Iingxelo zePentagon ezingama-250 iiSayithi ezitsha zidibene nePFAS

Ngo-Pat Elder, ngo-Matshi 27, 2020

ukusuka Iityhefu zomkhosi

IPentagon ngoku iyayivuma loo nto Iindawo ezingama-651 zomkhosi zingcoliswe nge-per- kunye ne-poly fluoroalkyl izinto, (PFAS), ukunyuka kwepesenti ezingama-62 ukubalwa kokugqibela kweendawo ezingama-401 ngo-Agasti ka-2017.

Jonga ii-DOD  ukongezwa kwakamva kweendawo ezingama-250 ezingcolisekileyo Icwangciswe ngendlela eqondakalayo ngabahlobo bethu kwiQela eliSebenzayo lezeNdalo.

I-PFAS ifumaneka emanzini okusela okanye kumanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kwiziza ezitsha, nangona amanqanaba ngqo okungcola angaziwa kuba iDOD ayenzanga kuvavanyo lokuqinisekisa amanqanaba ezinto ezibangela umhlaza.

Amava esizwe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku malunga nobhubhani we-coronavirus abonise ukubaluleka kokuvavanya umntu njengenyathelo lokuqala ekuqulunqweni kokusasazeka kwale ntsholongwane. Kwangokunjalo, ukuvavanya yonke imithombo yamanzi aselwayo kamasipala nawabucala kwizingcolisi ezinjengePFAS kufuneka kwenziwe ukuze kuqaliswe inkqubo yokukhusela impilo yoluntu. Akwanele ukwazi ukuba amanzi anetyhefu.

Ukuqhubeka komkhosi kokusebenzisa igwebu elenza umbane elenza umbane (i-AFFF), elenziwe ngemichiza eyahlukeneyo ye-PFAS, kubangela iimpembelelo eziyintlekele kwimpilo yabantu nakwindalo esingqongileyo. UMaureen Sullivan, uSekela-Nobhala Wezomkhosi Wezomkhosi uxelele iTara Copp kaMcClatchy kule veki ukuba “nayiphi na indawo apho amanzi okusela angcolileyo sele kubhekisiwe kuyo.”USullivan uqhubekeke esithi,“ Njengokuba iSebe lezoKhuselo liqala ukufunda ungcoliseko lwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba, liya kujonga ukuba 'iphi iplume? Ihamba njani? '”

Ezi ngxelo zikhohlisayo kwaye ziyaphikisana. Amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba athutha ii-carcinogens ukuya kumaqula okusela kamasipala nawabucala. I-DOD ayiphumelelanga ukulungisa ingxaki yokuba semngciphekweni koluntu. Iiploses ezibulalayo zinokuhamba iimayile, ngelixa i-DOD isilele ukuvavanya imithombo yabucala kwi-2,000 yeenyawo ukusuka kwi-PFAS ekhutshwa kwiziseko eziseMaryland kwaye iphinde yenze ulwazi malunga nemiphefumlo ebulalayo eCalifornia. Iminyaka, i-carcinogenic plume ibihamba kwicala lasempuma kwi-Wisconsin National Guard's Truax Field eMadison, kodwa i-DOD khange ivavanye imithombo yabucala apho. Abantu baseAlexandria, eLouisiana, apho olunye uhlobo lwe-PFAS eyaziwa ngokuba yi-PFHxS yafunyanwa emanzini aphantsi komhlaba kumanqanaba ngaphezulu kwe-20 yezigidi ze-ppt., Abazange bavavanywe amaqula.

Okwangoku, izazinzulu zempilo yoluntu zilumkisa ngokufakwa ngaphezulu kwe-1 ppt yePFAS mihla le. I-DOD ikhohlisa uluntu lwaseMelika kwaye isiphumo sosizi nokufa.

Kwilizwe liphela, umkhosi uya kukhetha ngokuvavanya iindawo ezikufutshane neziseko njengendawo yokubeka kwindawo yasendaweni, kwaye banika ingxelo kuphela kwiintlobo ezimbini okanye ezintathu kwezingaphezulu kwe-6,000 zeekhemikhali ze-PFAS eziyingozi.

