IsiGaba sokuPhuma kweziTyhulwa zoMonakalo omkhulu

(Eli candelo le-26 le World Beyond War iphepha elimhlophe Inkqubo Yokhuseleko Yomhlaba Wonke: Inye indlela eya kwiMfazwe. Qhubeka phambili | okulandelayo icandelo.)

Izixhobo zokubhubhisa ininzi ziyimpendulo enamandla kwiNkqubo yeMfazwe, ukuqinisa ukusabalala kwayo nokuqinisekisa ukuba iimfazwe ezenzekayo zinakho ukutshabalalisa umhlaba. Izixhobo zenyukliya, iikhemikhali kunye ne-biological zibonakaliswa ngokwazi kwabo ukubulala nokuxhamla inani elikhulu labantu, ukusula izixeko ezipheleleyo kunye nemimandla yonke enokutshabalaliswa okungenakuchazwa.

Zixhobo ze nyukliya

Okwangoku kukho izivumelwano ezinqabileyo izixhobo zezinto eziphilayo kunye nezixhobo zamakhemikhali kodwa akukho mbambano onqabela izixhobo zenukliya. 1970 I-Treatment Proliferation Treaty (NPT) ibonelela ngezixhobo zenyukliya ezintlanu ezaziwayo- i-US, i-Russia, i-UK, i-France ne-China- kufanele ukuba benze iinzame zokholo zokupheliswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya, ngelixa bonke abanye abatyikityo be-NPT bethembisa ukungazifumani izixhobo zenyukliya. Ngamazwe amathathu kuphela angavumiyo ukujoyina i-NPT— i-Indiya, iPakistan, ne-Israel — kwaye bafumana izixhobo zenyukliya. I-North Korea, ixhomekeke kwisivumelwano se-NPT kubuchwephesha benyukliya "obunoxolo", yaphuma ngaphandle komnqophiso isebenzisa itekhnoloji yayo "yoxolo" ukuphuhlisa izixhobo zokwenza amandla enyukliya ukwenza iibhombu zenyukliya.^note9 Enyanisweni, isityalo ngasinye samandla enyukliya ngumbane webhomu.

Imfazwe elwa nento ebizwa ngokuthi "inqununu" inani lezixhobo zenuzi ziza kubulala izigidi, zenze ubusika benyukliya kwaye zibangele ukusweleka kokutya emhlabeni wonke okuya kubangela ukuba indlala yezigidi. Inkqubo yonke yesicwangciso senyukliya isekelwe kwisiseko sobuxoki, kuba imodeli yekhompyutheni ibonisa ukuba kuphela ipesenteji encinci yeemfazwe ezikhutshweyo zingabangela ukuvalwa kwehlabathi lonke kwezolimo ukuya kwiminyaka elishumi-ngokuqinisekileyo, isigwebo sokufa seentlobo zabantu. Kwaye umgangatho okwangoku ukhangele ubukhulu obuninzi bokungaphumeleli kwenkqubo okanye ukunxibelelana okuya kubakho izixhobo zenyukliya ezisetyenzisiweyo.

Ukukhululwa okukhulu kunokuphelisa bonke ubomi emhlabeni. Ezi zixhobo zisongela ukhuseleko lwabantu bonke.^note10 Ngelixa iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zokulawula izixhobo zamandla enyukliya phakathi kwe-US kunye ne-former Soviet Union zanciphisa inani elinenkani lezixhobo zenuzi (i-56,000 ngexesha elinye), kusekho i-16,300 ehlabathini, kuphela i-1000 engekho e-US okanye eRashiya.^note11 Okubaluleke ngakumbi, izivumelwano ezivunyelwe "ukuhlaziywa kwexesha," ukunyaniseka kokudala isizukulwana esitsha sezixhobo kunye neenkqubo zokuhambisa, ezo zonke iinyukliya ezenzayo. Isilo senyukliya asizange siphume; akuyi kukhwela emva emqolombeni-kuphuma kwiibhiliyoni zeedola ezivulekileyo kunye nezindleko ezingasetyenziswa kangcono kwenye indawo. Ekubeni isingeniso soBuhlu lweMvavanyo oluQinisekisileyo sisayinwe kwi-1998, i-US iye yagxininisa iimvavanyo zayo zeekhrayibrari eziphezulu zezixhobo zenyukliya, kunye nezilingo eziphambili, ii-1,000 ezinyaweni ngaphantsi komgangatho we-desert kwi-site ye-Nevada yokuhlola kwi-Western Shoshone umhlaba . I-US yenza i-28 iimvavanyo ezinjalo ukuza kuthi, zibethe i-plutonium kunye neekhemikhali, ngaphandle kokubangela ukuphendulwa kwekhenketho, ngoko ke "i-sub-critical".^note12 Enyanisweni, ulawulo luka-Obama okwangoku luhlawula iindleko zeerandi eziyi-trillion kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu ezayo ngenxa yeefomu ezintsha zeebhomu kunye neenkqubo zokuhambisa-iinqwelo-moya, ii-airplanes-undermarines-kunye nezixhobo zenyukliya ezintsha.^note113

