NguPatterson Deppen, TomDispatch, Agasti 19, 2021
NgoJanuwari 2004, uChalmers Johnson wabhala "Ubukhosi baseMelika beZiseko"ngenxa TomDispatch, Ukophula oko, ngokungathi kunjalo, kuthe cwaka kwezo zakhiwo zingaqhelekanga, ezinye zilingana needolophu ezincinci, ethe saa kulo mhlaba. Uyiqale ngale ndlela:
"Njengokwahlukileyo kwabanye abantu, uninzi lwabantu baseMelika aluyamkeli - okanye alufuni ukuqonda - ukuba iUnited States ilawula umhlaba ngamandla ayo omkhosi. Ngenxa yokufihla urhulumente, abemi bethu bahlala bengazi ukuba iigarrison zethu zijikeleze umhlaba. Olu thungelwano lukhulu lwamaziko aseMelika kuwo onke amazwekazi ngaphandle kweAntarctica eneneni lenza uhlobo olutsha lobukumkani- ubukhosi beziseko ezinejografi yalo ekungafane kufundiswe kuyo nayiphi na iklasi yejografi yesikolo esiphakamileyo. Ngaphandle kokuqonda ubungakanani beli BaseWorld-globling, umntu akanakuqala ukuqonda ubungakanani kunye nohlobo lweminqweno yethu yasebukhosini okanye inqanaba apho uhlobo olutsha lomkhosi lujongela phantsi umgaqo-siseko wethu. ”
Sekudlule iminyaka elishumi elinesixhenxe ukusukela ngoko, iminyaka apho i-US ibisemfazweni e-Afghanistan, ngaphesheya kwe-Greater Middle East, nase-Afrika. Ezo mfazwe zonke bezikho- ukuba uyakuxolela ukusetyenziswa kwegama ngale ndlela- ngokusekwe kobo “bukhosi beziseko,” obukhule babobukhulu kule nkulungwane. Kwaye uninzi lwabantu baseMelika khange bahoye kwanto. (Ndikhumbuze okokugqibela nantonina yala Baseworld iboniswe kwiphulo lezopolitiko kweli lizwe.) Kwaye yayiyimbali eyingqayizivele (kwaye ibiza kakhulu) yokufaka umhlaba kwiplanethi, ngaphandle kokukhathazwa luhlobo lwamakholoni amadala kuxhomekeke.
At TomDispatch, nangona kunjalo, asikaze siwasuse amehlo ethu kweso siqhelo sasebukhosini esingaqhelekanga. NgoJulayi 2007, umzekelo, uNick Turse wavelisa eyokuqala ezininzi iziqwenga kwezo ziseko zingazange zibonwe kunye nokulwa kwiplanethi eyayihamba nabo. Ecaphula ezona zikhulu kwi-Iraq eyayiphakathi kwe-US ngelo xesha, yena wabhala"Nditsho nangemayile ezizikwere ezininzi, amawaka ezigidi zeedola, i-Balad Air Base kunye ne-Victory yase-Camp ziphoswe phaya, nangona kunjalo, iziseko [zikaNobhala Wezomkhosi uRobert] ziyakuba lahla ibhakethi lombutho onokuba ngoyena mqeshi mkhulu emhlabeni. Iminyaka emininzi, umkhosi wase-US ubushukuma ngokujikeleza iiplanethi ezinkulu kunye nezixa ezikhulu malunga nayo yonke into ekuyo (okanye kuyo). Ke, ndicinga ngezicwangciso zamva nje zePentagon Iraq, thatha uhambo ngokukhawuleza kunye nam kule planethi yethu yePentagon. ”
Ngokufanayo, kwiminyaka esibhozo kamva, ngoSeptemba 2015, ngexesha lokupapashwa kwencwadi yakhe entsha Isizwe soLwazi, UDavid Vine uthathe TomDispatch abafundi kwi ukuhlaziywa spin kwakuloo planethi iziseko "Garrisoning the Globe." Waqala ngomhlathi onokuthi, ngelishwa, ubhalwe izolo (okanye ngokungathandabuzekiyo, okulusizi ngakumbi, ngomso):
