Oku kulandelayo isandulela nguDavid Swanson kwincwadi entsha ebizwa ngokuba Uxolo Ifilosofi kunye noBomi boLuntu: izibophelelo, iingxaki, kunye neengcamango zokuzicingela ihlelwe nguGreg Moses noGail Presbey, ekhoyo evela Umvakalisi or Amazon okanye ibhokisi lakho leencwadi.
Le ncwadana yenza ibango elinyanzela ukuba ukuba siza kususa ihlabathi lemfazwe, siya kufuna ukusebenzisa kuphela izixhobo eziqhelekileyo-intlangano, imfundo, i-activism, i-lobbying, ukumelana nokungaxhasi, ubugcisa, ukuzonwabisa kunye nokudala ezinye izakhiwo ukukhokela kwimfazwe-kodwa siya kufuna kwakhona ukusebenzisa umthamo ophilileyo wefilosofi. Ngaloo nto anditsho ukuba uzame ukufika kwizinto ezingaphezulu kweziluntu, ezingcwele, ezicocekileyo okanye ezijolise kuyo nayiphi na into, kodwa kunoko, ukuzama ukugxininisa indlela eninzi ngayo imbono yethu yezinto ezikhethiweyo, kunye nokuphakamisa ukhetho olukhethiweyo.
Kule maphepha, uya kuqonda ukusetyenziswa, kungekhona nje ukufuna ukwazi, nantoni na indlela esithetha ngayo kwaye siyicinge ngayo, kuquka oko sikuthethayo ngokuthi "thina" xa sithetha ngemicimbi yangaphandle, sithetha ntoni "ngobuzwe," "ngongongobungqina," okanye ngokuthi "ubuntuntu." Kutheni sifuna ukuba ukuxolelwa akukho ndawo kumgaqo-nkqubo woluntu ngelixa lijongene neemeko esingazifuniyo kwaye silindele? Siyalahla iingxabano ezisuka kumagunya njengabasebenzisi kunye nabavoti kodwa kungekhona-le ncwadi ibonisa-xa siphulaphula ukuthotyelwa komthetho. Ngoba?
Naliphi na inani lokuchasana kwi-labeling yethu yezenzo kufuneka lihlolwe. Ngaba idilesi kunye nemibutho yemfazwe inokuchazwa ngokwenene njengokudala imisebenzi? Ngaba sinakho iziko zokulungiswa ezingalungisi nto, okanye umgaqo-nkqubo wokulwa nobugandaganda owandisa ubuphekula? Ngaba zikhona ezinye iindlela zobomi bethu boluntu esingaqwalaselwanga kakuhle? Okhe, kunoko, unikezwe iindidi ezingapheliyo zeendlela ezingenakucinga ngazo, zeziphi iziphakamiso ezinokubangela ukuba sizenzele ukuba ziqulunqwe ukuqwalaselwa?
Yingakho sifuna izafilosofi kunye neencwadi ezifana nale.
Kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo, umlobi wezesayensi uJohn Horgan wenza ingxabano emide yokuba kungenzeka ukuphelisa imfazwe ehlabathini. Wenza ibango lokuba imfazwe yimizimba yethu, ibango lokuba imfazwe iqhutyelwa utshintsho lwabantu, ibango lokuba ininzi ye-sociopath inekhokelela ekukhokeleni uhlanga kwimfazwe, ibango lokuba ubunqongophala bobuncwane okanye ukungalingani okanye ukugcinwa kwezixhobo ezikhuselekileyo zikwenza imfazwe. Emva kweentaba zophando, uHorgan waphetha ukuba imfazwe ikhona kuphela kwiintlanga ezamkela okanye zibhiyozele imbono yemfazwe. Ngoko ke, sikhululekile ukukhetha ukugatya ingcamango yemfazwe kunye nayo, njengoko abanye benza ngaphambili.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, uJean Paul Sartre, wafika kwisigqibo esifanayo ngaphandle kwesicatshulwa sophando. Ndicinga ukuba kubalulekile ukuba sifike kwisigqibo sokuba singagqiba imfazwe ngaphandle kophando. Akufanele sifumane umkhwa wokucinga ukuba kufuneka silinde amagunya ukuba aqinisekise ukuba into eyenziwe ngaphambili, ngaphambi kokuba sizame ukwenza. Akukho nto ingaba yimalithi. Ukuba asikwazi ukufumana urhulumente wehlabathi de kubekho umntu obonise ukuba oorhulumente behlabathi babakho ngaphambili, asiyi kuze sibe neyodwa, kwaye ingcamango yokuba nomnye iya kusibetha njengento engafanelekiyo. Mhlawumbi kungabikho nto. Mhlawumbi yinto eyoyikisayo. Kodwa asifanele siyibhale nje ngokuba kunjalo ngenxa yokuba ingazange ilingwe.
