo sisicelo sokufudusa imali isuka kumkhosi uye kwiimfuno zabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo - kwaye ngubani ongavumiyo ufuna ukwenza ukuba?

Kwaye ukuba abantu abacinga ukuba imfazwe sele ihambile kwaye inyamalala ngokwayo abanakukhuthazeka ekupheliseni ukwenza imfazwe ngento abayithathela ingqalelo njengomdlali omncinci kunye noko uGqr. King wabiza ngokuchanekileyo njengoyena mntu ubalaseleyo wobundlobongela emhlabeni, kungcono kakhulu !

Kodwa icebo lokuyenza ukuba kwenzeke kufuneka idibane kakhulu nehlabathi lokwenyani kunencwadi enamazwi anje: “Ukuba i-US ifuna ukunciphisa inani leemfazwe zamakhaya kunye nemiphumo yazo. . . . "

Kwimfundiso ye-Pinkerist iimfazwe ziphuma ngenxa yokubuyela umva kwamazwe ahlwempuzekileyo asemzini aqala kwiimfazwe zamakhaya apho athi ngokungaqondakaliyo achithe ekuhlaseleni kwilizwe elikude elinobutyebi apho zonke izixhobo zivela khona kodwa ezingabandakanyekanga kwiimfazwe zamakhaya. nangayiphi na indlela.

Ke, umsebenzi wethu, njengabaphelisi bemfazwe, kukuchazela icandelo laseMelika ukuba eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokwenza inkonzo yoluntu apho sizimisele ukunciphisa inani leemfazwe zoluntu aziyiyo ngemfazwe. .

Incwadi kaKenny iphantse yabuyekeza uNorman Angell's Ulinganiso olukhulu, esibonisa kuthi ukuba imfazwe ayinangqondo kwaye iyimpokotho kwaye iyabulala - ngokungathi ibikade iyinto esengqiqweni, kwaye ngokungathi iya kukhula ineentloni ngokuba yinto engekho ngqiqweni kwaye ke uyeke ukwenzeka.

Nali elinye ibinzana elikhutshiwe kule ncwadi (andifuni kukubetha ngaphezu kwebinzana lezinto ngexesha): “Nangona ingalwelwanga izixhobo, imfazwe yaseIraq - enye yezizwe ezimbalwa ezisebenzisanayo. iimfazwe zamaxesha akutshanje. . . . "

Ukusukela kwiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, ngexesha lobumnandi obucocekileyo, umkhosi waseMelika ebulewe okanye encedisa ukubulala abantu abazizigidi ezingama-20, ebhukuqa ubuncinci oorhulumente abangama-36, bangenelela kunyulo lwamazwe angaphandle angama-84, ukuzama ukubulala iinkokheli zamanye amazwe ezingaphaya kwama-50, kwaye yaphosa iibhombu ebantwini kumazwe angaphezu kwama-30. I-United States inoxanduva lokusweleka kwezigidi ezi-5 zabantu eVietnam, Laos, naseCambodiya, kwaye ngaphezulu kwesigidi esinye ukusukela ngo-1 Irakh. Ukusukela ngonyaka ka-2001, i-United States ibitshabalalisa ngocwangco indawo yehlabathi, yabhabha i-Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Libya, Somalia, Yemen, neSyria, singasathethi ke ngePhilippines kunye nezinye iithagethi ezisasazwayo (imfazwe yamazwe yanye kunye sonke). . I-United States ine "mikhosi ekhethekileyo" esebenza kwisibini kwisithathu somhlaba kunye nemikhosi engabalulekanga kwikota ezintathu zazo.

I-United States iguqukile kubaongameli ioyile eyenziwe ngathi ayinanto yakwenza nayo komnye othi imikhosi yase-US ibulala eSyria ukuze ibiwe ioyile. Into yokuba oku kuyaphambana kufuneka kuyenze ibeyinyani nje ayibambeli nakubani na okhe wadibana kurhulumente wase-US. Khawufane ucinge xa ​​usazisa ukuba i-United States sele inononophelo lwezempilo-ehlawulwa kuba ingenayo ibangela ukuba ichithe imali ephindwe kabini kwaye inyanyekelwa kwezempilo. Khawufane ucinge xa ​​ubhengeza ukuba isiDalo esitsha soGciniwe sikhona kwaye asinakuzabalaza kuba ngaphezulu kokuzihlawulela. Iimfazwe azikhe zibe malunga neoyile, kodwa ezinye izizathu zilungile ngokulinganayo: ukutyala iflegi kunye nesiseko komnye ummandla, ukudala indawo yokuqalisa imfazwe elandelayo, inzuzo yabathengisi bezixhobo kunye nemikhankaso yonyulo, ukuphumelela iivoti ezivela kubahlaziyi.

Kwi-Pinkerite, isoyikiso esikhulu soxolo kweli xesha lanamhlanje "iRussia ihlasela eCrimea" - uyazi, ukuvota ngobundlongondlongo kwabaphul 'umthetho - okungamele kuphinde kuphindwe, kungabi ngenxa yokuba ivoti izohamba ngendlela efanayo ngalo lonke ixesha, kodwa ngenxa yazo zonke iingozi (3, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukusikwa kwamaphepha amane kuphela).

