Ngo-Pat Elder, ngo-Matshi 24, 2020
Le yinxalenye yechungechunge olunenxalenye yesixhenxe egxile kwisiza esinye songcoliseko: Isikhululo soMoya wePatuxent River Naval Air eMaryland, e-USA.
Umkhosi wamanzi ungcolise amanzi aphantsi komhlaba kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya soMlambo i-Patuxent (Pax) yaseMaryland enezinto ezili-1,137.8 ngeetriliyoni (ppt) zezinto- kunye nepropfluoroalkyl izinto (PFAS), ngokuka- Ingxelo epapashwe ngoJulayi ophelileyo yinkampani yobunjineli CH2M Hill.
I-Pax River yayihlala isebenzisa i-foam eyenza ifilimu (i-AFFF) kwimithambo yokulwa umlilo kunye neenkqubo zokucinezela umlilo kwizakhiwo kwisiseko sonke. Amagwebu aqulathe ii-carcinogens ezazivunyelwe ukuba zingene emanzini aphantsi komhlaba. Umkhosi wamanzi waselwandle uyayazi ifuthe elibulalayo kwezi zinto zinokubakho kwimpilo yabantu ukusukela ngeminyaka yee-1970 kodwa waqhubeka nokuzisebenzisa. Kule minyaka yangoku, ii-foine-free foams (3F) kuphuhlisiwe okungqine ukuba kuyinto yonke kusebenza njenge-AFFF. Zisetyenziswa kwihlabathi lonke.
I-PFAS inxulunyaniswa neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza wamanzi kwaye ziyaziwa ukuba zibeka emngciphekweni impilo yomntu yokuzala. Ungcoliseko ePax River lwalususiwe kwiCandelo lezoKhuseleko Ingxelo yoMatshi 2018 kwiziseko zoluntu kunye noluntu olungcoliswe yiPFAS.
Akukho zithintelo kungokunje ekukhutshweni kwe-PFAS yasemkhosini okanye kwimizi mveliso phantsi komthetho wamanzi amdaka acocekileyo okanye umanyano lomoya ococekileyo. I-Arhente yoKhuseleko lwezeNdalo (i-EPA) ikhuphe isiluleko esingabophisiyo, esingathinteli kwimimandla nakwimimandla engama-70 yeetriliyoni (ppt.) Emanzini okusela. Akukho nkampani yasemkhosini okanye zeekhemikhali okwangoku kufuneka zinike ingxelo malunga nokukhululwa kwe-PFAS ngokusebenzisa i-Ineralory yokuKhutshwa kweTyhefu. Ngaphandle kokusebenza kwe-EPA ngokufanelekileyo, amazwe alishumi elinesihlanu aphuhlise izikhokelo ubuncinci uhlalutyo lwe-PFAS okungenani kwindawo enye yokusingqongileyo. Umzekelo, amanzi aphantsi komhlaba eSt. Mary's County aphindwe ngama-87 ngaphezulu kunoko kuvunyelwa yiNew Jersey. I-241,000 ppt kumanzi angaphantsi komhlaba eChesapeake Beach ngamaxesha angama-18,538 evunyelwa yiNew Jersey. IMaryland isemva kwekharityhulam yokufunda kunye nomthetho okhoyo ngoku, I-HB 619, eya kuthi ilawule ukusetyenziswa koluntu amagwebu okulwa umlilo, kunzima ukukrwela umphezulu. Kuya kufuneka sinyanzelise amanqanaba aphezulu oNgcoliseko I-1 ppt, yazo zonke i-PFAS kuwo onke amanzi okusela abucala nawoluntu. Kuya kufuneka siqale ukuvavanya zonke iinkqubo zikarhulumente kunye nemithombo yabucala. Abantu abahlala kufutshane neziseko zomkhosi ukubulawa kukuvezwa kwe-PFAS.
Eli bali lilandelayo lithatha into esiyaziyo kwiingxelo ezimbini zeenjineli. Iinkcukacha ezizezinye zeNgingqi yokulahlwa kweDrum ye-34 ebekwe malunga ne-1,500 yeenyawo ukusuka kwendlela eya eRt. 235 kunye neHermanville Rd. Enye ingxelo yephepha le-129 malunga nokukhutshwa kwe-PFAS egubungela lonke ufakelo nge-CH2M Hill yomhla we-07/01/18. (Ingxelo ye-CH2M HillUkulandela inkcazo yokutshatyalaliswa kwendalo esingqongileyo luluhlu lwemibuzo ekufuneka ibuzwe kumagosa ezempilo oluntu aseMary naseMaryland ILayibrari yaseLexington Park ngoLwesibini, nge-3 Matshi, 5:00 - 7:00 pm. I-PFAS inxulunyaniswa neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza wamanzi kwaye ziyaziwa ukuba zibeka emngciphekweni impilo yomntu yokuzala. Ungcoliseko ePax River lwalususiwe kwiCandelo lezoKhuseleko Ingxelo yoMatshi 2018 kwiziseko zoluntu kunye noluntu olungcoliswe yiPFAS.