Inkqubo yesiqhelo yeMfazwe yokucinga ithi izixhobo zenyukliya zithintela imfazwe-oko kubizwa ngokuba yimfundiso "Ukutshatyalaliswa kokuQinisekisa kokuQinisekisa" ("MAD"). Nangona kuyi nyaniso ukuba ayisetyenziswanga ukususela kwi-1945, akunangqiqo ukugqiba ukuba i-MAD ibe yeso sizathu. Njengoko Daniel Ellsberg Ubonise, wonke umongameli we-US ukusuka eTuruman uye wasebenzisa izixhobo zenyukliya njengesisongelo kwezinye iintlanga ukuze zivumele i-US ukuba iphume indlela yayo. Ukongezelela, imfundiso enjalo ihlala elukholweni olukhohlakeleyo kwiingcamango zeenkokheli zezopolitiko kwiimeko ezinzima, ixesha elizayo. I-MAD ayiqinisekisi ukukhutshwa ngokukhawulezileyo kwezixhobo ezihlaselayo okanye isiteyathelo lizwe elenza iphutha lokuba lihlaselwa okanye isiteleka sokuqala sokuqala. Enyanisweni, iintlobo ezithile zeenkqubo zokuhanjiswa kweenqwelo zamachiza zenyukliya zenziwe kwaye zakhiwe ngenjongo yokugqibela- IMissile yoThutho (ephahla phantsi kwe-radar) kunye Ukutshatyalaliswa komsila, ukuhlaselwa ngokukhawuleza, ukusekela ngokusekelwe phambili. Iingxoxo ezinzulu zenzekile ngexesha leMfazwe yeCold malunga nokufunwa kwe-"Grand, Decapitating First Strike" apho i-US iya kuqalisa ukuhlaselwa kweenyukliya kwiSoviet Union ukuze ukhubaze amandla ayo okuqalisa izixhobo zenuzi ngokutshabalalisa umyalelo nokulawula, ukuqala neKremlin. Abanye abahlalutyi babhala "ngokuphumelela" imfazwe yenyukliya apho kuphela amawaka ambalwa ezigidi eza kubulawa, phantse bonke abemi.^note14 Izixhobo zenyukliya ziziphethe kakubi kwaye zihlazo.

Nangona zingasetyenziswanga ngamabomu, kukho iziganeko ezininzi apho izixhobo zenyukliya ezithwele kwiindiza ziye zaphazamisa emhlabathini, ngenhlanhla nje ichitha iputonium emhlabathini, kodwa ingahambi.^note15 Kwi-2007, iimfono ezithandathu zase-US ezithwala imikhosi yenyukliya zihamba ngokugqithiseleyo ukusuka eNyakatho Dakota ukuya eLouisana kunye nezibhamu zenyukliya ezingekhoyo zazingekho kwiiyure ze-36.^note16 Kukho iingxelo zokusela utywala kunye nokusebenza kakubi ngamaseyile afakwe kwii-silos eziphantsi komhlaba ezijongene nokuqalisa iimfucu ze-nyukliya zase-US ezicetyisiweyo kwiinkqubo zokulumkisa iinwele kwaye zikhomba kwiidolophu zaseRashiya.^note17 I-US kunye ne-Russia nganye inezinkulungwane zezixhobo zenyukliya eziye zanyulwa kwaye zilungele ukutshatyalaliswa. Isiphephelo sezulu saseNorway saseNorway sashiya-inkambo phezu kweRashiya kwaye sasiyithathile ukuba sihlasele singenayo kuze kube yiminithi yokugqibela xa sichaza i-chaos.^note18note19