Oku, akunjalo, ukucacisa ukuba uphando olusisigxina aluyixabiso. Asinakuphila okanye siphumelele ngaphandle kwayo. Asikwazanga ukuthetha ngengqiqo malunga nehlabathi esifuna ukutshintsha ngaphandle kwayo. Akukuso ukugwetywa kwezinto kunye neenkcukacha ukuba zikhanyele indima yokunciphisa ingcamango yethu. Akukho phando lokubonisa ukuba ubukhoboka buya kupheliswa ngaphambi kokuba kuqedwe. Nangona kukho ukuzimisela abanye ukuba bamkele oko, emva koko konke, kubonakale: ubukhoboka buya kuphela xa abantu bakhetha ukuyeka ukusebenzisa ubukhoboka, ukuba babecinga kwaye bakha uluntu olungenalo.
Abantu batyale inzame enkulu ekudaleni iimfazwe. Bangakhetha ukungafuni ukwenza njalo. Ukuguqula loo mbono ebonakalayo ebonakalayo kwisifundo sezenzululwazi ukuba ngaba abantu abaneleyo baye bawunqaba imfazwe kwixesha elidlulileyo ukuligatya kwixesha elizayo, luncedo kwaye lunobungozi kwesizathu. Inceda abo bafuna ukubona ukuba oko bafuna ukukwenza kuye kwenziwa ngaphambili. Kubuhlungu umkhwa esiwufuna ukuphuhlisa ukucinga ngezinto ezintsha.
Le ncwadi ezandleni zakho izele iinyani, kodwa ayikho into eqhutywa. Kuqhutywa ngcamango. Kule maphepha, uya kukhokelwa ukuba ucinge ngemibono eyahlukeneyo yobuzwe kunye nelizwe. Ngaba kukho ukuhlukahluka okunomxholo kumxholo? Ngaba kukho enye enezinto ezaneleyo kulo ukukhupha umonakalo? Apha uya kufumana loo nto ukucinga ngayo.
Ngaba sinokuzicingela iintlanga ezinomgaqo-nkqubo olwachasayo? Ukuze senze njalo, siya kufuneka siyeke ukucinga ukuba sele sinabo. Ngexesha leMfazwe yeCold, i-"balance balance" yahlonishwa ngokupheleleyo. "Ukutshatyalaza kunye neloyiko" ngumngqongquthela. Iinqwelo ze-Drone ezigqithiseleyo kwiidolophane zingabangelwa ngabangqina. Yintoni eyayiza kubonakala ngathi umgaqo-nkqubo wongqubani-mbambano?
Sikuncedwa kunye nokucinga kwethu ngemibandela yonke encwadini yendlela abanye abantu abaphawulekayo baye bathetha ngayo iindlela ezingazange zithathwe. Usuku lweDorothy lucebise impendulo kwiPearl Harbour equka ukuxolelwa kweJapan. Watsho ukuba i-hers yayiyilindelo elibi, Usuku lwaluthetha ukuba ama-Afrika aseMelika ayehlala ehlaselwa okanye ehlaselwa e-United States kwaye abo babathandayo babelindele ukuxolela.
Ukulandela i-11 Septemba 2001, uShirin Ebadi wacebisa izikolo zokwakha e-Afghanistan ezibizwa ngokuba ngamaxhoba okuhlaselwa ngaloo mini. Isiphakamiso esinjalo siya kusasaza kubantu abaninzi xa kulandelayo kuyenziwa emva kweentlekele ezizayo. Kodwa kukho ukungathandabuzeki kokubheka emva koko ukuba bekuya kwenza okulungileyo ngakumbi kunokuba indlela eyenziwa-indlela yendalo, evamile, eyamkelekileyo, eyamkelekileyo yokubhubhisa abantu ukuba bajezise ulwaphulo-mthetho lwabo baninzi abazange balive kodwa bengenalo. Xa indlela ekhethwa ngokucacileyo iyaqhubeka isandila, iyisayinwa esihle sidinga ukutshintsha indlela esiyijonga ngayo.
Abanikelayo kulo mqulu bacebisa ukutshintshwa kwimiba ebonakalayo kwiindawo ezininzi zokungena. Ezi ziquka ukufuduka, ukuziphatha ngokwezoqoqosho, iingxaki zobuthengi, kunye nobutyebi kunye nentlupheko. Ngaba simele sinyamezele abafuduki okanye siwamkele ngoxabiso? Ngaba simele senze inceba okanye ngokubambisana? Kwaye kuya kuthinteka njani le nketho ekumkelekeni kwezinto ezibizwa ngokuba yimfazwe "zokunceda"?