Indawo 34 ibekwe kwinxalenye esemazantsi esitishi kwaye ihlala malunga neehektare ezingama-20 zomhlaba ocacileyo. Ngo-1996, kwafunyanwa isahlulo sentaba esempuma yeSiza 34. Olu lokomba luveze izikhongozeli zeplastikhi ezi-5 zeelitha ezangcwatywa. Ngo-Okthobha u-1997, isenzo sokususa sethutyana saqhutywa kwiiNdawo A no-B. Kwakulesi sithuba sokususa apho isikhongozeli esombiwe esenziwe ngombala oluhlaza sasineleyibhile efundeka kakuhle ebonisa ukuba iqulethe isixhobo sokucima umlilo, esinokuba ne-PFAS.
Kwi-2015, uMkhosi wamanzi uqhube ukomba kakuhle kunye nesampulu yamanzi aphantsi komhlaba ukumisela ubukho okanye ukungabikho kwe-PFAS kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba kwiSiza 34. Uphawu lwalusekwe kubungqina bembali besikhongozeli esingcwatyelweyo esafunyanwa kwiminyaka eli-18 eyadlulayo enokuba ibinePFAS. NgoJuni 2017, isampulu yamanzi aphantsi komhlaba yagqitywa kwimixube emithathu ye-PFAS (i-PFOS, i-PFOA, kunye ne-PFBS) kwimithombo emibini esandula ukufakwa yokujonga kunye namaqula alithoba asele ekho kwindawo yonke eyi-20 yeehektare kwikona yomzantsi-ntshona wesiseko. I-PFOS kunye ne-PFOA zafunyanwa kwindawo yonke kwindawo ekugxilwe kuyo ngaphezulu kweNqanaba le-USEPA yeNgcebiso yezeMpilo yamanqanaba angama-70 kwitriliyoni iyonke kwi-PFOS nakwi-PFOA kwiisampulu ezilishumi elinanye zamanzi aphantsi komhlaba. I-PFOS + PFOA yafunyanwa kugxilwe kwi-1,138.8 ppt.
Eli nqanaba lokungcola linokubeka isoyikiso kwimpilo yabahlali basela amanzi ane-PFAS. Abo batya amanzi amnandi kwaye bahlala kufutshane nesiseko, basengozini. I-1,138.8 ppt yongcoliseko lwePFAS lwamanzi omhlaba, nangona kunjalo, incinci xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iziseko ezingcolisekileyo zamanzi omkhosi wamanzi kunye needolophu ezijikeleze ilizwe.
Ezinye iziseko zomkhosi wamanzi, njengeSitishi seZixhobo seNqanawa seChina seNqanawa eCarlifonia, ziye zangcolisa amanzi omhlaba kwiindawo ezingama-8,000,000 ngesigidi ngasinye. EMaryland, kwindawo eyayisakuba yindawo yezixhobo e-United States e-Annapolis, amanzi okusela avavanywa ngonyaka ka-2018 ngenxa ye-carcinogens. Kwimithombo engama-54 kwezingama-68, ugxininiso lwePFOS / PFOA lwalunjalo ifunyenwe kwi-70,000 ppt. eyi1,000 ephindaphindwe ngaphezu kwengcebiso yezempilo ye-EPA. UMlawuli weMisebenzi yoLuntu yeSixeko saseAnnapolis owongamele amanzi okusela uthe akaqhelananga nezinto ezingcolisayo. Olu lolunye lolona lwaphulo-mthetho lukhulu lwenziwe kwimbali karhulumente, nangona abantu bekhawuleza ukubamba. Kungenxa yokuba umatshini wokushicilela wasekhaya khange aligubungele rhoqo ibali. Indawo 34 ibekwe kwinxalenye esemazantsi esitishi kwaye ihlala malunga neehektare ezingama-20 zomhlaba ocacileyo. Ngo-1996, kwafunyanwa isahlulo sentaba esempuma yeSiza 34. Olu lokomba luveze izikhongozeli zeplastiki ezi-5 zeelitha ezangcwatywa. Ngo-Okthobha u-1997, isenzo sokususa sethutyana saqhutywa kwiiNdawo A no-B. Kwakulesi sithuba sokususa apho isikhongozeli esombiwe esenziwe ngombala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka sasineelebhile efundeka kancinci ebonisa ukuba iqulethe isixhobo sokucima umlilo, esinokuba ne-PFAS.