Isizathu sokuba ibalulekile indlela esicinga ngayo malunga neemfazwe, nokuba nini siyavuma ekuphakamiseni ngokupheleleyo umenzi wokuqala wemfazwe emhlabeni, ngaba ziimfazwe awudalwanga ngu intlupheko okanye ukunqongophala kwezixhobo. Iimfazwe zixhomekeke ikakhulu kwinkcubeko nakwamkeleka iimfazwe. Iimfazwe zenziwa ngabantu abakhetha iimfazwe. Ukuwa kwemozulu akwenzi iimfazwe. Ukuwa kwemozulu kumasiko acinga ukuba ulungisa iingxaki ngeemfazwe kudala iimfazwe. UKenny uyavuma ngendlela yokukholelwa emfazweni njengesixhobo esingalunganga seengxaki ezizezona zijongana nomhlaba. Ukanti ucinga ukuba intlupheko idala iimfazwe phakathi kwamanye ama-96% (abantu abangaphandle kweMelika). Oku kusikhokelela kude kwimfuno yokuhambisa inkcubeko yethu kude nokwamkelwa emfazweni. Funda le ngxelo ibalulekileyo:

"[Isixhobo] sokusebenzisa amandla amakhulu, ahambele phambili kwezobuchwephesha njengaseMelika ukujongana nemfazwe yamakhaya kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo okanye izoyikiso ezinokubangela ukuba babekelwe umda: ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sabo bonke abantu ababulawa lunkwantyo kwihlabathi liphela ngo-2016 e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan - Amazwe amabini athe abanjelwa ukuba afike kumkhosi wase-US afike kade.

Kufana nokuba umkhosi owadala isihogo kwezi ndawo sisixhobo nje esingesihle sokwenza iparadesi. Sifuna isixhobo esingcono sokunceda amaIraq asisisidenge ukuba ayeke ukuzibulala, kunokuba afune ukuyeka ukuhlasela nokutshabalalisa amazwe. Ukugcina imikhosi eIraq nge-Iraq ifuna ukuba iphume ayisiyo-demidemementi, ukubulala, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho; luhlobo nje olungalunganga lwesixhobo sokusebenzisa ukukhanyisela ukukhanya kwabo bantu.

Imfazwe yase-USA e-Iraq iphelile, kwimbono kaPerperer, xa uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wathi "ukufezekiswa kwempumelelo," kuba yiphi na into eyayiyimfazwe yembambano, kwaye ngoko ke iimbangela zelo mfazwe yombutho ziyakucatshungulwa ngokwempazamo Kuluntu lwase-Iraq. "Ndiyinkimbinkimbi," i-Pinker ikhononda, "ukunyusa intando yeninzi kumazwe asehlabathini elikhulayo abangazange bavelele iinkolelo zabo, amaqhawe emfazwe kunye nezizwe ezikhohlisayo." Eneneni mhlawumbi, kodwa luphi ubungqina bokuba Urhulumente waseUnited States ulinge? Okanye bubungqina bokuba i-United States inomdemokhrasi onjalo ngokwawo? Okanye ukuba i-United States inelungelo lokumisela iminqweno yayo kwelinye isizwe?

Emva kwayo yonke imisebenzi esezantsi yokubala indlela yethu yoxolo, sijonga phezulu kwaye sibona imfazwe ibulala i-5% yabemi base-Iraq kwiminyaka nje emva kuka-Matshi 2003, okanye mhlawumbi i-9% ibala imfazwe yangaphambili kunye nezohlwayo, okanye ubuncinci i-10% phakathi konyaka ka-1990 no namhlanje. Kwaye zafa ngakumbi iimfazwe ezixhaswe yi-US ngokwamanani apheleleyo kwiindawo ezinjengeCongo. Kwaye imfazwe iye yenziwa yaqhelekileyo. Uninzi lwabantu alunakubabiza ngamagama bonke, kuya kuthi ga kuwe ukuba kutheni kufuneka uqhubeke. Ukanti sinoochwephesha basixelela yonke imihla ukuba ezi mfazwe azikho.

Ngethamsanqa imali inexabiso nakwiziko lemfundo, kwaye uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lomkhosi aluhlali lungahoywa. Ukusukela ngonyaka ka-2019, uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwesiseko sePentagon, kunye nohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwemfazwe, kunye nezixhobo zenyukliya kwiSebe lezaMandla, kunye nenkcitho kwezomkhosi liSebe lezoKhuseleko lwaseKhaya, kunye nenzala kwinkcitho yezomkhosi, kunye nenye inkcitho yasemkhosini iphelele. $ 1.25 zezigidi. Ke, ngokuqinisekileyo ndiyaxela ngokusebenza kukaKenny kuhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lwesebe elinye njengendawo ekuma kuyo inkcitho yomkhosi. Oku kubalulekile kuba efuna ukunciphisa inkcitho yemikhosi yaseMelika ingabi ngaphezu kwe-150% yeyona mali ichithayo enkulu emhlabeni. Olu lungotshintsho olukhulu ngakumbi (kwaye luyingenelo) kunokuba unokuqonda.