I-Photo Essay: I-Military ibonisa ukungcola kwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba eMerika

NgoPat Elder, uJanuwari 20, 2019

I-PFAS efumaneka kumanzi okusela kufuphi ne-Battle Creek National Guard Base.

I-America ibona enye yeengxaki ezinkulu zempilo yoluntu kwimbali yayo million 110 abantu  ezinokuthi zibonakaliswe kumanzi okusela ahlambulukile ngePer and Poly Fluoroalkyl Substances, okanye PFAS. Umthombo omkhulu wongcoliseko lweekhemikhali uvela kwi-foam ephosa i-foam (AFFF) esetyenziselwa ukuqeqesha umlilo ngokuqhelekileyo kwiziseko zempi. Umkhosi uvumela ukuba iinhlamba zingene emanzini angaphantsi komhlaba ukuze zingcolise imimandla engumakhelwane esebenzisa amanzi angaphantsi kwamanzi kunye namanzi omasipala.  

IPentagon ayithathi uxanduva kwaye iyala ukuhlawula ngokucoca ukungcola okuye kwabangela. Umkhosi Col. Andrew Wiesen, Umlawuli we-DOD yoNyango kwiOfisi yezeMicimbi yezeMpilo uthi ungcoliseko luxanduva lwe-EPA. "Asilwenzi uphando oluphambili kule ndawo," uxelele Marine Corps Times. "I-EPA ixanduva loko," watsho. "I-DoD ayizibukeli ngokuzimeleyo kwiimveliso kwaye ayikho" uphando olongezelelweyo kule nto, ngemiphumo yempilo ye-PFOS / PFOA, ubuncinane njengoko ndiyazi. "

Okwangoku, uMkhosi wamandla ayiyi kubuyiselwa Iindawo ezintathu zaseColorado ngemali echithwe iphendula ungcoliseko lwamanzi olubangelwa ligwebu lokulwa umlilo elinetyhefu. I-AFFF yayikade isetyenziswa ePeterson Air Force Base, inokuthi ishiye iidolophu nge-11 yezigidi zeedola. Umkhosi woMoya ubanga ukuba eminye imithombo inokuba negalelo kungcoliseko lomphezulu wamanzi, nangona kungekho namnye uchongiwe.

Ngaphezulu kwe-3,000 iichiza ze-PFAS ziye zaphuhliswa. Ababini abafa kakhulu yiPerlulu Octane Sulfonate (PFOS) kunye nePerlulu Octanoic Acid (PFOA). Ziluncedo kakhulu ekupheliseni umlilo oshisa kakhulu.

I-PFOS kunye ne-PFOA zaziwa ngokuba “ziikhemikhali ezingunaphakade” kuba azonakalisi ngokwemvelo kwindalo esingqongileyo. Amasebe omkhosi akwinkqubo yokutshintshela kwamanye ncinane kakhulu imilenze yokulwa nomlilo.

I-EPA iyaqhubeka ivumela ukucoceka kwe-PFAS ebulalayo kusetyenziswe ngexesha Iingcali ze-Harvard zithi i-1 inxalenye ye-trillion (ppt) inokulimaza kwimpilo yabantu.

Umyinge we-EPA we-Lifetime Health Advisory (LHA) umlinganiselo wezobini iikhemikhali yi-70 ppt ngelixa i-Arhente yeSifo soTyhefu kunye ne-Registry Registry (ATSDR) isetyenzisile amanqanaba okuphila okuphuza okuxhamlayo kwi-11 ppt ye-PFOA kunye ne-7 ppt ye-PFOS.

Intshukumo elandelayo yesithombe izama ukudibanisa ukuqhutyelwa kwama-AFFF kwimigangatho yemikhosi ngamanqanaba aphakamileyo emanzini anetyhefu kummandla osondeleyo.  

Isaphulelo se-PFOS / PFOA ukungcola emithonjeni yamanzi aphantsi komhlaba kuthathwa kulo Ingxelo yeDOD. Iingxelo ezenziwe yi-DOD kwingxelo zifakiwe.

I-Peterson Air Force Base, iColorado

I-88,400 ppt (PFOS + PFOA) ifunyenwe emanzini angaphantsi komhlaba.

Iingxelo zeDOD: Abanini bamashishini abucala babonelelwe ngokuntywila (ekhitshini) iiyunithi ze-osmosis (RO). Amanzi asebhotileni anikezelwa kubasebenzi beziko lokuthenga. Iinkqubo ezihamba kancinci zecarbon (GAC) ezifakwe kwindawo enye (1) epakini yasekhaya kunye nenye (1) yendlu yefama. Enye icawa yasekuhlaleni yayiqhagamshelwe emanzini edolophu. Amanzi asebhotileni anikezelwa kwiiyunithi ezingama-52 kwenye ipaki yekhaya ehambayo.

