NgoPat Elder, Julayi 8, 2019

Imilenze yokulwa nomlilo esetyenziselwa iziseko zomoya ngamajoni ase-US zichaneka ngamanzi amaninzi kulo lonke elaseJamani. I-spray spray, esetyenziselwa ukuqhuma umlilo ngokuqhelekileyo, yenziwe ngamathambo e-carcinogen eyaziwa njengePer and Poly Fluoroalkyl Substances, okanye PFAS. Ngeenjongo zoqeqesho, imikhosi yaseMerika ikhanya kakhulu, i-petroleum-fuel field fire and isting them using these spray sprays. Emva koko, i-foam resium ivumelekile ukuba ibaleke, ihlambele umhlaba, i-sewers, amanzi aphezulu kunye namanzi angaphantsi komhlaba. Umkhosi wase-US usetyenzise kwakhona iinkqubo zokufafaza kuma-hangars ukudala umgca we-foam ukuze ugqoke iinqwelo ezixabisekileyo. Iifayile ezivame ukuvavanywa ziyakwazi ukumboza i-hangar ye-2-acre kunye neenyawo ze-17 zobumnyovu obumetyhe kwi mizuzu ye-2. (.8 hektare kunye ne-5.2 meter ye-foam kwi-2 imizuzu.)

Imiphumo yempilo yokubonakaliswa kwiPer and Poly Fluoroalkyl Substances zibandakanya ukuphuma kwesisu rhoqo kunye nezinye iingxaki ezinzima zokukhulelwa. Bahlambela ubisi lwebele lomntu kunye nokugulisa abantwana abancancisayo. I-Per kunye ne-poly fluoroalkyls inegalelo kumonakalo wesibindi, umhlaza wezintso, i-cholesterol ephezulu, umngcipheko wesifo se-thyroid, kunye nomhlaza wamatyhalarha, ipenisi encinci kunye nokubala kwesidoda esisezantsi emadodeni.

I-PFAS ayikaze ithobe isidima kodwa iyayiphindezela igrisi, ioyile kunye nomlilo ngcono kunakuqala. Umkhosi uwuthatha njengoyimfuneko kwisicwangciso-qhinga sokulwa imfazwe kuba uya kuwucima umlilo ngokungxama.  

I-technologies ephawulekayo ngamanye amaxesha ibalekela ukulawulwa kwethu kunye nokungapheleli komntu, indlela iPandora eyalahlekelwa ngayo ukulawula ibhokisi yakhe. Ezi khemikhali, kunye nabanye abafana nayo, zibeka ingozi ebomini kubantu. Ukulandela kulandelelaniswa kwamaziko aseMerika amaninzi angcolileyo.

Ramstein Airbase, eJamani

E-Ramstein, amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba afumaneka 264 ug / l  (iiprogramgram nganye ngeyure) ye-PFAS. Yiyo ngamaxesha e-2,640 ngaphaya komda obekwe yiYurophu yaseYurophu, (EU). 

I-EU imisele imigangatho ye PFAS nganye ye-0.1 ug / L kunye ne-PFAS yonke ye-0.5 ug / L emanzini angaphantsi komhlaba kunye namanzi okusela. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-Arhente ye-Environmental Protection Agency ibeke umgangatho onamandla kakhulu .07 ug / l kumanzi okusela kunye namanzi angaphantsi komhlaba. Nangona kunjalo, umlinganiselo we-EPA kuphela ngokuzithandela ngelixa umkhosi kunye nezoshishino zingcolisa iinkqubo zamanzi kwi-US ngamawaka ngamaxesha angaphezu kwemida yokuzithandela. Amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba e-Alexandria, eLouisana kufuphi ne-England Air Force Base ekhuselekileyo ifunyenwe i-10,900 ug / l ye-PFOS kunye ne-PFOA. 

I-Harvard yeYunivesithi yezempilo yezempilo yoluntu ithi .001 ug / l ye-PFAS emanzini ethu inokuba yingozi.

Uxinzelelo lwe-PFAS kuMlambo waseGlan, ngaphantsi kweMfudlana kaMorhrbach, iikhilomitha ze-11 ukusuka eRamstein, kwakuyixesha le-538 kwinqanaba le-EU lithi likhuselekile.

Airbase Spangdahlem, eJamani

Ngenxa yokukhwela kweengxaki ezinamandla,
Njengesihogo-umhluzi kunye ne-bubble

-William Shakespeare, Ingoma yamaGqwirha (Macbeth)

 

I-PFAS yalinganiswa kwi-3 ug / l kufuphi ne-Spangdahlem Airfield kwi-Märchenweiher Pond. (I-Marchenweiher ithetha "itekisi" ngesiNgesi.) I-Fairy Tale Pond iye yajika yinto yokulala. Iintlanzi zityhefu. Amanzi adumile okuloba sele sele avaliwe ngokubonisana noSGD Nord, abaphathi bamanzi eRhineland-Palatinate. Ezi khemikhali azizange zihlaziye.

Xa kunetha kwiSpangdahlem, ithululela i-PFAS. Iibhanki zokugcinwa kwamanzi emvula kwi-airbase ungene kwiLinsenbach Creek. 