“Njengokuba umkhosi wase-US urhoxile kwimikhosi yayo emininzi e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, uninzi lwabantu baseMelika bayakuxolelwa ngokungazi ukuba amakhulu e-US kunye namakhulu amawaka amajoni ase-US asarhangqile umhlaba. Nangona bembalwa abakwaziyo, iUnited States ibeka isijikelezi-langa ngokungafaniyo nelinye ilizwe embalini, kwaye ubungqina buvela eHonduras ukuya e-Oman, eJapan ukuya eJamani, eSingapore ukuya eDjibouti. ”
Namhlanje, okulusizi nangakumbi kukuba, uPatterson Deppen unikezela ngenkangeleko yamva nje kubume behlabathi Intlekele yaseMelika eAfghanistan, kwaye kuninzi kakhulu kule planethi (njengoko kungenjalo ngabantu baseMelika), efuzisela ubukho bobukho baseMelika kwihlabathi liphela. Isiqwenga sakhe sisekwe kwinani elitsha kraca leziseko zePentagon kwaye sisikhumbuza ukuba, ukusukela oko uJohnson wabhala la magama malunga ne-Baseworld yethu kwiminyaka eli-17 eyadlulayo, kuncinci okumangalisayo okutshintshileyo kwindlela eli lizwe elifikelela ngayo kumhlaba wonke. Tom
Ihlabathi laseMelika laseMelika
Ama-750 aseMelika aseMelika ahlala phantsi kwiPlanethi
Yayiyintwasahlobo ka-2003 ngexesha lokuhlaselwa kwe-Iraq yi-Amerika. Ndandikwibanga lesibini, ndihlala kwiziko lezomkhosi laseMelika eJamani, ndisiya kwenye yeePentagon izikolo ezininzi kwiintsapho zabasebenzi abemi phesheya. Ngenye intsasa yangoLwesihlanu, iklasi yam yayisecicini lokuxokozela. Siqokelelene kwimenyu yethu yesidlo sasemini, sothuswe kukufumanisa ukuba i-fries yegolide, ecekeceke ngokugqibeleleyo esayithandayo yayithathelwe indawo yinto ebizwa ngokuba yi "freedom fries".
“Zithini iifries zenkululeko?” safuna ukwazi.
Utitshala wethu wakhawuleza wasiqinisekisa ngokuthi: Ukusukela oko i-France, icacisa ukuba ayixhasi "yethu" imfazwe e-Iraq, "sitshintshe nje igama, kuba ngubani ofuna iFrance phofu?" Silambele isidlo sasemini, asibonanga sizathu sakungavumelani. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, esona sitya sinqwenelekayo sasiza kubakho, nokuba sikhona ibuyisiwe.
Ngelixa i-20 iminyaka idlulile ukusukela ngoko, loo nto inkumbulo engacacanga yobuntwana yabuyela kum kwinyanga ephelileyo xa, phakathi kokurhoxa e-US e-Afghanistan, uMongameli Biden umemezele ukuphela kwemisebenzi "yokulwa" yaseMelika e-Iraq. Kubantu abaninzi baseMelika, kusenokubonakala ngathi ugcina eyakhe thembiso Ukuphelisa iimfazwe ezimbini ezingapheliyo eza kuchaza iposti ye-9/11 "yemfazwe yomhlaba yoloyiko." Nangona kunjalo, nangona "ii-fries zenkululeko" zingakhange zibe yenye into, eli lizwe "iimfazwe ezingapheliyo" zisenokungapheli. Endaweni yokuba bekhona ibuyisiwe Kwaye kubonakala ngathi kuyaqhubeka ngezinye iindlela.
Emva kokuvala amakhulukhulu eziseko zomkhosi kunye nemikhosi yokulwa e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq, iPentagon ngoku iya kutshintshela "cebisa uncedise”Indima e-Iraq. Okwangoku, ubunkokheli bayo obuphezulu ngoku buxakekile "bujikeleza" e-Asiya ngokulandela iinjongo ezintsha ze-geostrategic ikakhulu ezijolise "kwi-China". Ngenxa yoko, kwi-Greater Middle East nakwiindawo ezibalulekileyo zase-Afrika, i-US izakuzama ukugcina iphrofayili esezantsi kakhulu, ngelixa ihlala ibandakanyeka kwezomkhosi ngeenkqubo zoqeqesho kunye neekontraki zabucala.
