Kutheni imigodi ye-uranium, amandla enyukliya, kunye neebhombu zeathom zingamanyathelo kwindlela eya entshabalalweni

NguCymry Gomery, uMnxibelelanisi waseMontréal we World BEYOND War, Pressenza, Novemba 27, 2022

Le op-ed ikhuthazwe yinkcazo-ntetho kaGqirha Gordon Edwards we Imanyano yaseKhanada yoXanduva lweNyukliya NgoNovemba 16, 2022.

Ingxabano yaseRussia-Ukraine inexhala elininzi lokuba sisemngciphekweni wemfazwe yenyukliya. UPutin uye beka iinukes zaseRashiya kwindawo ephakamileyo kwaye uMongameli Biden walumkisa kabuhlungu kwinyanga ephelileyo ngomngcipheko yenyukliya “iArmagedon”. IsiXeko saseNew York sothuse ihlabathi ngemeko yalo PSA ngendlela yokusinda kuhlaselo lwenyukliya, ngelixa i IDock Day Clock yimizuzwana nje eyi-100 ukuya ezinzulwini zobusuku.

Noko ke, iibhombu zenyukliya zezokugqibela nje kungcelele lweemveliso nemisebenzi enxulumene noko—ukumbiwa kweuranium, amandla enyukliya, neebhombu zenyukliya—emveliso yazo isekelwe kwisibakala sokuba ukuqonda kwabantu imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yehlabathi kusilela emva kakhulu kubuchule bethu bobugcisa. Zonke ziyimigibe yenkqubela phambili.

Yintoni umgibe wenkqubela?

Ingcamango yenkqubela ngokuqhelekileyo ibonwa ngendlela eyakhayo kuluntu lwaseNtshona. Ukuba sinokufumana indlela entsha yokwenza into ngokukhawuleza, ngaphandle komgudu omncinci, siziva sonwabile. Nangona kunjalo, lo mbono wabuzwa nguRonald Wright kwincwadi yakhe ye-2004 Imbali emfutshane yenkqubela phambili. UWright uchaza umgibe wenkqubela “njengoluhlu lwempumelelo oluthi, ekufikeleleni kwinqanaba elithile, lukhokelele kwintlekele. Iingozi azifane zibonwe ngaphambi kokuba kushiywe lixesha. Imihlathi yomgibe ivula kancinci kwaye ngokukhangayo, emva koko ivalwe ngokukhawuleza. "

UWright ukhankanya ukuzingela njengomzekelo wangaphambili, kuba njengoko abantu babevelisa izixhobo ezazisebenza ngokungakumbi ekubulaleni izilwanyana ezininzi, ekugqibeleni bagqiba ukutya baza balamba. Ngokukhula kwemizi-mveliso, ukuzingela kwavula ithuba iifama zefektri, ebonakala yahluke kakhulu, kodwa eneneni yayiyenye nje inguqulelo yomgibe wenkqubela. Iifama zasefektri ayipheleli nje ekubangeleni ukubandezeleka okukhulu kwizilwanyana, zenzakalisa nakubantu: Abantu abakumazwe ahambele phambili batya iicalories ezininzi, ukutya okungafanelekanga ebantwini, kwaye bahlala bebulawa ngumhlaza kunye nezifo ezinxulumene nokutyeba ngokugqithiseleyo.

Ngoku makhe sijonge imigodi ye-uranium, amandla enyukliya kunye neebhombu zenyukliya ngoku kukhanya.

Umgibe wenkqubela yemigodi yeUranium

I-Uranium, isinyithi esinzima esasiyiyo yafunyanwa ngo-1789, ekuqaleni yayisetyenziswa njengombala weglasi kunye nezinto ezenziwe ngodongwe. Noko ke, ekugqibeleni abantu bafumanisa ukuba i<em>uranium inokusetyenziselwa ukwenza i<em>fission yenyukliya, yaye ukususela ngowe-1939 loo mpahla ingummangaliso iye yasetyenziswa ukuvelisa amandla enyukliya ngeenjongo zoluntu, nokwenza iibhombu zomkhosi. Leyo yinkalo “yempumelelo” yenkcazo kaWright (ukuba ulungile ngokuthathela ingqalelo kokubini ukugcina abantu befudumele nokubabulala njengeziphumo ezinqwenelekayo).