Kwilabhoratri yoPhando ngeNqanawa, eChesapeake Beach Detachment, Umkhosi wamanzi awakavavanyi amanzi amnandi ahlala kumgama ongaphezulu kwe-1,000 1968 leenyawo ukusuka kwimingxunya eshushu esetyenzisiweyo ukusukela ngo-XNUMX. ISebe lezeMpilo laseMaryland, nangona kunjalo, lithembele kwiNavy. ukukhusela impilo yaseMarylanders malunga noku.
Dlulisela ku-11: 50 kule Idokhumenti yeendaba ye-NBC. Nangona iWashington Post, iBaltimore Sun, kunye neSt. Kwaye ke, ubuza umbuzo-lowo kuya kufuneka ubuze ngo-Matshi 3rd-kutheni le nto uMkhosi wamanzi ukhupha ulwazi malunga nongcoliseko lwePFAS ePax River kwikona enye ekude kakhulu yesiseko?
I-AFFF yasetyenziswa apho Indawo ye-41, uMlilo oLwa ngoBushushu Pad ukusuka ngo-1972 ukuya ku-1991 kuqeqesho oluqhelekileyo. Imibhobho ithwala ipetroli yeJet ephelelwe lixesha okanye i-oyile yenkunkuma kwi-fuselage endala ebekwe kumngxunya ongama-200 x 200-ft kwiphedi yekhonkrithi. Imililo emikhulu yatshiswa kwaye i-AFFF yavunyelwa ukuba ingene emhlabeni kwaye ikhutshelwe kwimijelo yamanzi eesaqhwithi kunye nemijelo.
Uqeqesho olufanayo lomlilo kwezinye iziseko ziyaziwa ukulahla 40,000 gallons zezinto ezinobungozi kwindalo esingqongileyo. Ubungakanani begwebu kusenokwenzeka ukuba bulingana nexabiso elincinci elifunyenwe kwiSiza 34, kodwa asazi ngokuqinisekileyo. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye izibonelelo, iPax River ayilichazanga inqanaba lokungcoliseka kwePFAS kwezi ndawo.
Kwindawo ye-14, uMlo oDala woMlilo oBasa iPad, i-AFFF yayisetyenziswa ukusukela ngo-1970 ukuya kwangoko koo-1980. Imililo yavutha kwizikhonkwane okanye kwimingxuma kusetyenziswa ipetroli. Inani elingaziwayo lamagwebu e-AFFF lalisetyenziselwa ukucima amadangatye kwaye lavunyelwa ukuba lingene emhlabeni kwaye likhutshelwe kwimijelo yamanzi emvula kunye nemijelo.
The Ingxelo ye-CH2M Hill Iinkcukacha ezili-16 zeendawo ezahlukileyo ezisisiseko apho i-AFFF yayivunyelwe ukungena emhlabeni ukususela ngo-1970. Ezisithoba kwezi zichongwe njengeendawo eziphambili ngokubaluleka. Kucaciswe ngokufutshane apha:
I-Hangar 110 Uvavanyo lweenqwelo moya zesikolo i-Hangar: Ngo-Epreli ngo-2015, iziqulatho zetanki ye-A2,200F ye-AXNUMXF yokugxininisa kwinkqubo yokucinezelwa ikhutshwe ngenxa yokusilela kwemitshini. Akukho mntu uqaphele ukukhutshwa kwaye indlela yokuhamba ayicacanga, kodwa ukugxila kwe-AFFF kwakubonakala ngokuhamba kwikhonkrithi kunye nokulinganisa kwindawo esecaleni / yokuhamba ngeenyawo phakathi kwendawo ezixhonyiweyo.
Ukuphahlazeka kweTrakhi yeziXhobo zemihla ngemihla ukuSebenza koVavanyo lweeTeksi I-Alpha-Taxiway: Iitraki zengozi ezivela eBldg. Abayi-103 basebenzise le ndawo ukukhangela izixhobo zokutshiza ze-AFFF kunye nokuvumelana kwegwebu. I-foam ye-AFFF yavunyelwa ukuba ingene emhlabeni kwaye ikhutshelwe kwimijelo yamanzi emvula kunye nemijelo. Inani le-foam le-AFFF likhutshwe alaziwa.