Isityalo sokwenziwa kwonyango lwe-spangdahlem fu maneka  I-PFAS ukuya kuthi ga kwi-31.4 μg / l. Ngenxa yokuthelekisa, ilizwe laseMaine kutshanje libeke imida ye-PFAS kumjelo wamanzi amdaka ukuya kwi-2.5 ug / l ye-PFOA kunye ne-5.2 ug / l ye-PFOS, nangona abezemeko yendawo bathi le migaqo iphantsi kalishumi kunokuba ibifanele.  

I-EPA ayiyilawuli i-PFAS kwilindle lendle. Ukuba ikwenzile, umkhosi ubuya kuba sengxakini enkulu, ubuncinci e-US Ezi khemikhali zibulalayo zithuthwa zivela kwizityalo zonyango eJamani nase-US kwaye zisasazeka kumasimi efama. Oku kukhokelela ekutyhefeni amasimi kunye nezityalo apho kusetyenziswa khona udaka lwe-carcinogenic. Imveliso yasefama yaseJamani ingcolisiwe.

Umasipala waseWittlich-Land, kufutshane ne-US / NATO Airbase Spangdahlem, wafaka isimangalo nxamnye noRhulumente wase-Jamani ekuqaleni kwe-2019 ngeendleko zokususa nokulahla indle yelindle engcoliswe yi-PFAS. Izinto ezinobungozi azinakusasazeka emasimini kuba ityhefu izityalo, izilwanyana kunye namanzi. Endaweni yoko itshisiwe, ebiza kakhulu kwaye inokubakho ukuphazamiseka kwimpilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo

IWittlich-Land ayivumelekile ukuba iphikise umkhosi wase-US. Kunoko, ixela urhulumente waseJamani ukuba awonakalise. Okwangoku, urhulumente waseJamani, ohlawule ukuhlanjululwa kwezinto ezingcolileyo iminyaka, uyeke ukwenza oko, eshiya idolophu kunye nebhebhile.

I-Airbase yaseBitburg, eJamani

Ukusuka kwi-1952 kude kube yi-1994, iBitburg Air Base yayisisiseko somoya se-NATO. Yayilikhaya le-United States Air Force's 36th Tactical Fighter Wing. I-PFAS yayihlala isetyenziswa kumagwebu okulwa umlilo. 

KwiBitburg, amanzi aphantsi komhlaba aboniswa kutshanje ukuba aqulathe i-PFAS kumanqanaba aphezulu ngokumangalisayo we-108 μg / l kunye namanzi angaphezulu kwesikhululo seenqwelomoya ene-19.1 ug / l ye-PFAS. Amanzi aphantsi komhlaba eBitburg angcoliswe kaliwaka kunakwimigangatho ye-EU. 

Ezi zinto zikhutshwa yi-PFAS zikholelwa ngabantu abaninzi ukuba zibangele imbangela ye-autism ne-asthma kubantwana. Ichaphazela ukusukela ekutshatsheni kunye negalelo ekujongeni ukuphazamiseka kwengxaki. I-99% yethu ngoku ine-degree ethile yale michiza emzimbeni wethu. 

IBitburg ingcolisa amanzi asekhaya ngezi tyhefu, ngakumbi kunaseSpangdahlem okanye eRamstein. Ukugxininiswa kwe-PFAS ukuya kuthi ga kwi-5 ug / l kwafunyanwa kwimilambo iPaffenbach, Thalsgraben nase Brückengraben, indawo zokuloba ezithandwayo. I-5 ug / l ngamaxesha angama-7,700 ngaphezulu komda we-EU. Ukusetyenziswa kweentlanzi kunxulunyaniswa nokwanda kwamanqanaba e-PFAS phakathi kwabantu baseJamani. 

KwiBitburg, eyayivala iminyaka eyi-25 eyadlulayo, urhulumente waseJamani "osemthethweni" uxanduva lokutshatyalaliswa kwendawo engabangelwa nguMerika. Urhulumente waseJamani ulindele ukuba i-US ihlawule iindleko ezihambelana nazo esebenzayo Ii-airfield zase-US, ngokwephephandaba Volksfreund.

Kwiindawo zaseJamani, i-asparagus iyasuswa kwityathanga lokutya ngenxa yesakhono sayo sokugxila kwiPFAS. I-Asparagus inesakhono esimangalisayo sokufumana i-PFAS emanzini angcolisekileyo kunye / okanye kumhlaba. Abathengi kufuneka bakulumkele ukuthenga izinto ezinjenge-asparagus, i-strawberries, kunye neletisi kuba zihlala zinamanqanaba aphezulu e-PFAS. Okwangoku, iinkqubo zikarhulumente waseJamani ezenza isampulu yamanqanaba e-PFAS kwiimveliso ezahlukeneyo zezolimo ziye zasebenza ekugcineni iimveliso ezininzi ezingcolisekileyo ukuba zingafikeleli kwintengiso.

