Izifundo zoxolo

NguDavid Swanson

Ndisanda kufunda eyona intshayelelo yoxolo endakha ndayibona. Ibizwa Izifundo zoxolo, kwaye yincwadi entsha kaTimothy Braatz. Ayikhawulezi kakhulu okanye ayicothi kakhulu, ayifihli kwaye ayikruquli. Ayimgxothi umfundi kubutshantliziyo obusiya kukucamngca kunye “noxolo lwangaphakathi,” kodwa iqala kwaye igcine igxile kubutshantliziyo kunye nesicwangciso esisebenzayo soguqulo lwenguqu kwihlabathi kwinqanaba elifunekayo. Njengoko nisenokuba niqokelelene, ndiye ndafunda ezinye iincwadi ezifanayo endikhalazileyo ngazo.

Ngokungathandabuzekiyo kukho iincwadi ezininzi ezingakumbi, ezifanayo endingazifundanga, yaye ngokungathandabuzekiyo inkoliso yazo igubungela iingcamango ezisisiseko zogonyamelo oluthe ngqo, olungokwesakhiwo nolwempucuko nokungabi nalugonyamelo. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo uninzi lwabo luphonononga imbali yenkulungwane yama-20 yokubhukuqwa ngokungenalugonyamelo koozwilakhe. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo intshukumo yamalungelo oluntu e-US ingumxholo oqhelekileyo, ngakumbi phakathi kwababhali baseMelika. Incwadi kaBraatz igubungela lo mmandla kunye neminye imimandla eqhelekileyo kangangokuba andizange ndihendeke ukuba ndiyibeke phantsi. Unika ezona mpendulo zilungileyo zifumanekayo kwimibuzo eqhelekileyo evela kwinkcubeko ebalaseleyo esekwe emfazweni, kananjalo: “Ungadubula umpu ophambeneyo ukuze usindise umakhulu wakho?” “Kuthekani ngoHitler?”

UBraatz wazisa iikhonsepthi ezisisiseko ngokucaciswa kwekristale, emva koko aqhubeke nokubakhanyisela ngengxoxo yedabi laseLittle Bighorn ngokwembono yoxolo. Le ncwadi ifanele ukufumana oku yodwa, okanye kwingxoxo efanayo yokuqonda yokusetyenziswa kukaJohn Brown kwezicwangciso ezingenabugorha ezidityaniswe nokusetyenziswa kobundlobongela. UBrown useke iprojekthi eyakhayo, intsebenziswano yoluntu olungengosolusapho. UBrown wayegqibe kwelokuba ukufa kwamadoda amhlophe kuphela kunokuvusa abantu baseNyakatho kububi bobukhoboka, ngaphambi kokungaphumeleli kwakhe ukubaleka i-Harper's Ferry. Funda iBraatz kwiingcambu zikaBrown zeQuaker ngaphambi kokuba ucinge ukuba uyabuqonda ubunzima bakhe.

Isishwankathelo seBraatz kwi "Kodwa kuthekani ngoHitler?" umbuzo usenokuhamba ngolu hlobo. Xa uHitler waqala ukuthomalalisa amaJamani awayegula ngengqondo, amazwi ambalwa awaziwayo aphakanyiswa ngokuchaseneyo akhokelela ekurhoxisweni kwaloo nkqubo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-T4. Xa uninzi lwabemi baseJamani lwalungakholiswa luhlaselo lweCrystal Night kumaYuda, loo maqhinga ayekwa. Xa abafazi abangengomaYuda bamadoda angamaYuda baqalisa ukuqhankqalaza eBerlin befuna ukuba bakhululwe, baza abanye bathelela kuloo miboniso, loo madoda nabantwana bawo bakhululwa. Yintoni enokwenziwa liphulo elikhulu, elicetyiweyo elingcono lokuchasa ubundlobongela? Ayizange izame, kodwa akunzima ukuyithelekelela. Uqhankqalazo lukawonke-wonke lwalurhoxisa ubhukuqo-mbuso lwaseJamani ngowe-1920. Ukungabikho kogonyamelo kweJamani kwakuphelisile ukuhlasela kwamaFrentshi kummandla waseRuhr ngeminyaka yee-1920, yaye ukungabi nagonyamelo kwakuya kuthi kamva kushenxise uzwilakhe ongenanceba kulawulo eMpuma Jamani ngowe-1989. ngempumelelo ngokuchasene namaNazi eDenmark naseNorway ngocwangciso oluncinci, ulungelelwaniso, isicwangciso, okanye uqeqesho. EFinland, eDenmark, eItali, ngakumbi eBulgaria, yaye ngomlinganiselo omncinane kwezinye iindawo, abangengomaYuda baxhathisa ngokuphumelelayo imiyalelo yamaJamani yokubulala amaYuda. Yaye kuthekani ukuba amaYuda aseJamani ayeyiqondile ingozi aze axhathisa ngokungenalugonyamelo, elawula ngomlingo ukusebenzisa ubuchule obuphuhliswayo nobuqondwa kumashumi eminyaka eyalandelayo, yaye amaNazi aqalisa ukubaxhela kwizitrato zikawonke wonke kunokuba kwiinkampu ezikude? Ngaba izigidi ngezazisindisiwe yintsabelo yoluntu ngokubanzi? Asinakwazi kuba ayizange izame.