Cinga ngamanzi equla kaMnumzana noNksk. Kenneth Culberton, ngaphandle nje kweGeorge Air Force Base eVictorville, California. Nangona isiseko savalwa ngo-1992 amanzi aphantsi komhlaba asetyenziswa emithonjeni yabucala esezantsi iseyityhefu kwaye inokubakho amawaka eminyaka-okanye ngaphezulu.

IBhodi yokuLawulwa kweMigangatho yaManzi eLahanton (endaweni ye-DOD) kuvavanywe kakuhle uCulberton kunyaka ophelileyo ndafumana iinxalenye ezingama-859 ngetriliyoni nganye (ppt) ye-PFAS. I-PFOS kunye ne-PFOA zizonke zi-83 ppt, ngelixa ukungcola okungafaniyo kwe-PFOS / PFOA ngokulinganayo kufikelela kwi-776 ppt. Imithombo yabucala ayikhange ivavanyelwe i-carcinogens ezibangelwa ngumkhosi kuwo wonke loo mmandla.

Umkhosi womoya wavala iGeorge Air Force Base ngonyaka ka-1992. Ngokuka-Okthobha ka-2005 Ingxelo yeAdwardory Advisory Board Advisoryment Board, imibhobho yamanzi asemhlabeni enezinto ezingcolisayo ibingafudusanga kwimithombo yokusela yamanzi okanye kuMlambo iMojave. "Amanzi okusela eluntwini ayaqhubeka akhuselekile ukuba angasetyenziswa," Ingxelo ingxelo yokugqibela ithi.

Ngokucacileyo, le nto yayithetha uSekela-Nobhala Wezomkhosi Wezokhuselo uSullivan xa wayesitsho ukuba amanzi okusela angcolisiwe “sele kubhekisiwe.”

Abantu baseVictorville banokuthi basele amanzi anetyhefu kwizizukulwana ezibini kwaye oku kuyinto eqhelekileyo kuluntu olukufutshane neziseko kuzwelonke.

Amanqanaba e-PFAS emanzini angaphantsi komhlaba kufakelo lomkhosi we-14 kwilizwe liphela angaphezulu kwesigidi se-ppt, ngelixa i-EPA ikhuphe "ingcebiso" enganyanzeliswayo ye-1 ppt emanzini okusela. Iindawo zemikhosi ezingama-70 zazinamanqanaba e-PFAS emanzini angaphantsi komhlaba angaphezu kwe-64 ppt.

Iivenkile ezimbalwa zeendaba ezihlanganisiweyo zihlala zinika ingxelo ngokusasazeka kwe-DOD's PFAS kwiziqwenga ezidlulayo ezingaphumeleliyo ukuhlalutya ungcoliseko lwePFAS nangayiphi na inkcukacha. Ngeli xesha, imibutho yeendaba ekhokelayo yesizwe ayiphumelelanga ukunika ingxelo ngebali. Umatshini wepropaganda we-DOD ngoku uthetha ulwazi olutsha, ehamba neendaba zeendawo ezingama-250 ezingcolisekileyo.
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Ubhedu oluphezulu lukhethe usuku uMongameli uTrump avakalise ukungxamiseka kwesizwe ngokubhekisele kubhubhani we-coronavirus ukukhulula ixesha elide elilindelwe Ingxelo yoMsebenzi oSebenzayo KwiPer- kunye nePolyfluoroalkyl Substances, (PFAS). Ingxelo ithi iqinisekisa "ukuzibophelela kwePentagon" kwezempilo nakukhuseleko lwamalungu enkonzo, iintsapho zawo, abasebenzi be-DoD, kunye noluntu asebenza kulo iDoD. " Ingxelo egciniweyo yomkhondo we-DOD iwela ngokufutshane kukuzibophelela.

IQela eliSebenzayo lithi lijolise kwiinjongo ezintathu: ukuthomalalisa kunye nokuphelisa ukusetyenziswa kwegwebu elenza umbane elenza umbane ngoku, (AFFF); Ukuqonda iimpembelelo zePFAS kwimpilo yabantu; kunye nokufezekisa uxanduva lwethu lokucoca ngokunxulumene nePFAS.
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Ngokwenene? Makhe sijonge inkohliso ye-DOD.