I-Airfield yangaphambili ye-NATO eHahn, eJamani

IHahn Airfield ibigcine i-50 Air Fighter Wing yase-US ukusuka ngo-1951 ukuya ku-1993. Indawo leyo ikhoyo ngoku kwisikhululo senqwelomoya saseHahn-Frankfurt. Njengazo ezinye iziseko, izitya zokugcina amanzi emvula ziyindawo yothutho ye-PFAS ukusuka kufakelo ukuya kuluntu. Umlambo iBrühlbach kufutshane neHahn unexabiso eliphezulu malunga ne-9.3 μg / l ye-PFAS. Oku kuyabulala. Ezi zixa ziphezulu ngokumangalisayo kuba amanzi aseWackenbach Creek aqala malunga ne-100 yeemingxunya zangaphambili zomlilo. Isibalo esincinci esincinci silungile. Ngamanzi angaphezulu, i-EU ithi amanqanaba e-PFAS akufuneki adlule kwi-0.00065 ug / L. 9.3 ug / l ngamaxesha angama-14,000 aphezulu.  

Büchel Airfield, eJamani

Uphando lwe-2015 kwi-PFAS lwenziwa kwi-Büchel Airbase. Iisampula zamanzi zathathwa kwiindawo zokugcina amanzi zamanzi kunye namanzi azungezile. I-PFOS yafunyanwa kwi-1.2 μg / l. 

Zweibrücken Air Base

I-Zweibrücken yayisisiseko se-NATO se-air base-1950 ukuya kwi-1991. Yayihlala kwindawo ye-86th Tactical Fighter Wing. Kwakukho i-35 yamamayela SSW waseKaiserslautern. Isayithi ngoku isebenza njengesiza seZweibrücken.

Amanzi angaphezulu kwinqwelo-moya afunyenwe ukuba aphezulu kwi-8.1 μg / L ye-PFAS. Okukrakra kuninzi, i-PFAS yafunyanwa kumanzi angamanzi okusela iinkqubo zokuzibonelela nge-6.9 μg / l. I-EPA yoLwazi lwezeMpilo kwiNgcebiso yamanzi okuphuza .07 ug / l ngoko amanzi atywala kufuphi Zweibrücken yafunyaniswa ibe malunga nekhulu lamawaka. Nangona kunjalo, iingqongileyo zithi isiluleko se-EPA sokusela amanzi sinzima kakhulu. Ebuthathaka kangaka, amaninzi amaninzi acwangcisa imida engaphantsi. 

KwiGeorge Air Force Base eCalifornia, i-airmen yabasetyhini yaxwayiswa kwi-1980, "Musa ukukhulelwa" ngelixa ndikhonza apho ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokulahleka kwesisu. Ngaphezulu kwe-300 yabasetyhini abasandula ukunxibelelana kuFacebook, babelana ngamabali okuphuphuma kwesisu, ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa phakathi kwabantwana babo kunye nokuzala kwabantwana. Basela amanzi. Umkhosi woMoya kutshanje kuvavanye amanzi kwaye wafumanisa ukuba i-PFAS inyuke nge-5.4 ug / l. Kubi kakhulu Zweibrücken namhlanje. Izinto azizange zihambe.

Ngokombiko ovela kwi-Bundestag (18 / 5905) iipropati ezinhlanu zase-Jamani zaseJamani zachongwa nge-PFAS yokungcola:

• I-Airfield yase-US uRamstein (i-NATO) 
• Moya we-US eKatterbach 
• US Airfield Spangdahlem (NATO) 
• Ummandla wezemfundo waseMelika eGrafenwoehr 
• US Airfield Geilenkirchen (NATO)

Iipropati ezimbini "zityholwa" kwi-PFAS:

• US Airfield Illesheim
• I-Airfield yase-US Echterdingen 

Ngokutsho kweBundestag, (18 / 5905), "Imikhosi exhobele amazwe inoxanduva lokungcoliseka kwendalo kwaye inyanzelekile ukuba iphande kwaye iphelise ngeendleko zayo." Okwangoku, i-US khange isebenze ekucoceni ukungcola okuye kwabangela. 

Izivumelwano zase-US-zaseJamani umnxeba wokumisela ixabiso lokuphuculwa kwabantu baseMelika kulo mhlaba-thintela ukonakaliswa komgangatho wendalo xa iziseko zigqithiselwa.

Iingxaki ezimbini eziphambili zikhokelele kwesi sivumelwano ngokubanzi. Okokuqala, ezi zinto zimbini zibonakala zingavumelani kwimigangatho ngokubhekisele ekucoceni, ngakumbi ngokubhekisele kungcoliseko lwamanzi amdaka. Ngokubanzi, abantu baseMelika khange bakhathazeke kakubi. Okwesibini, akukho namnye owaqwalasele ifuthe elibi lePer kunye nePoly Fluoroalkyl Substances kwiinkqubo zamanzi.  

Kwiingxoxo ze-Bundestag ze-PFAS ukungcola kwi-siseko ye-US / NATO, urhulumente waseburhulumenteni uthi "akukho nolwazi oluthe ngqo" malunga nomonakalo ongqongileyo kwiindawo ezingekho ipropati, nangona kunjalo, amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kunye namanzi angaphezulu angcoliswe yi-PFAS angahamba ngeekhilomitha ezininzi ngaphandle baseMerika.