U-Nick Braune usikhuthaza ukuba sicinge ngeengxabano ezidlulileyo ezivela kwigunya ukwenzela ukutshintsha ngokusishukumisayo ukunyanzelwa kwamapolisa. Esikhundleni sokujolisa ukuvuma, abaphandi bafuna ukukhusela nokwazisa umntu ophandwayo. Ukuba oko kuzwakala kungabonakaliyo, buyela kule ngqangi emva kokufunda le ncwadi kwaye mhlawumbi kuya kubonakala kuqhelekile. Kunzima kakhulu ukuba sibone nantoni na ngaphandle kweyesiqhelo, nangona kubonakala ngathi iphosa ngeyure. Kodwa ukubona iinqununu, ukubona ezininzi "eziqhelekileyo," kuyisakhono esifanele siyenze, kuba sidinga ukukwazi ukuguqula umbono wethu.
Uninzi lwabantu abathengisa iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni eUnited States bumhlophe, kodwa abantu bemibala "babonakala ngathi" abathengisi beziyobisi kwamanye amapolisa. Nabani na otyholwa ulwaphulo-mthetho "ubonakala" enetyala kubantu abaninzi abaqeshwe kwinkqubo yobulungisa bezobugebengu. "Imfazwe" kwiziyobisi ezisetyenziselwe ukuvelisa iimfazwe zangempela zijongene nezizathu zokulwa neemfazwe. Ngokuqinisekileyo asiyikusemthethweni into esilwa nayo imfazwe!
Imveliso yethu "yokulungiswa" ayifundisi amabanjwa, kodwa ifundisa sonke ukuba samkele ukuvalelwa kwamatyala. Iintolongo kunye nemigudu yemfazwe zikhuthazwa njengeenkqubo zengqesho, njengokunika ubomi, njengokuba uxolo. Kodwa sinobuchule obupheleleyo behlabathi elibumbeneyo apho iimeko ezingenangqondo zivakala ngathi zingenangqondo. Simele sizame ukuphuhlisa loo mbono.
Ngamanye amaxesha izixhobo zenyukliya zicinga ngathi zigcina zikhuselekile, kodwa uSuku noSartre noAlbert Camus baphendule ngokukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza ekudalweni kwabo. Kubonakala ukuba ukuphazamiseka kuyimpendulo efanelekileyo kuzo zonke iintlobo zophuhliso ezichazwe njengenkqubela okanye zingabhengezwa kuzo zonke. Sifaka isibhakabhaka ngamadrones abulalayo kule mihla kwaye sibandezeleka ngokulinganayo kweentloni.
Ziziphi izinto ezityhaphazayo ezizilindeleyo? Le ncwadi iyayilumkisa ngenye into esinokuyilindela: iintlupheko zenkxaso, inkathazo yemozulu, ukungena kwamanye amazwe, ababaleki, kunye nemibutho emincinci ekhoyo kwiindawo ezinkulu ezinobushushu. Ezi ngxaki zinesisombululo kunye neendlela zokuthintela, kwaye kufuneka sicinge ngendlela yethu ngoku.
Abapolitiki bethu bakhathalela ngokubanzi ababaleki baseSiriya ngexesha lokuba ndibhale, ngelixa ndixhasa uxolo lwaseSiriya malunga nokuxhamla kwamaSiriya. Ukuba ngaba sinokuqonda kangcono inkxwaleko yababaleki kwihlabathi, ngaba bangabaleka nale nto?
Asikwazi ukuba zeziphi iingxaki eziza kuba. Izinto ezingaziwa ezingaziwa zisilindele. Kodwa sinokukwazi ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba abantu abangaziwa-iimveliso zengcamango yabantu ukuba abanye abantu kwiindawo zamandla bakhethe ukugwema ukuqaphela-baya kubamba amaninzi kwixesha elizayo uDonald Rumsfeld.
Imfazwe akuyona nje imveliso yembono yemfazwe. Kuyinto yemveliso yobuqhetseba obungenangqondo kunye nokungazi ngamabomu. Ayinakuzimela ngokwabo. Iifake zekhekhezi azikhe zikhethi. Abakhululekile abanakuze babonge. Iimithombo zithela ngeminwe yabaphangi. Iibhobho zihlala zihluleka ukuvelisa iidemokhrasi ezidumileyo. Inkululeko esiyibulalayo ngokuqinisekileyo ihlawulelwe ukuxhasa ukubulawa.
UDavid Swanson Charlottesville, waseVirginia
