By IsiGqeba seZero soMgangatho weNxaxheba engeyiyo, UJanuwari 5, 2020
I-Puget Isandi sabaphembeleli boxolo, phambi kweSivumelwano seNyukliya sokuNgena ngokuSebenza, babhenela kubasebenzi boMkhosi wamanzi kwiNavy Base Kitsap-Bangor: Yala ii-odolo ezingekho mthethweni; Yala ukumilisela imijukujelwa yenyukliya.
NgeCawa kaJanuwari 3rd, Iphepha elipheleleyo lentengiso lapapashwa kwiphephandaba iKitsap Sun, ethetha nabezomkhosi kwiNavy Base Kitsap-Bangor. Isibhengezo sisibheno kubasebenzi boMkhosi wamanzi ukuba bayichase imiyalelo yokuqalisa izixhobo zenyukliya. Isibheno esineesiginitsha ezixhasayo yile iposwe kwiwebhusayithi yethu.
Isibheno kuBasebenzi boMkhosi wamanzi ngokucela ngokukodwa ukuba amalungu omkhosi oxhobileyo-
Yichase iiodolo ezingekho mthethweni.
Yala ukubulala abahlali abamsulwa.
Wala umyalelo wokusebenzisa izixhobo zenyukliya.
Ukusondela kwethu kwelona nani likhulu lezixhobo zenyukliya ezisetyenzisiweyo kusibeka kufutshane nesoyikiso esiyingozi sasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe.
Xa abemi besazi ngendima yabo kwithemba lemfazwe yenyukliya, okanye umngcipheko wengozi yenyukliya, umba awuseyonto ethatyathiweyo. Ukusondela kwethu eBangor kufuna impendulo enzulu.
Ngokubhekisele kwisibheno kuLuntu lwaBasebenzi boMkhosi woMkhosi, abaphembeleli boxolo abaceli ukuba abasebenzi bezomkhosi bayishiye inkonzo, kodwa endaweni yoko bakhonze ngentlonipho kwaye ngokungqinelana Ikhowudi engafaniyo yobulungisa bezomkhosi (UCMJ) kunye nomthetho wamanye amazwe.
Ilungu lomhlaba u-Elizabeth Murray uthe, “Amatsha ntliziyo oxolo kwingingqi yasePuget Sound athethile noluntu lwethu ngokuchasene nezixhobo zenyukliya ukusukela oko 1970s. Sifundile ukuba sinenkxalabo efanayo namalungu omkhosi oxhalabileyo — inkxalabo yokuba ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya kungakhokelela kwintshabalalo engathethekiyo kubantu abamsulwa nakwiplanethi yethu. ”
Izigqibo zamanye amazwe zigwebe ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya akukho semthethweni, kubandakanya nezigqibo yezizwe ngezizwe inkundla yezoBulungisa ngo-1996; i Ngo-1948 i-Universal Declaration of Human Rights; i Ingqungquthela yowe-1949 yaseGeneva; kwaye i Umgaqo-nkqubo weNgqungquthela yase-Geneva ka-1977.
IZizwe eziManyeneyo ISivumelwano kwiNqabana yeZixhobo zeNyukliya (TPNW) izongena ngokusemthethweni ngoJanuwari 22nd ngoku amazwe angaphezu kwama-50 ayityikityileyo kwaye ayivuma. I-TPNW iyazinqanda izizwe eziqinisekisile isiVumelwano "ekuphuhliseni, ukuvavanya, ukuvelisa, ukuvelisa, ukufumana, ukubamba, okanye ukugcina izixhobo zenyukliya okanye ezinye izixhobo zenyukliya." Banqatshelwe ekugqithiseni okanye ekufumaneni izixhobo zenyukliya kunye nezixhobo zenyukliya, oko kuthetha ukuba abanakho ukuvumela izixhobo zenyukliya ukuba zibekwe okanye zisasazwe kumazwe abo. Amazwe nawo awanqatshelwe ukusebenzisa okanye ukugrogrisa ukusebenzisa izixhobo zenyukliya kunye nezinye izixhobo zenyukliya. Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu, iNqaku XII lesiVumelwano lifuna oorhulumente abathe baqinisekisa umnqophiso ukuba bacinezele amazwe angaphandle kwesi siVumelwano ukuba basisayine kwaye basivume. Nokuba iUnited States, okanye naziphi na ezinye izizwe ezixhobileyo zenyukliya, azikayisayini i-TPNW.