Ngo-Oktobha, i-2016 ngaphezu 150,000 gallons  yeekhemikhali zokucima umlilo zakhishwa kwi-Colorado Springs Iindlela zokuhambisa umbane.

I-Eglin Air Force Base, eFlorida

I-280,000 ppt (PFOS + PFOA) ifunyenwe emanzini angaphantsi komhlaba.

Iingxelo zeDOD: Kugqityiwe uVavanyo loQeqesho lwesiseko ngokubanzi kwaye kwafunyanwa ulungelelwaniso lolawulo kwiziphumo. Uqalise uvavanyo lweSiza ngokubanzi lwePFOS kunye nePFOA.

I-Base Joint Base Langley-Eustis Virginia  

2,200,000 ppt PFOS + PFOA ifunyenwe emanzini angaphantsi komhlaba.

Iingxelo zeDOD:  Kugqityiwe uVavanyo loQeqesho lwesiseko ngokubanzi kwaye kwafunyanwa ulungelelwaniso lolawulo kwiziphumo. Uqalise uvavanyo lweSiza ngokubanzi lwePFOS kunye nePFOA.

Ellsworth Air Force Base, eMzantsi Dakota

551,000 ppt PFOS + PFOA ifunyenwe emanzini angaphantsi komhlaba.

Iingxelo zeDOD:   Kugqityiwe uVavanyo loQeqesho loQeqesho / ukuHlolwa kweSiza kwi-PFOS kunye ne-PFOA ifumene ulungelelwaniso lolawulo kwiziphumo. Uqalise uPhando lokuLungisa kwindawo yangaphambili yoqeqesho lomlilo kwaye wagqiba isigaba sokuqala somsebenzi kwiHlobo lowama-2017. Waqalisa uhlolo olubanzi lweSiza.

I-Fairchild Air Force Base, eWashington

I-5,700 ppt (PFOS + PFOA) ifunyenwe emanzini angaphantsi komhlaba.

Iingxelo zeDOD:  Ama-43 kuma-104 amaqula okusela abucala, kunye ne-1 kwezi-2 iinkqubo zamanzi zoluntu ezigqithe i-LHA e-Fairchild. Uthethathethwano nge-MOU nomasipala wengingqi; unokufakela ukuhluza kwe-GAC kwinkqubo yamanzi ka-DW yoluntu; I-ECD -ukuzimisela. Faka yonke inkqubo yokuhluza indlu kwiindawo zokuhlala ezinamaqula okusela abucala.

I-Travis Air Force Base, eCalifornia

I-40,000 ppt (PFOS + PFOA) ifunyenwe emanzini angaphantsi komhlaba.

Iingxelo zeDOD: Kugqityiwe uVavanyo loQeqesho lwesiseko ngokubanzi kwaye kwafunyanwa ulungelelwaniso lolawulo kwiziphumo. Uqalise uvavanyo lweSiza ngokubanzi lwePFOS kunye nePFOA.

I-Jacksonville ye-Naval Air Station, eFlorida

I-1,397,120 ppt (PFOS + PFOA) ifunyenwe emanzini angaphantsi komhlaba.

I-DOD: Akukho ziNgxelo.

Eielson Air Force Base, eAlaska

I-2,000,000 ppt (PFOS + PFOA) ifunyenwe emanzini angaphantsi komhlaba.

Iingxelo zeDOD:  Kugqityiwe uVavanyo loQeqesho oluPhezulu kwaye lufumene ukuvumelana ngokusemthethweni kwiziphumo. Uqalise ukuhlolwa koMhlaba kwi-PFOS kunye ne-PFOA.

I-Islands Islands Air National Guard Base, eCalifornia

1,080,000 ippt (PFOS + PFOA) ifunyenwe emanzini angaphantsi komhlaba.

I-DOD: Akukho ziNgxelo.

IBeale Air Force Base, eCalifornia

I-200,000 ppt (PFOS + PFOA) ifunyenwe emanzini angaphantsi komhlaba.

Iingxelo zeDOD:   Kugqityiwe uVavanyo loQeqesho lwesiseko ngokubanzi kwaye kwafunyanwa ulungelelwaniso lolawulo kwiziphumo. Uqalise uvavanyo lweSiza ngokubanzi lwePFOS kunye nePFOA.

Intaba yasekhaya yase-AF, i-Idaho

Uvavanyo lwe-foam oluqhelekileyo kwi-Mountain Home AFB.

I-105 ppt ye-PFOS + PFOA ifunyenwe emanzini okusela.

Iingxelo zeDOD:   Ukutshekishwa kwamanzi kunye nokuhlalutya kwenzeka. Amanzi amabhodlela athengwa njengendlela yokuphepha kwesikhashana ngelixa izixhobo ezihlambulukileyo zihlolwe, kwaye isicwangciso saqulunqwa.