Ndingongeza, ngokwembono ehambelanayo: Kwiinyanga ezintandathu emva kwePearl Harbour, kwiholo ye-Union Methodist Church eManhattan, unobhala olawulayo we-War Resisters League u-Abraham Kaufman wathi iUnited States kufuneka ixoxisane noHitler. Kwabo babesithi awunakukwazi ukuthethathethana noHitler, wabacacisela ukuba aMazwe Amanyeneyo ayesele ethethathethana noHitler ngamabanjwa emfazwe nokuthunyelwa kokutya eGrisi. Kwiminyaka ezayo, abaphembeleli boxolo baya kuxoxa ukuba ukuthethathethana ngoxolo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa okanye uloyiso kwakuya kusindisa amaYuda kwaye kusindise ihlabathi kwiimfazwe eziza kulandela ngoku. Isiphakamiso sabo asizange sivavanywe, izigidi zafela kwiinkampu zamaNazi, yaye iimfazwe ezalandelayo azikapheli.

Kodwa inkolelo yokungaphepheki kwemfazwe inokuphela. Umntu unokuqonda ngokulula, njengoko uBraatz ephawula, indlela yokuziphatha elumkileyo kwiminyaka yee-1920 kunye neye-1930 yayinokuthi iphephe iMfazwe Yehlabathi II.

Imbali kaBraatz emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini yezenzo ezingenabundlobongela yenziwa kakuhle, kubandakanywa nohlalutyo lwakhe malunga nendlela ukuphela kweMfazwe ebandayo kuvumeleke impumelelo kwiiPhilippines nasePoland ukuba ibangele impumelelo engazange iphumelele ngaphambili. Ndicinga ukuba ingxoxo yeGene Sharp kunye noguquko lombala belunokuxhamla kuqwalaselo olubalulekileyo lwendima edlalwe ngurhulumente wase-US - into eyenziwe kakuhle I-Ukraine: I-Grand Chessboard yeZbig kunye nendlela iNtshona yaHlolwa ngayo. Kodwa emva kokuba ebhale iimpumelelo ezininzi zezenzo, uBraatz uphinda ajikeleze ukuze afanelekele le lebhile. Enyanisweni, ubaluleke kakhulu kwiimpumelelo ezininzi ezingenabo ubundlobongela njengokulungiswa ngokwaneleyo kobundlobongela besakhiwo kunye nenkcubeko, okwenza utshintsho oluphezulu kuphela ngokubhukuqa iinkokeli.

Ukwayigxeka kakhulu intshukumo yamalungelo oluntu e-US, hayi ngendlela yokuzikhukhumalisa yobuntwana yokujongela phantsi nabaphi na abathathi-nxaxheba, kodwa njengengcali yokuzingela amathuba alahlekileyo kunye nezifundo eziya phambili. Amathuba alahlekileyo, ucinga, abandakanya uMatshi eWashington kunye namaxesha ambalwa ahlukeneyo kwiphulo leSelma, kubandakanya nexesha apho uKumkani wajika umngcelele ebhulorho.

Le ncwadi iya kwenza uthotho oloyikekayo lweengxoxo kwikhosi yamathuba oxolo. Njengekhosi enjalo, nangona kunjalo, ndicinga ukuba iyasilela-njengoko phantse lonke uqeqesho lwezifundo zoxolo lunqongophele-uhlalutyo olukhulu lwengxaki yeemfazwe zase-US zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye kunye nemfazwe yehlabathi-apho lo matshini wemfazwe ungazange ubonwe ngaphambili, yintoni eqhubayo. , kunye nendlela yokuyiphelisa. UBraatz, nangona kunjalo, unikezela ngombono uninzi lwethu ababenalo ngelo xesha kwaye abanye (njengoKathy Kelly) bathatha amanyathelo oku: Kuthekani ukuba kukhokele kuhlaselo lwe-Iraq lwe-2003 umkhosi omkhulu woxolo kubandakanya abantu abadumileyo abavela eNtshona kwaye Ihlabathi jikelele laliyenze indlela yalo eya eBaghdad njengamakhaka abantu?

Singayisebenzisa ngoku eAfghanistan, eIraq, eSyria, ePakistan, eYemen, eSomalia, eUkraine, eIran, nakwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zaseAfrika naseAsia. Libhiya Ntathu kwiminyaka emine eyadlulayo yayilithuba elimangalisayo lesenzo esinjalo. Ngaba umatshini wemfazwe uza kuzisa eyona ilunge ngakumbi, enesilumkiso esaneleyo? Ngaba siya kukulungela ukwenza ngokuvisisana nawo?