Ke mna, kumashumi amabini eminyaka emva kokuba ndigqibile ii-fries zenkululeko eJamani, ndigqibile ukuhlanganisa uluhlu lweziseko zomkhosi waseMelika kwihlabathi liphela, olona lubanzi lunokubakho ngalo mzuzu kulwazi olufumanekayo esidlangalaleni. Kuya kufuneka incede ukwenza ukuqonda ngakumbi kwinto enokubonisa ukuba lixesha elibalulekileyo lenguqu kumkhosi wase-US.
Ngaphandle kokuhla ngokuthobekileyo kwiziseko ezinjalo, qiniseka ukuba amakhulu aseleyo aza kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqhubekekeni kolunye uhlobo lweemfazwe ezingapheliyo zaseWashington kwaye anokunceda ukuqhuba entsha Cold War kunye neChina. Ngokwenani lam langoku, ilizwe lethu lisenendawo engaphezulu kwe-750 ebalulekileyo yezomkhosi efakwe kwihlabathi liphela. Nantsi inyani elula: ngaphandle kokuba, ekugqibeleni, badiliziwe, indima yobukhosi yaseMelika kule planethi ayinakuphela, ukupela intlekele kweli lizwe kwiminyaka ezayo.
Ukumanyaniswa kwe "Bases of Empire"
Ndanikwa uxanduva lokudibanisa oko (ngethemba) sikubiza ngokuba “luLuhlu lokuValwa kweZiseko zoLwandle lwaseMelika lwango-2021” emva kokufikelela kuLeah Bolger, umongameli World BEYOND War. Njengenxalenye yeqela elaziwa njenge-Overseas Base Realignment kunye ne-Coalition Coalition (OBRACCUzibophezele ekucimeni iziseko ezinjalo, uBolger wandidibanisa nomsunguli waso uDavid Vine, umbhalir yencwadi yeklasikhi ngesihloko, Isizwe soLwazi: Indlela i-US Bas Bas Military External Harm America and World.
UBolger, uMdiliya, emva koko sagqiba kwelokuba sidibanise olu luhlu lutsha njengesixhobo sokujonga ukuvalwa kwesiseko se-US kwihlabathi liphela. Ukongeza ekuboneleleni ngobalo olubanzi lweziseko ezinjalo zaphesheya kolwandle, uphando lwethu lukwaqinisekisa ukuba ubukho belinye kwilizwe bunokuba negalelo elibonakalayo kuqhankqalazo oluchasene neMelika, ukutshatyalaliswa kwendalo esingqongileyo, kunye neendleko ezihlala zikho kubarhafi baseMelika.
Ngapha koko, ukubalwa kwethu okutsha kuyabonisa ukuba inani labo lilonke emhlabeni lehle ngendlela ethobekileyo (kwaye, kwiimeko ezimbalwa, yehle kakhulu) kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo. Ukususela ngo-2011 ukuya phambili, phantse ngo- iwaka iindawo zokulwa kunye nenani elincinci leziseko eziphambili zivaliwe e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq, naseSomalia. Ngaphezulu nje kweminyaka emihlanu edlulileyo, uDavid Vine Qi kelelwa Ukuba bekukho ngeenxa zonke iziseko ezikhulu ezingama-800 zaseMelika kumazwe angaphezu kwama-70, iikholoni, okanye imimandla engaphandle kwelizwekazi laseMelika. Ngo-2021, ubalo lwethu lubonisa ukuba eli nani lehle laya kutsho kuma-750. Ukanti, hleze ucinge ukuba zonke izinto ekugqibeleni zihamba ngendlela elungileyo, inani leendawo ezineziiseko ezinjalo lenyukile kuloo minyaka.
Kuba iPentagon ifuna ukubufihla ubukho bezinye zazo, ukudibanisa olu luhlu kunokuba nzima ngokwenene, ukuqala ngendlela umntu achaza ngayo "isiseko" esinjalo. Sigqibe kwelokuba eyona ndlela ilula yayikukusebenzisa inkcazo yePentagon ye "isiseko sendawo," nokuba ukubala kwayo esidlangalaleni ayichanekanga. (Ndiqinisekile awuyi kumangaliswa kukwazi ukuba amanani ayo asoloko ephantsi kakhulu, engaze aphakame kakhulu.)