Umboniso womoya woMlilo - indawo yokulwa indawo yokubonisa indawo yasemoyeni yayisetyenziselwa umboniso wokulwa umlilo ngexesha lemiboniso yomoya eqala ngeyee-1960s nasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1970. I-foam ye-AFFF yasetyenziswa de kwangowe-1973. Imililo yenziwa ngokulahla ipetroli ngakwifuselage ukulinganisa imeko yengozi. Iicarcinogens zakhutshelwa kwimijelo yamanzi emvula kunye nemijelo yamanzi; isixa se-foam se-AFFF esikhutshwe asaziwa.
Isakhiwo 103: Umsebenzi weSikhululo soMlilo soMlilo Isikhululo soMlilo 1 - Ukuvavanywa kwezixhobo zemihla ngemihla kunye nokuvavanywa kwegwebu kunye nokuchitheka kunye nokuvuza kokugxila kwe-AFFF kunokwenzeka apha. Inani elingaziwayo lamagwebu e-AFFF likhutshiwe
Isakhiwo 2385: Indawo yokuGcina izixhobo ezinobungozi (i-HAZMART): Ukukhutshelwa okubanzi kwe-AFFF kugxila kwinkqubo yoxinzelelo kwisakhiwo kubangele ukuya kuthi ga kwiilitha ezingama-80 zezinto ezikhutshiweyo kwindalo esingqongileyo.
I-Hangar 2133: Umdibaniselwano odibeneyo wokulwa: Ukukhutshwa okuninzi kwe-AFFF ngo-2002, 2005, nango-2010 kwenzeke kwinkqubo yoxinzelelo ku-hangar. Ubuncinane kwisiganeko esinye (umhla ongaziwa) yonke inkqubo ngokungacacanga yahamba. Inani elichanekileyo lokugxila kwe-AFFF kunye ne-foam ayaziwa.
Ezi nkqubo zokunyibilikisa zokunyibilikisa ziyakwazi ukugubungela i-hangar ye-2 acre ngeenyawo ezili-17 zethambo lesifo somzimba kwimizuzu emi-2.
Ngexesha lomnyhadala ka-2010, inani elingaziwayo le-foFF ye-AFFF yangena kumjelo wokuhambisa amanzi acocekileyo okhokelela kwindawo ye-METCOM ngevalve yendlela eyahlulahlula ioyile / amanzi. I-METCOM kuye kwafuneka ivala ukuhamba kwamanzi amdaka kunye nokujongana ne-AFFF eyakhiwe kwakhona kuzo zonke iziseko zokuhamba. Oku kungaphumelelanga indawo yonyango kwaye kunokubangela uninzi lweengxaki ezixoxwe ngezantsi.
I-AFFF ikhutshiwe ngaphandle kwe-hangar yaya kwindawo yengca esemazantsi mpuma efaskoti yekhonkrithi. Kwizihlandlo ezibini ubuncinci i-AFFF inokubonwa isiya phantsi kwesaqhwithi sesaqhwithi esikhokelela kumjelo wokuhambisa amanzi kufutshane neHangar 115 kunye neSiza 55.
I-Hangar 2835: indawo yokuma okwethutyana nenkqubo yoxinzelelo ye-AFFF Kukho izinto ezininzi ezikhutshwe ngogwebu lwe-AFFF ukusuka ngo-2012 ukuya ku-2015 ngenxa yokuchitheka, ukuqhekeka koomatshini kwimozulu ebandayo, kunye nokusebenza okungaziwayo kwenkqubo.
Okunye ukukhutshwa:
- Isakhiwo 1669: Iilitha ezingama-500 zafakwa kwi-METCOM yogutyulo lwelindle.
- I-Hangar 2805 Helikopta kaMongameli: Iilitha ezingama-400 zikhutshiwe emhlabeni.
- Izakhiwo ezingama-215 kunye ne-217 yeeNdawo zoVavanyo lweeNjini -Ukukhutshwa okungaziwayo okuqala ngo-1970.
- Ukwakha iSikhululo soMlilo esili-102 sangaphambili - Izixa ezingaziwayo zokukhutshwa.
- Ukwakha i840 -I-Skeet Range, indawo yokuPhazamiseka kweenqwelomoya- Inani le-AFFF lisetyenzisiwe alaziwa.
Amanzi angaphezulu
Nangona uMkhosi woMoya usoloko upapasha iziphumo zohlalutyo lwe-PFAS emanzini angaphezulu- iziphumo ezihlala zikumgangatho ophakamileyo ngokumangalisayo kwiminyaka engama-30 emva kokuba isiseko sivaliwe-uMkhosi wamanzi ngokubanzi uyala ukwenza njalo. Ukuzibandakanya kwabantu kunye nokushicilela Kweminye imimandla, nangona kunjalo, kubangele ukuba uMkhosi wamanzi uzinikele ekuvavanyeni amanqanaba okungcoliseka kumanzi aphezu komhlaba kwisiseko. Akunjalo eSt. Mary's, apho uluntu kunye noonondaba ukuza kuthi ga ngoku bengakhathali ngenqanaba lezinto ezibangela umhlaza kwiindlela zamanzi zasekuhlaleni.