I-1970 NPT yayifanele iphela kwi-1995, kwaye yongezwa ngonaphakade ngelo xesha, kunye nokubonelelwa kweengqungquthela zokuhlaziywa kweminyaka emihlanu kunye neendibano zokulungiselela phakathi. Ukufumana ukuvumelana malunga nokwandiswa kwe-NPT, oorhulumente bathembisa ukuba babe neenkomfa yokuthetha ngeZixhobo zokuLawulwa koLuntu oluMahla eMbindi Mpuma. Kwiintlanganiso zonyaka ezi-5 zokuphononongwa, izithembiso ezitsha zanikezwa, njengokuzinikela ngokungenakucala ekupheliseni ngokupheleleyo izixhobo zenukliya, kunye "namanyathelo" athile okufuneka athathwe kwihlabathi elikhululekile, kungekho nanye uzuke.^note20 A INgqungquthela yeziTyekliya zeNyukliya, ebhalwe yilo luluntu kunye nososayensi, amagqwetha kunye nezinye iingcali zamukelwa yi-UN^note21 enikezela, "onke amazwe aya kuvunyelwa ukuba afunekele okanye athathe inxaxheba 'ekuphuhliseni, ukuvavanya, ukuvelisa, ukugcina impahla, ukudluliselwa, ukusebenzisa nokusongela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenuzi.'" Yalungiselela onke amanyathelo ayeza kufuneka ukuze abhubhise iinqwelo kunye nokugcina izinto phantsi kolawulo oluqinisekisiweyo lwamazwe ngamazwe.^note22

Ukuxhatshazwa kweMbutho woLuntu kunye nezixhobo ezininzi ezingekho zixhobo zenuzi, akukho namanyathelo atyunjweyo kwiinkomfa ezininzi zokuhlaziywa kweNPT ezamkelweyo. Ukulandela isinyathelo esibalulekileyo ngu Isizwe esiMvulo soMhlaba ukuzazisa iziphumo zomntu ezinobungozi zezixhobo zenukliya, umkhankaso omtsha wokuxoxisana nombambano olula ngaphandle kokuthatha inxaxheba kwezixhobo zenyukliya eqaliswe e-Oslo kwi-2013, kunye neenkomfa zokulandela i-Nayarit, eMexico naseVienna kwi-2014.^note23 Kukhona ukukhawuleza ukuvula le ngxoxo emva kwenkomfa yokuHlola ye-2015 yeNPT, kwi-70th Anniversary yokutshatyalaliswa kobubi kweHiroshima neNagasaki. Kwintlanganiso yaseVienna, urhulumente waseAustria wamemezela isibambiso sokusebenzela ukukhutshwa kwezixhobo zenukliya, echazwe ngokuthi "ukuthatha amanyathelo okuphumeza ukuzalisa umda wezomthetho ukwenqatshelwa nokupheliswa kwezixhobo zenuzi" kunye "nokusebenzisana nabo bonke abachaphazelekayo ukufezekisa oku njongo. "^note24 Ukongezelela, iVatican yathetha kule ngqungquthela kwaye okokuqala ivakalise ukuba ukukhuseleka kweekhamliya kukuziphatha okubi kwaye izixhobo kufuneka zivinjelwe.^note25 Umnqophiso wokuvinjelwa uza kufaka uxinzelelo kwizixhobo zenyukliya kuphela, kodwa oorhulumente bahlala phantsi kwe-ambulance ye-nyukliya yase-United States, kumazwe ase-NATO athembele kwizixhobo zenukliya "zokunqanda" kunye namazwe afana ne-Australia, eJapan kunye neSouth Korea.^note26 Ukongezelela, izitishi zase-US malunga ne-400 amabhomu enyukliya kumazwe ase-NATO, eBelgium, eNetherlands, e-Italy, eJamani kunye naseTurkey, nabo baya kuxinzelelwa ukuba banikezele "amalungiselelo enkampani yenyukliya" kwaye basayine isivumelwano sokuvalwa.^note27