Ke, uluhlu lwethu luchaze isiseko esiphambili njengayo nayiphi na "indawo ethile eneepasile zomhlaba okanye amaziko abelwe wona ... oko kukuthi, okanye ibingumnikazi wayo, iqeshiswe kuyo, okanye kungenjalo phantsi kolawulo lweCandelo lezoKhuselo egameni yaseUnited States. ”
Sebenzisa le nkcazo kunceda ukwenza lula okubalulekileyo nokungabalulekanga, kodwa ikwashiya okuninzi emfanekisweni. Akubandakanyi amanani abalulekileyo amazibuko amancinci, izakhiwo zokulungisa, zokugcina, izitishi zokubasa, kunye Izixhobo zokujonga ilawulwa leli lizwe, singasathethi ke malunga nama-50 eziseko urhulumente waseMelika axhasa ngokuthe ngqo iimfazwe zamanye amazwe. Uninzi lubonakala lukuMbindi Merika (kunye nezinye iindawo zeLatin America), iindawo ezaziqhelaniswa nobukho bemikhosi yase-US, ebibandakanyeka iminyaka 175 ungenelelo lomkhosi kulo mmandla.
Okwangoku, ngokwoluhlu lwethu, amaziko aseMelika aphesheya kwezilwandle ngoku athe saa kumazwe angama-81, iikholoni, okanye imimandla kwilizwekazi ngalinye ngaphandle kweAntarctica. Kwaye ngelixa inani labo lilonke lisenokuba phantsi, ukufikelela kwabo kuqhubekile nokwanda. Phakathi kwe-1989 kunye nanamhlanje, enyanisweni, emkhosini uliphindaphinde kabini inani leendawo apho ineziiseko ukusuka kwi-40 ukuya kwi-81.
Obu bukho behlabathi buhlala bungenakuthelekiswa nanto. Akukho gunya lasebukhosini elakha lalingana, kubandakanya ubukhosi baseBritane, baseFrance nabaseSpain. Benza into uChalmers Johnson, owayesakuba ngumcebisi we-CIA wajika wagxeka umkhosi wase-US, owakhe wabizwa ngokuba nguUbukumkani beziseko"Okanye"Ihlabathi eliSisiseko seHlabathi. "
Logama eli nani lokubala kweziseko zomkhosi ezingama-750 kwiindawo ezingama-81 zihlala ziyinyani, ngokunjalo, ziya kuba neemfazwe zase-US. Njengoko ibekwe ngokucacileyo nguDavid Vine kwincwadi yakhe yamva nje, I-United States yeMfazwe, "Amabakala ahlala ezala iimfazwe, ezinokuza neziseko ezingakumbi, ezinokuzala iimfazwe ezininzi, njalo njalo."
Ngaphezulu kweeMfazwe zeHorizon?
E-Afghanistan, apho i-Kabul yawela khona kwi-Taliban ekuqaleni kwale veki, umkhosi wethu wawusandula uku-oda ukurhoxa okungxamisekileyo, ebusuku kakhulu kwindawo yokugqibela enkulu, Ibala leenqwelo moya eBagram, kwaye akukho ziseko zase-US zihlala apho. Amanani ngokufanayo awile e-Iraq apho umkhosi ngoku ulawula iziseko ezithandathu kuphela, ngelixa ngaphambili kule nkulungwane inani lalisondele 505, ukusukela kwezinkulu ukuya kwezincinci ezithunyelwe emkhosini.
Ukuchithwa kunye nokuvalwa kweziseko kuloo mazwe, eSomalia, nakwamanye amazwe ngokunjalo, kunye nokuhamba ngokupheleleyo kwemikhosi yaseMelika ukusuka kula mazwe mathathu, kwakubalulekile ngokwembali, nokuba bathathe ixesha elingakanani, banikwa ulawulo “iibhutsi emhlabeni”Indlela abebeququzelela ngayo. Kwaye kutheni olu tshintsho lwenzekile xa zisenzeka? Impendulo inento yokwenza nendleko zabantu, ezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho kwezi mfazwe zingapheliyo. NgokweYunivesithi yaseBrown Iindleko zeProjekthi yeMfazwe, umrhumo wezo ngxabano zingaphumelelanga kwimfazwe yaseWashington yoloyiko yayinkulu: ubuncinci 801,000 Ukufa (okuninzi endleleni) ukusukela nge-9/11 e-Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Syria nase Yemen.