The Ikhowudi engafaniyo yobulungisa bezomkhosi (UCMJ) kuyenza icace into yokuba abasebenzi bezomkhosi banoxanduva kunye noxanduva lokuthobela kuphela imiyalelo esemthethweni kwaye banembopheleleko yokwenza oko ukungathobeli imiyalelo engekho mthethweni, kubandakanya ii-odolo zomongameli ezingayithobeliyo i-UCMJ. Uxanduva lokuziphatha kunye nolwezomthetho kukuMgaqo-siseko wase-US hayi kwabo banokuthi bakhuphe ii-odolo ezingekho mthethweni, ngakumbi ukuba loo miyalelo ichasene ngqo noMgaqo-siseko kunye ne-UCMJ.
Isiseko seNqanawa yeKitsap-Bangor ligoduka lisiya kweyona ndawo inkulu yoxinzelelo lwezixhobo zenyukliya e-US. Imfazwe yenyukliya ifakwe kwi-Trident Iimpazamo ze-D-5 on Iinqanawa zeenqanawa ze-SSBN kwaye zigcinwe phantsi komhlaba indawo yokugcina izixhobo kwisiseko.
Kukho iindlela ezisibhozo ze-Trident ze-SSBN ezisasazwe apho Bangor. Iinqanawa ezintandathu ze-TrBN ze-Sitro zigxunyekwe kuNxweme oluseMpuma eKing Bay Bay, eGeorgia.
Inqanawa enye yaselwandle iTrident ithwala amandla atshabalalisayo ngaphezulu kweebhombu ze-1,200 zeHiroshima (ibhombu yaseHiroshima yayiziikhilotoni ezili-15) okanye amandla atshabalalisayo eebhombu ezingama-900 zeNagasaki (iikhilotoni ezingama-20.)
Inqanawa yolwandle nganye eTrident yayixhotyiselwe imijukujelwa engama-24 eTrident. Kwi-2015-2017 iityhubhu ezine zemijukujelwa zacinywa kwinkwili nganye ngenxa yesiVumelwano esitsha sokuQala. Okwangoku, inkwili nganye yaselwandle iTrident ihambisa imijukujelwa engama-20 D-5 kunye nemikhosi yenyukliya engama-90 (umndilili we-4-5 yemfazwe nganye ngomjukujelwa). Iimfazwe ziyi-W76-1 90-kiloton okanye i-W88 455-kiloton warheads.
Umkhosi wasemanzini kwangoko ngonyaka ka-2020 waqalisa ukuthumela into entsha I-W76-2 intloko yemfazwe eneemveliso ezisezantsi (malunga neekhilotoni ezisibhozo) ekukhetheni imijukujelwa yangaphantsi kolwandle eBangor (kulandela ukuthunyelwa okokuqala kwiAtlantic ngoDisemba 2019). Intloko yomkhosi yathunyelwa ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kweRussia okokuqala kwezixhobo zenyukliya, kuyingozi ukudala umbundu osezantsi ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya zase-US ezicwangcisiweyo.
Nakuphi na ukusetyenziswa kwe izixhobo zenukliya ngokuchasene nelinye ilizwe lezixhobo zenyukliya elinokuthi lenze ukuba kuphendulwe ngezixhobo zenyukliya, kubangele ukufa kunye nentshabalalo. Ngaphandle kwe iziphumo ngqo kubachasi, ukuwa okunxulumene nemitha ye-radioactive kuya kuchaphazela abantu bezinye izizwe. Iimpembelelo zabantu kunye nezoqoqosho kwihlabathi liphela ziya kuba ngaphaya kokuthelekelela, kunye nemiyalelo yobukhulu obungaphaya kweziphumo zobhubhane wecoronavirus.
UHans M. Kristensen ingumthombo oyingcali wale ngxelo, "I-Naval Base Kitsap-Bangor… enezona zixhobo zininzi zisetyenzisiweyo eMelika ” (Jonga umxholo osetyenzisiweyo Apha kwaye AphaMnu. Kristensen ngumlawuli we IProjekthi yoLwazi lweNyukliya e I-Federation of American Scientists apho anika uluntu uhlalutyo kunye nolwazi lwangemuva malunga nemeko yenyukliya kunye nendima yezixhobo zenyukliya.
Uxanduva lwasekuhlaleni kunye nezixhobo zenyukliya
Ukusondela kwethu kwelona nani likhulu lezixhobo zenyukliya ezisetyenzisiweyo kusibeka kufutshane nesoyikiso esiyingozi sasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Xa abemi besazi ngendima yabo kwithemba lemfazwe yenyukliya, okanye umngcipheko wengozi yenyukliya, umba awuseyonto ethatyathiweyo. Ukusondela kwethu eBangor kufuna impendulo enzulu.