IGoose Creek, iHarpers Creek, iBasin Patuxent Basin, i-East Patuxent Basin, i-Supply Pond, iGardiner Pond, uMlambo iPatuxent, kunye neChesapeake Bay zichongiwe nguMkhosi wamanzi njengamanzi angaphezulu angcoliswe yiPFAS. Nangona kungakhankanywanga ngokuthe ngqo kule ngxelo, iSt. Inigoes Creek, iSmith Creek, kunye neSt. Kufuneka sifune ukuba iindlela zamanzi ezixabisekileyo zivavanyelwe ezi "khemikhali zikanaphakade."
The Ingxelo ye-CH2M Hill ithi amanzi aphuma phantsi komhlaba aya kumanzi angaphezulu komhlaba, kubandakanya amachibi, imilambo, umlambo iPatuxent, kunye neChesapeake Bay. Amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba avela kumanzi aselwandle aphesheya kwesitishi yi ubukhulu becala malunga noMlambo iPatuxent kunye neChesapeake Bay kwaye kude neendawo zokuhlala kunye namashishini. Sebenzisa igama elithi “ubukhulu becala” kushiya amathuba okuba ukuhamba kwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba nako ukuwela iHermanville Rd. kunye noRt. 235.
Ingxelo ithi, "Impembelelo ezinokubakho zokukhutshwa kwe-PFAS kumanzi aphezu komhlaba kungenzeka ukuba ziphantsi emva kwexesha elide ukusukela oko ukukhutshwa kunye nefuthe kulamajelo osasazo kunokuba nzima ukufumanisa." Oku kuyaphikiswa ngokulula. Umbuso waseMichigan ukhuphe isithintelo ekuthatheni inyamakazi kufutshane neWurtsmith AFB eMichigan kuba inyamakazi ithathwa njengeyityhefu ngenxa yamanqanaba aphezulu ePFAS. Isiseko savalwa ngo-1993. Ixhama lisela kwimilambo ephuma kwisiseko. Isikhululo soMoya sase-Dallas savalwa ngo-1998, nangona ukutya iintlanzi ezinetyhefu ezibanjiswe kufutshane kungavumelekanga. I-PFAS yaziwa njengeekhemikhali ezingunaphakade. Abahambi ngokwabo-nanini na.
Ingxelo ithi, "Amanzi asemanzini ahambelana nomhlaba ahambelana namanzi ahamba de ekugqibeleni akhuphela kumfula iPatuxent okanye eChesapeake Bay. Ukuba amanzi amdaka aphantsi komhlaba achukunyiswa yiPFAS, kucingelwa ukuba naluphi na unxibelelwano oluthe ngqo lwamacandelo okwamkela amanzi emzimbeni luya kuba loluncinci ngenxa yokudityaniswa. "
Le asiyongcinga ikhuselekileyo. "Ubuncinci" yinto yonke efunekayo ekutyhefu abantu.
Ingxelo yenjini ithi i-AFFF yayihlala ikhutshelwa kwinkqubo yogutyulo lwelindle. I-Hangar 2133, Yokwakha ngo-1669, kunye ne-Hangar 2905 zonke ziye zafaka yonke imichiza engasasebenziyo kwinkqubo yogutyulo yococeko lwedolophu.
Udaka luchithwe ngaphandle kwesiza kwiindawo ezingachazwanga apho i-carcinogens inokungena emanzini aphantsi komhlaba. I-EPA ayikayibeki imida ye-PFAS kwilindle lendle, elihlala lisetyenziswa kumasimi efama, ukungcolisa izityalo, kunye nokubonelela ngendlela enamandla yokungenisa kwabantu. Inkonzo yoLondolozo loMhlaba eSt. Mary's iqikelela ukuba kukho malunga neehektare ezingama-50,000 50 zomhlaba wezityalo eSt Mary's County apho malunga neepesenti ezingama-XNUMX zilungele ukulahlwa kwendle. IsiCwangciso seZibonelelo seSithili saseMarlay-Taylor siqikelela ukuba phantse Iitoni ezili-807 I-sludge eyomileyo iya kuveliswa ngonyaka.
Pat uMdala ngu World BEYOND War ilungu lebhodi kunye nelungu elalingumgqatswa kwi-Green Party kwi-US Congress. Uyabaleka Imikhosi yePhatywayo yeMfazwe.