Ubunzima bokubandezeleka, ewe, babuthwalwa ngokungalinganiyo ngabantu bamazwe abaye bajongana nohlaselo lwaseWashington, imisebenzi yabo, uqhankqalazo lomoya kunye nokuphazamiseka ngaphezulu kweminyaka engamashumi amabini. Ngaphezulu kwabahlali abangama-300,000 kuloo mazwe nakwamanye amazwe babulewe kwaye kuqikelelwa phantse i-37 yezigidi ngakumbi abafudukayo. Malunga nemikhosi eyi-15,000 yase-US, kubandakanya amajoni kunye neekontraki zabucala, nabo baswelekile. Amaninzi angenakubalisa okonzakeleyo enzeke nakwizigidi zabantu, abachasi, kunye Imikhosi yaseMelika. Lilonke, kuqikelelwa ukuba, ngo-2020, ezi mfazwe ze-post-9/11 zazisele zibhatele abarhafi baseMelika $ 6.4 zezigidi.
Ngelixa inani elipheleleyo leziseko zomkhosi wase-US phesheya zinokuthi zehle njengoko ukusilela kwemfazwe yoyikiso kungena ngaphakathi, iimfazwe ezingunaphakade zikhona inokwenzeka ukuba iqhubeke ngokufihlakeleyo ngakumbi ngemikhosi yokuSebenza ngokuKhethekileyo, iikontraki zomkhosi zabucala, kunye noqhankqalazo lomoya oluqhubekayo, nokuba luse-Iraq, Somalia, okanye kwenye indawo.
E-Afghanistan, nokuba bekukho kuphela amajoni ama-650 ase-US ashiyekileyo, egada i-ambassy yase-US eKabul., I-US ibisekhona yandisa iindiza zalo kwilizwe. Iphehlelele ishumi elinesibini ngoJulayi kuphela, kutsha nje ukubulala abantu aba-18 Kwiphondo laseHelmand emazantsi eAfghanistan. Ngoku ka UNobhala Wezomkhosi uLloyd Austin, uhlaselo olufana nolu lwenziwa kwiziseko okanye iziseko zoMbindi Mpuma zixhotyiswe nge "amandla aphezulu," ekucingelwa ukuba ebekwe IUnited Arab Emirates, okanye i-UAE, kunye Khwatha. Ngeli xesha, iWashington ibisoloko ifuna (okwangoku ngaphandle kwempumelelo) ukuseka iziseko ezitsha kumazwe angabamelwane eAfghanistan ukuze aqhubeke nokugada, ukuphinda aqwalasele, kunye nogwayimbo lomoya, kubandakanya nokuqeshisa iziseko zomkhosi waseRussia Tajikistan.
Kwaye ukhathalele, xa kufikwa kuMbindi Mpuma, i-UAE kunye neQatar sisiqalo nje. Kukho iziseko zomkhosi wase-US kwilizwe ngalinye lase-Persian Gulf ngaphandle kwe-Iran ne-Yemen: basixhenxe e-Oman, abathathu e-UAE, 11 e-Saudi Arabia, ezisixhenxe e-Qatar, e-12 e-Bahrain, e-10 e-Kuwait, nakwezintandathu zisese-Iraq. Nayiphi na kwezi inokuba negalelo kwiintlobo zeemfazwe "ezingaphaya kolwandle" i-US ngoku ibonakala ngathi izinikele kumazwe afana ne-Iraq, njengokuba iziseko zayo eKenya nase-Djibouti zikwenza ukuba zikwazi ukumilisela airstrikes eSomalia.
Iziseko ezitsha, iimfazwe ezintsha
Okwangoku, phakathi embindini wehlabathi, enkosi kwinxalenye yokunyusa ukukhula kweMfazwe ebandayo "isixhobo”Yase China, kwakhiwa iziseko ezitsha ePacific.
Kukho, okona kulungileyo, izithintelo ezincinci kweli lizwe ekwakheni iziseko zomkhosi phesheya. Ukuba amagosa ePentagon amisela ukuba isiseko esitsha esizi- $ 990 yezigidi siyafuneka eGuam ukuya “ukuphucula amandla okulwa”Kwindawo ephambili yaseWashington eya e-Asiya, zimbalwa iindlela zokuthintela ukwenza njalo.