Injongo # 1 -Ukunciphisa kunye nokuphelisa ukusetyenziswa kwefom yokwenza umbane wamanzi, (AFFF):

I-DOD ibonakalise intshukumo encinci eya "ukunciphisa kunye nokususa" ukusetyenziswa kwegwebu lokulwa nomlilo. Ngapha koko, bayichasile iminxeba yokutshintshela kwigwebu elingenabungozi lokusingqongileyo elisetyenziswa kwihlabathi liphela. I-DOD ikhusela ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwe-arhente ebangela umhlaza ngelixa isithi "iDoD ngomnye wabasebenzisi abaninzi be-AFFF, kunye nabanye abasebenzisi abaphambili kubandakanya izikhululo zeenqwelo moya, ishishini leoyile kunye negesi, kunye namasebe omlilo asekhaya." Isiteyitimenti siyalahlekisa ngenxa yentshukumo enkulu phakathi kwala macandelo kude nokusetyenziswa kwamagwebu angababulali. Ukuma komkhosi ophethe inkunzi yenkomo kuxabisa ubomi kwaye kwenza umonakalo kwindalo esingqongileyo.
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Ngeli xesha, ukusetyenziswa kwe-foals-free foams (F3 foams) kwimikhosi yasemkhosini kunye neyaseburhulumenteni ngokuthelekiswa nezo zifunwa yi-MIL-SPEC (imigaqo yomkhosi) ibonakalisiwe rhoqo kwiimvavanyo kulo lonke elaseYurophu.

Umzekelo, uMbutho wezoNyango lwaMazwe ngaMazwe weHlabathi (i-ICAO) ugunyazisa uvavanyo lokusebenza komlilo wegwebu ukulungiselela iinjongo zokuhamba ngenqwelo moya ezisebenzisa iimvavanyo zokucima umlilo. Iimpawu ze-F3 ezininzi zidlulile kwelona nqanaba liphezulu lovavanyo lwe-ICAOkwaye ngoku zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizikhululo zeenqwelomoya kwihlabathi liphela, kubandakanya iihabhu ezinkulu zamazwe aphesheya njengeDubai, Dortmund, Stuttgart, London Heathrow, eManchester, Copenhagen naseAuckland. Iinkampani zabucala ezisebenzisa i-F3 foams zibandakanya i-BP, i-ExxonMobil, iyonke, iGazprom, kunye nenqwaba yabanye.

I-3F iyabasebenzela. Kutheni kungenjalo emkhosini wase-US?

Kude kube ngu-2018, i-Federal Aviation Administration yafuna ukuba izikhululo zeenqwelomoya zelizwe zisebenzise i-carcinogenic AFFF. Kwelo nqanaba, iCongress ekugqibeleni yenze ngokuvumela izikhululo zeenqwelomoya ukuba zisebenzise i-F3 yendalo ezinobuhlobo. Ngokukhawuleza, amazwe asibhozo enze isenzo Ukupasisa umthetho wokulawula amagwebu amadala e-carcinogenic, kwaye abanye bayalandela. I-DOD ayixeleli lonke ibali kwaye ukunyanzelisa kwayo ukusetyenziswa kwezi carcinogens kufana nokuziphatha gwenxa.

Injongo # 2-Ukuqonda iimpembelelo ze-PFAS kwimpilo yabantu:

I-DOD incokola umdlalo olungileyo. Nokuba isihloko seNjongo # 2 sidukisa uluntu. Urhulumente wobumbano, amaziko emfundo, kunye nabezesayensi kwihlabathi liphela baye bavelisa umzimba omkhulu wolwazi kwiziphumo zempilo ze-PFAS.