Abemi kulawulo lwentando yesininzi bakwanalo noxanduva – olubandakanya ukukhetha iinkokheli zethu kunye nokuhlala unolwazi malunga noko kwenziwa ngurhulumente wethu. Isiseko sasemanzini eBangor ziimayile ezingama-20 ukusuka edolophini yaseSeattle, kodwa yipesenti encinci yabemi kwingingqi yethu eyaziyo ukuba i-Naval Base Kitsap-Bangor ikhona.
Abemi baseWashington State bahlala bekhetha amagosa aseburhulumenteni axhasa izixhobo zenyukliya kwiWashington State. Kwii-1970s, uSenator uHenry Jackson waqinisekisa iPentagon ukuba ifumane isiseko sangaphantsi kolwandle iTrident kwiHood Canal, ngelixa uSenator uWarren Magnuson efumene inkxaso-mali yeendlela kunye nezinye iimpembelelo ezibangelwe sisiseko seTrident. Inqanawa yokuqala yasemanzini eTrident eza kuthiywa ngegama lomntu (kunye nowayesakuba nguSenator wase-Washington State) I-USS Henry M. Jackson(SSBN-730), ikhaya elihanjiswe kwiNavy Base Kitsap-Bangor.
Ngo-2012, iWashington State yamisela i- IArhente yeMikhosi yaseWashington (WMA), ikhuthazwe ngamandla ngabo bobabini iRhuluneli uGregoire kunye no-Inslee. I-WMA, iSebe lezoKhuselo kunye nezinye iiarhente zikarhulumente zisebenza ukomeleza indima ye State Washington njenge "…Iplatifomu yoQikelelo lweMandla (Amachweba oololiwe, oololiwe, iiNdlela, kunye neenqwelo moya) [kunye] nomoya ohambelanayo, umhlaba, kunye nolwandle ukuze kufezekiswe uthumo. ” Jonga kwakhona "ingqokelela yamandla. "
I-Naval Base Kitsap-Bangor kunye nenkqubo yangaphantsi kolwandle eTrident iguqukile okoko kwafika inkwili yokuqala yeTrident ngo-Agasti 1982. isiseko siphuculwe ukuya kumjukujelwa omkhulu we-D-5 omkhulu nge-W88 enkulu (i-455 kiloton) yentloko yomlo, kunye nokuqhubeka kwesikhokelo semikhosi yemikhosi kunye neenkqubo zolawulo. Umkhosi wamanzi usandula ukuhambisa amancinci I-W76-2 "Isivuno esisezantsi" okanye isixhobo seNyukliya esineqhinga (malunga neekhilomitha ezisibhozo) kwimishini ekhethiweyo yokuphosa inqanawa e-Bangor, ngokwenza umngcipheko osezantsi wokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya.
Imicimbi
* I-US ichitha ngaphezulu izixhobo zenukliya iinkqubo kunokuba ngexesha lokuphakama kweMfazwe ebandayo.
* I-US okwangoku icwangcisa ukusebenzisa imali eqikelelweyo $ 1.7 zezigidi ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-30 yokwakha kwakhona izixhobo zenyukliya zesizwe kunye nezixhobo zenyukliya zala maxesha.
* INew York Times inike ingxelo yokuba i-US, iRussia kunye iTshayina basukela ngolunya isizukulwana esitsha esincinci kwaye esingachaphazeli izixhobo zenyukliya. Ukwakha kusongela ukuvuselela a Cold War-era iingalo ugqatso kwaye ungamiseleli ukulingana kwamandla phakathi kwezizwe.
* Umkhosi wamanzi waseMelika uthi I-SSBN oomatiloshe abajikelezayo banika i-US “eyona nto isindayo kunye nonyamezelo lwenyukliya.” Nangona kunjalo, ii-SSBNs kwizibuko kunye nemfazwe yenyukliya egcinwe kwi-SWFPAC inokuba yinto yokuqala ekujoliswe kuyo kwimfazwe yenyukliya. uphando imifanekiso ukusuka ku-2018 bonisa ama-subtrin amathathu e-SSBN kwindawo yokuhambisa amanzi kwiHood Canal.