Inkampu iBlaz, Isiseko sokuqala seMarine Corps esakhiwa kwiSiqithi sePacific saseGuam ukusukela ngo-1952, besisakhiwa ukususela ngo-2020 ngaphandle kwempikiswano okanye ingxoxo malunga nokuba iyafuneka na okanye hayi kubenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo nakumagosa eWashington okanye kuluntu lwaseMelika. Kusacetyiswa nangakumbi iziseko ezitsha kwiiPacific Islands ezikufuphi IPalau, iTinian, neYap. Kwelinye icala, ekuhlaleni kakhulu-uqhankqalazo isiseko esitsha eHenoko kwisiqithi saseJapan i-Okinawa, iZiko lokuTshintsha indawo yeFutenma, "akunakwenzeka”Eziya kugqitywa.
Incinci yayo nayiphi na le nto iyaziwa kweli lizwe, yiyo loo nto uluhlu lukawonkewonke lobungakanani beziseko ezinjalo, ezindala kunye nezintsha, kwihlabathi liphela lubalulekile, nangona kunokuba nzima ukuvelisa ngokusekwe kwirekhodi yePentagon iyafumaneka. Ayibonisi kuphela ukufikelela kude kunye nokutshintsha kwendalo yemizamo yeli lizwe kwilizwe liphela, inokuthi isebenze njengesixhobo sokwazisa ukuvalwa kwesiseko sexesha elizayo kwiindawo ezinje ngeGuam neJapan, apho kungoku nje kukho iziseko ezingama-52 kunye nezili-119 ngokwahlukeneyo- Ngaba uluntu lwaseMelika ngolunye usuku lwaluza kubuza ngokungathandabuzekiyo ukuba iidola zabo zerhafu zaziyaphi kwaye ngoba.
Njengokuba kuncinci kakhulu ukuma kwindlela yePentagon yokwakha iziseko ezitsha phesheya kolwandle, akukho nto inqanda uMongameli Biden ukuba angazivali. Njengoko OBRACC yalatha, ngelixa kukho i- inkqubo kubandakanya ugunyaziso lwenkongolo yokuvala nasiphi na isiseko semikhosi yase-US, akukho sigunyaziso siyafuneka phesheya. Ngelishwa, kweli lizwe akukabikho ntshukumo ibalulekileyo yokuphelisa i-Baseworld yethu. Kwenye indawo, nangona kunjalo, iimfuno kunye noqhanqalazo olujolise ekuvaleni iziseko ezinjalo Bheljiyam ukuba Guam, Japhan kwi iunited Kingdom - phantse kumazwe angama-40 onke axelelwe - enzekile kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo.
NgoDisemba 2020, nangona kunjalo, nelona gosa liphezulu kwezomkhosi wase-US, usihlalo weeNtloko zezeNtloko zabasebenzi uMark Milley, Xa ebuzwa: "Ngaba zonke ezo [siseko] ziyimfuneko ngokwenene kukhuseleko lwe-United States?"
Kufuphi, hayi. Nantoni na ngaphandle. Okwangoku, ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, ngaphandle kokuncipha kwenani labo, i-750 okanye esele isenokudlala indima ebalulekileyo nakuphi na ukuqhubeka kweWashington "iimfazwe ezingapheliyo," ngelixa ixhasa ukwanda kweMfazwe ebandayo entsha ne China. NjengoChalmers Johnson lumkisa ngo-2009, "Bambalwa ubukhosi bexesha elidlulileyo ngokuzithandela bancama ulawulo lwabo ukuze bahlale bezimele, bezilawula ngokwabo ... Ukuba asifundanga kwimizekelo yabo, ukuhla nokuwa kwethu kwamiselwa kwangaphambili."
Ekugqibeleni, iziseko ezitsha zithetha kuphela iimfazwe ezintsha kwaye, njengoko phantse iminyaka engama-20 ibonakalisile, ayisiyondlela yokuphumelela kubemi baseMelika okanye abanye kwihlabathi liphela.
Ilungelo lokushicilela 2021 Patterson Deppen
Landela TomDispatch kwi Twitter uze usijoyine Facebook. Jonga ezona ncwadi zintsha zeDispatch, inoveli entsha kaJohn Feffer, IiNgoma (owokugqibela kuthotho lwakhe lwe-Splinterlands), inoveli kaBeverly Gologorsky Wonke umzimba unebali, Kunye noTom Engelhardt Uhlanga olungagqitywanga yimfazwe, Kunye noAlfred McCoy Kwimithunzi yeAmerican Century: Ukunyuka kunye Nokwehla kwamandla ehlabathi ase-US kunye noJohn Dower I-American Century enobundlobongela: Imfazwe kunye noloyiko Ukususela kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi.