I-PFAS inegalelo kumatyhalarha, isibindi, amabele, kunye nomhlaza wezintso, nangona i-DOD ingalikhankanyi igama elithi "C". Izazinzulu ziyazi kancinci malunga nale michiza. Umzekelo, enye yeekhemikhali ze-6,000 + ze-PFAS zihlala zifunyanwa emanzini aphantsi komhlaba nangaphezulu komhlaba kufutshane neziseko kwilizwe liphela, i-PFHxS, (eboniswe ngasentla kumanzi aseCulberton kwi-540 ppt.), Endaweni ye-PFOS / PFOA Intambo yegazi kwaye idluliselwa kumbungu ukuya kwinqanaba elikhulu kunaleyo ixelwe i-PFOS, i-carcinogen eqhelekileyo enxulunyaniswa ne-DOD firefighting foams. Ukuvezwa ngaphambi kokubeleka kwi-PFHxS kunxulunyaniswa nokuvela kwezifo ezosulelayo (ezinjenge-ottis media, inyumoniya, intsholongwane ye-RS kunye ne-varicella) kubomi bokuqala.

Njengoko uluntu luqala ukufunda okungakumbi malunga nefuthe eliyintlekele lempilo kwezi khemikhali kunye nolwazi malunga namanqanaba okungcoliseka kwiziseko nakwimimandla ejikelezileyo iphuma, umkhosi unyanzelekile ukuba ubambe iintlanganiso zoluntu ukujongana neenkxalabo eziphakamayo, njengaleyo ibibanjelwe Ithala leencwadi loluntu ngaphandle kwesango eliphambili leSikhululo soMoya sePatuxent River eLexington Park, eMaryland ngoMatshi 3, 2020.

Vavanya le ngxelo, ithathwe kwibhodi yolwazi eboniswe yiNavy eMaryland. Okwangoku, izazinzulu zisafunda malunga nokuba ukubonakaliswa kwe-PFAS kungayichaphazela njani impilo yabantu. "  Kwixabiso lobuso, ingxelo iyinyani; nangona kunjalo, ishiya abantu becinga ukuba ungcoliseko lwePFAS yingxaki entsha kwaye isenokungabi mbi kangako. Ngokwenyani, i-DOD iyazi ngobungozi bale nto phantse iminyaka engamashumi amane.

IDOD nako khuthaza uluntu ukuba luphonononge ubungozi beekhemikhali ezahluka-hlukeneyo ze-PFAS ngokukhokelela abantu ukuba baphonononge i-National Library yamayeza kwi-NIH UPap Chem injini yokukhangela, kodwa ayenzi. Obu butyebi bumangalisayo, obungekavalwa lulawulo lukaTrump, iinkcukacha zetyhefu yabantu ebangelwa ngamawaka eekhemikhali eziyingozi, uninzi lwazo zisetyenziswa rhoqo emkhosini kwaye azisajongwa njengezinto ezinobungozi yi-EPA, kwaye ngenxa yoko, hayi ilawulwa phantsi koMthetho weSuperfund. Nantoni na iyahamba.
Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo, i-Trump Administration iye yatsala iplagi kwizinto ezimbini ezixabisekileyo: iToxnet kunye neToxmap. Ezi zixhobo zivumele uluntu ukuba lukhangele iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zongcoliseko lomkhosi kunye nezomzi mveliso, kubandakanya nePFAS. Impungulu ephethe indlu yeenkukhu ngelixa i-DOD ilanda kuluntu olungafundanga.

Abahlobo bethu kwi-Earthversalice kunye neNgxowa-mali yokusiNgqongileyo kusanda kukhutshwa uphando oludibeneyo Ibonisa indlela i-EPA kaTrump eyaphula ngayo rhoqo iTyhefu yokuLawulwa kweziNto elawula ukwenziwa, ukusetyenziswa kunye nokuhanjiswa kweekhemikhali eziyingozi, kubandakanya nePFAS. UTrump ube yintlekele kwiiakhawunti ezininzi, kodwa ilifa lakhe eliya kuhlala likho liya kutshintshwa yi-DNA, iziphene zokuzalwa, ukungachumi kunye neCancer.

Iphaneli engentla ithi, "Olunye uphononongo lwenzululwazi lubonisa ukuba i-PFAS ethile inokuchaphazela iinkqubo ezithile emzimbeni." Isiteyitimenti sidala ukuthandabuza kwingqondo yoluntu kuba ishiya kuvuleke ukuba ezinye izinto zePFAS zisenokungabi mbi ngelixa uninzi lwezifundo lubonisa ukuba zonke izinto zePFAS zinokuba yingozi. I-DOD ilandela ukukhokela kwe-EPA kunye neCongress malunga noku. Endaweni yokuthintela kwangoko zonke iikhemikhali ze-PFAS kunye nokuvumela ukusetyenziswa kwe-PFAS enye nganye ukuba bagwetywe njengabangenabungozi, i-EPA kunye neCongress ziyaqhubeka nokuvumela ukwanda kwezi carcinogens ngelixa becinga ukuba baqhubeke nokuzivavanya nganye nganye. .