* Ingozi ebandakanya izixhobo zenyukliya yenzekile Novemba 2003 xa ileli ingene kwi-nosecone yenyukliya ngexesha lokothula umjukujelwa ngesiqhelo kwii-Explosives Handling Wharf eBangor. Yonke imisebenzi yokuphatha imijukujelwa kwi-SWFPAC yamiswa iiveki ezilithoba de iBangor iphinde iqinisekiswe ukuphatha izixhobo zenyukliya. Abaphathi abathathu abaphezulu bagxothwa, kodwa uluntu aluzange luchazelwe kude kube ulwazi lwaziswa kumajelo eendaba ngoMatshi ka-2004.
* Iimpendulo zikawonke-wonke ezivela kumagosa aseburhulumente ngengozi ye-missile ka-2003 zazisoloko ziloluhlobo ngaliswa kwayekudana.
* Ngenxa yenkqubo yangoku eqhubekayo kunye neenkqubo zokulungiswa kwemfazwe e Bangor, imikhosi yenyukliya Zithunyelwa rhoqo kwiilori ezingaphawulwanga phakathi kweSebe lezaMandla i-Pantex Plant kufutshane ne-Amarillo, eTexas nakwisiseko saseBangor. Ngokungafaniyo noMkhosi wamanzi waseBangor, i DOE ngenkuthalo ikhuthaza ukulungela okungxamisekileyo.
Izixhobo zenyukliya kunye nokumelana
Ngo-1970 nango-1980, amawaka abonakalisiweyo nxamnye nezixhobo zenyukliya kwisiseko seBangor kunye amakhulu babanjwa. Seattle Ubhishophu omkhulu Hunthausen Babhengeza ukuba isiseko sangaphantsi kweBangor "IAuschwitz yePuget Isandi ” kwaye ngo-1982 waqala ukubamba isiqingatha serhafu yomdibaniso ngokukhalaza “Ukuqhubeka nokubandakanyeka kwesizwe sethu kugqatso lwezixhobo zenyukliya. ”
Ngomhla we-27 kaMeyi, 2016, UMongameli Obama uthethe eHiroshima kwaye wathi makupheliswe izixhobo zenyukliya. Uthe amagunya enyukliya “…Kumele ube nesibindi sokusinda ingqiqo yokwesaba, kwaye ulandele ihlabathi ngaphandle kwabo. " U-Obama wongeze wathi, "Kufuneka sitshintshe indlela esicinga ngayo ngemfazwe uqobo. ”
Malunga neZiko eliyiZero yoMhlaba
IZiko leZero loMhlaba leNtshukumo engenabundlobongela lasekwa ngonyaka we-1977. Eli ziko likwiihektare ezingama-3.8 ezidibanisa isiseko sangaphantsi kolwandle iTrident eBangor, Washington. IZiko eliPhantsi leZero lokuSebenza ngokuNgenabundlobongela linika ithuba lokuphonononga iingcambu zobundlobongela kunye nokungabikho kokusesikweni kwihlabathi lethu kunye nokufumana amandla aguqulayo othando ngezenzo ezingekho mthethweni. Simelana nazo zonke izixhobo zenyukliya, ngakumbi inkqubo yemijukujelwa yeTrident.
Imisebenzi yeZero yoMhlaba ezayo:
- Iziko leZero eliMandla lokuSebenza okungafunekiyo kunye World Beyond War Bahlawula ukuhambisa iibhodi zeebhodi ezine eSeattle ngoJanuwari ukubhengeza ukusebenza kweSivumelwano malunga nokuThintelwa kwezixhobo zeNyukliya (i-TPNW) kunye nokukhumbuza abemi ngomkhosi wamanzi waselwandle wenyukliya osendaweni yaseKitsap County.
- IGround Zero izakupapasha iZibhengezo zeNkonzo kaRhulumente ezihlawulelweyo ezimbini kwiphephandaba iThe Kitsap Sun- nge-15 kaJanuwarith ngozuko lukaMartin Luther King Jr., nange-22 kaJanuwarind ukuqaphela ukungena kwi-TPNW.
- Nge-15 kaJanuwarith, isikhumbuzo sokuzalwa kukaMartin Luther King, Omnci., iGround Zero iza kubamba umlindo kwiziko elisebenza ngenqanawa yaseBangor Trident, ehlonipha ilifa likaGqr. King lokungabi nogonyamelo nokuphikisana nezixhobo zenyukliya.
- Amalungu eGround Zero azakube ephethe iibhanile kuhola wendlela noohola bendlela eKitsap County naseSeattle ngoJanuwari 22.nd ukubhengeza ukungena kwi-TPNW.
Iinkcukacha zoqhagamshelwano info@gzcenter.org ngeenkcukacha zemisebenzi kaJanuwari.