Izixhobo zeMichiza kunye neBilo

Izixhobo ze-biological ziquka i-toxins eziphilayo ezibulalayo ezifana ne-Ebola, i-typhus, i-smallpox, kunye nezinye eziye zatshintshwa kwibhule ukuba zikhulu kakhulu kangangokuba ayikho i-antidote. Ukusetyenziswa kwabo kungaqalisa ukusabalalisa kwehlabathi lonke. Ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuhambelana nezivumelwano ezikhoyo sele zenze inxalenye yeNkqubo yoKhuseleko loNcedo. I INgqungquthela yoMnqophiso woPhuhliso, ukuPhuma kunye nokuThengwa kweBacteriological (Biological) kunye neZixhobo zeTyxin kunye nokuBhujiswa kwabo yavulelwa ukuba isayinwe kwi-1972 kwaye yaqala ukusebenza ku-1975 phantsi kwe-United Nations. Ithintela abathunywa be-170 ukuba babe nelifa okanye bahlakulele okanye baqokele ezi zixhobo. Nangona kunjalo, ayikho indlela yokuqinisekisa kunye neemfuno zokuqiniswa ngumgaqo-nkqubo wokuhlola umngeni (oko kukuthi, nawuphi na uMbuso unomngeni onomngeni omnye ovumelene kwangaphambili ukuhlolwa.)

The INgqungquthela yoMnqophiso wokuPhuhliswa, ukuPhuma, ukuThengwa nokuSebenza kweziTyhulwa zeChimicals kunye nokuBhujiswa kwabo iyakwalela ukukhula, ukuvelisa, ukufunyanwa, ukugcinwa, ukugcinwa, ukuhanjiswa okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zemichiza. Abatyikityi bamazwe bavumile ukutshabalalisa naziphi na izixovulelo zezixhobo zemichiza abanokuzibamba kunye naziphi na izibonelelo ezizivelisileyo, kunye nazo naziphi na izixhobo zemichiza abazishiya kummandla wamanye amazwe ngaphambili kunye nokwenza ucelomngeni kulawulo lolawulo lweekhemikhali ezithile eziyityhefu. abaphambili babo… ukuqinisekisa ukuba iikhemikhali ezinjalo zisetyenziselwa kuphela iinjongo ezingavunyelwanga. Indibano yaqala ukusebenza ngo-Epreli 29, 1997. Ngelixa izixuku zemichiza zancitshiswa ngokumangalisayo, intshabalalo epheleleyo iseyinjongo ekude.^note28 Umnqophiso wawuphunyezwe ngempumelelo kwi-2014 njengoko iSiriya iphendulele ukugcinwa kwayo kwezixhobo zamachiza.

(Qhubeka phambili | okulandelayo icandelo.)

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khangela Itafile epheleleyo ephakathi Inkqubo Yokhuseleko Yomhlaba Wonke: Inye indlela eya kwiMfazwe