Injongo # 3 -Ukufezekisa uxanduva lwethu lokucoca ngokunxulumene nePFAS.

Akukho nto inokuthi iqhubeke inyani kuba i-DOD ayamkeli xanduva ngokuziphatha kolwaphulo-mthetho. Umkhosi woMoya ubangalele kwiinkundla zomanyano "Ukungamameli kuzimele geqe" ivumela ukungahoyi nayiphi na imigaqo karhulumente ephathelene nongcoliseko lwePFAS. Ulawulo lweTrump lwe-DOD luxelela abantu baseMelika ukuba linelungelo lokufaka ityhefu ngelixa uluntu lungenakwenza nto ngalo.

Kwangelo xesha, emkhosini usika kwaye unamathisela ulwimi olusuka kwi-boilerplate ukuvelisa intetho ebubuvuvu ngolu hlobo: “I-DOD iye yabeka phambili amanyathelo ngokwesicwangciso kwaye isebenza ngamandla ukuwagqiba ngokuvavanya nokumisela imigaqo-nkqubo kunye neemfuno zokunika ingxelo, ukukhuthaza kunye nokukhawulezisa uphando. kunye nophuhliso, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba amaCandelo eDoD ayaxoxa kwaye athetha malunga nePFAS kwimeko engaguquguquki, evulekileyo nengacacanga. "

Le yinkunkuma kwaye lixesha lokuba uluntu lwaseMelika luvuke luthuthu.

Ukuba i-DOD yayinzulu ngokwenene malunga nokucoca i-PFAS, babeza kuvavanya amanzi kwilizwe liphela, kubandakanya amanzi esitshi kunye namanzi amdaka ahamba evela kwiindawo ezingcolisekileyo kwiziseko.

I-DOD iyaqonda ukuba i-PFAS evela kufakelo lomkhosi ingcolise iinkqubo zamanzi emvula kunye ne-biosolids yamanzi amdaka kunye nodaka. Oku kukhutshwa kwesiqhelo kubonisa eyona ndlela iphambili yokungenisa kwabantu kuba amanzi anetyhefu angcolisa amanzi aphezu komhlaba kunye nobomi baselwandle obudliwayo ngabantu, ngelixa ilindle lokuhambisa amanzi amdaka lisasazeka kumasimi efama atyala izityalo ukuze zisetyenziswe ngabantu. Iimbatyisi, oononkala, iintlanzi, amaqunube, iasparagus, kunye netswele zinetyhefu - ukubala izinto ezimbalwa esizityayo.

Endaweni yokusebenzisana ne-EPA ukumisela amanqanaba aphezulu angcolisayo kwezi zixhobo zosasazo, i-DOD's Task Force imema ukuba kugcinwe umkhondo weemfuno ezahlukeneyo zePFAS kumaphepha-mvume okukhupha amanzi. Umkhosi uthi uza kuvavanya nokuba uyaphuhlisa isikhokelo malunga neendlela zokulahla amajelo eendaba anePFAS; Ukulawula konke ukukhutshwa okune-PFAS; nokujongana ne-biosolids yamanzi amdaka kunye nodaka oluqukethe i-PFAS. Bayasilela ekuqwalaseleni ukutshiswa kwesitokhwe eshiyekileyo sePFAS.

Bayala ukulungisa ingxaki yezempilo yoluntu ebangelwe yiyo.

Nangona kukho malunga ne-600 PFAS kwezorhwebo, okwangoku zintathu kuphela - i-PFOS, i-PFOA, kunye ne-PFBS-zisekele amaxabiso enetyhefu asetyenziswa yi-DoD ukumisela ukuba ukucoca kuyafuneka. Eminye yimidlalo efanelekileyo, kwaye uninzi sele lukhona emzimbeni wakho, lubangela ingozi.