amaNqaku:
9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons (buyela kwinqaku eliphambili)
10. Jonga ingxelo kaNobel Peace Laureate Organisation International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear Nuclear "I-Nuclear Famine: abantu ababini bhiliyoni abasengozini" (buyela kwinqaku eliphambili)
11. ibid (buyela kwinqaku eliphambili)
12. ibid (buyela kwinqaku eliphambili)
13. http://nnsa.energy.gov/mediaroom/pressreleases/pollux120612 (buyela kwinqaku eliphambili)
14. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/22/us/us-ramping-up-major-renewal-in-nuclear-arms.html?_r=0 (buyela kwinqaku eliphambili)
15. http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub585.pdf (buyela kwinqaku eliphambili)
16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_nuclear_accident (buyela kwinqaku eliphambili)
17. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_United_States_Air_Force_nuclear_weapons_incident (buyela kwinqaku eliphambili)
18. http://cdn.defenseone.com/defenseone/interstitial.html?v=2.1.1&rf=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenseone.com%2Fideas%2F2014%2F11%2Flast-thing-us-needs-are-mobile-nuclear-missiles%2F98828%2F (buyela kwinqaku eliphambili)
19. http://cdn.defenseone.com/defenseone/interstitial.html?v=2.1.1&rf=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenseone.com%2Fideas%2F2014%2F11%2Flast-thing-us-needs-are-mobile-nuclear-missiles%2F98828%2F (buyela kwinqaku eliphambili)
20. Jonga kwakhona, uEric Schlosser, uMyalelo kunye noLawulo: Izixhobo zeNyukliya, iNgameko yaseDamasko, kunye ne-Illusion of Safety; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislav_Petrov (buyela kwinqaku eliphambili)
21. http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2005_04/LookingBack (buyela kwinqaku eliphambili)
22. http://www.inesap.org/book/secure-our-survival (buyela kwinqaku eliphambili)
23. Lawo mazwe anezixhobo zenyukliya aya kuyanyanzelekile ukuba atshabalalise iinqwelo zabo zenyukliya kwiindidi zeendidi. Ezi zintlanu ziza kuhamba ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ukuthatha izixhobo zenyukliya ukuphaphazela, ukususa izixhobo ekuthunjweni, ukususa imikhosi yamandla enyukliya kwiimoto zabo zokuhambisa, ukukhubaza iimfazwe, ukususa kunye nokuphazamisa 'imigodi' nokubeka izinto eziphathekayo phantsi kolawulo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngaphantsi kwendibano yesimodeli, izithuthi zokuhanjiswa nazo ziya kutshabalaliswa okanye ziguqulwe kwi-non-nuclear power capacity. Ukongeza, i-NWC iya kubalela ukuveliswa kwezixhobo ezisetyenziswayo. I-States Parties iya kusekwa kwakhona i-Arhente yokuVimbela kweZixhobo zeNyukliya eziza kubelwa ukuqinisekiswa, ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa, ukuthatha izigqibo, nokubonelela iforamu yokubonisana kunye nentsebenziswano phakathi kwazo zonke iiNkokheli zoRhulumente. I-Arhente iya kubandakanywa kwiNgqungquthela yamaQumrhu kaRhulumente, iBhunga eliPhezulu kunye noNobhala wezoBuchule. Izibhengezo ziya kufunwa kuzo zonke ii-States Parties malunga nazo zonke izixhobo zenyukliya, izinto eziphathekayo, izibonelelo, kunye neenqwelo zokuhambisa kwiindawo zabo okanye ukulawula kunye neendawo zabo. "Ukuthobela: Ngaphantsi kwe-2007 model NWC," amaZiko aya kufunwa ukuba amkele amanyathelo omthetho ukubonelela ukutshutshiswa kwabantu benza ubugebengu kunye nokukhusela abantu ababika ukuphulwa kweNkomfa. Amazwe aya kufuneka kwakhona amisele igunya likazwelonke elijongene nemisebenzi yesizwe ekuphunyezweni. INdibano iya kusetyenziswa amalungelo kunye neembopheleleko kungekhona kuphela kwi-States Parties kodwa nakwabantu ngabanye kunye nemibutho esemthethweni. Iingxabano zomthetho malunga neNgqungquthela zingathunyelwa kwi-ICJ [iNkundla yezoBulungisa yeNkundla] ngokuvumelana kwemibutho yamazwe. I-Arhente iya kuba nakho ukucela i-ICJ malunga neengxoxo zomthetho. INgqungquthela iya kubonelela ngoluhlu lwezimpendulo ezigqityiweyo ukufaka ubungqina bokungahambisani nokuqala ngokubonisana, ukucaciswa kunye nokuxoxisana. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, amatyala angathunyelwa kwi-General Assembly kunye neKhuseleko loMbutho we-UN. "[Umthombo: Uphulo lokuKhusela iNyukliya, http://www.nti.org/treaties-and-regimes/proposed-nuclear-weapons-convention-nwc/ ] (buyela kwinqaku eliphambili)
24. www.ican Kb (buyela kwinqaku eliphambili)
25. https://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/rebecca-johnson/austrian-pledge-to-ban-nuclear-weapons (buyela kwinqaku eliphambili)
26. http://www.paxchristi.net/sites/default/files/nuclearweaponstimeforabolitionfinal.pdf (buyela kwinqaku eliphambili)
27. I-https: //www.armscontrol.org/act/2012_06/NATO_Sticks_With_Nuclear_Policy (buyela kwinqaku eliphambili)
28. http: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_sharing (buyela kwinqaku eliphambili)