ICanada ngoyena mboneleli mkhulu wehlabathi weuranium, kwaye uninzi lwemigodi isemantla apho abahlali be-Inuit-ngokuqhelekileyo abona bantu babevinjwe amathuba kwaye banempembelelo encinci kwezopolitiko eCanada-bavezwe kuthuli lweuranium, iintsalela, kunye nezinye iingozi.


Iingozi zemisila ye-uranium, evela kuGqr Gordon Edwards intshumayelo

Ukwembiwa kweUranium yenza uthuli lwe-radioactive ukuba abasebenzi banokuphefumla okanye baginye ngempazamo, nto leyo ekhokelela kumhlaza wemiphunga nomhlaza wamathambo. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, abasebenzi okanye abantu abahlala kufuphi nomgodi we-uranium banokubonakala kwiindawo eziphezulu, ezinokulimaza izitho zabo zangaphakathi, ngokukodwa izintso. Izifundo zezilwanyana Icebisa ukuba i-uranium ichaphazela ukuzala, usana olusakhulayo, kwaye yonyusa umngcipheko we-leukemia kunye nomhlaza wezicubu ezithambileyo.

Oku kuyothusa ngokwaneleyo; nangona kunjalo umgibe wenkqubela phambili uyavela xa ubani eqwalasela isiqingatha sobomi beuranium, ixesha apho yonakala kwaye ikhuphe imitha ye-gamma (imitha ye-electromagnetic esaziwa njenge-X-reyi). I-Uranium-238, eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo, inesiqingatha sobomi beminyaka eyi-4.46 yezigidigidi.

Ngamanye amazwi, xa i-uranium iziswe phezu komhlaba ngokusebenzisa imigodi, ibhokisi ye-Pandora yemitha yemitha ikhutshwa emhlabeni, imitha enokubangela umhlaza obulalayo kunye nezinye izifo, iibhiliyoni zeminyaka. Ngumgibe wenkqubela kanye apho. Kodwa ayililo lonke ibali elo. Le uranium ayikagqitywa umsebenzi wayo owonakalisayo. Ngoku ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza amandla enyukliya kunye neebhombu zenyukliya.

Umgibe wenkqubela phambili yamandla eNyukliya

Amandla enyukliya agqalwa njengamandla acocekileyo kuba awavelisi iigesi zegreenhouse (GHG). Nangona kunjalo, ikude nokucoceka. Ngo-2003, uphononongo oluveliswe ngabaxhasi benyukliya kwi-Massachusetts Institute of Technology ichongiwe iindleko, ukhuseleko, ukwanda, kunye nenkcitho njengeengxaki ezine “ezingekasonjululwa” ngamandla enyukliya.

Inkunkuma eqhumayo iveliswa ngexesha lokusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwemizila ye-uranium, indawo yokwenziwa kwepetroli, izixhobo zombane, kunye nezinye izixhobo zenyukliya; kubandakanywa ngexesha lemisebenzi yokuphelisa ugunyaziso. Isenokwenziwa kwakhona ngenxa yeengozi zenyukliya.

Inkunkuma ye-radioactive ikhupha imitha ye-ionizing, eyonakalisa iiseli zabantu kunye nezilwanyana kunye nemathiriyeli yemfuzo. Amanqanaba aphezulu okuvezwa kwimitha ye-ionizing abangela umonakalo obonakalayo wezicubu; amanqanaba aphantsi angakhokelela kumhlaza, umonakalo wemfuza, isifo se-cardiovascular and immune system disorders iminyaka emininzi emva kokuvezwa.

Urhulumente waseKhanada angathanda ukuba sikholelwe ukuba inkunkuma eqhuma ngemitha “inokulawulwa” ngemigaqo-nkqubo neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa yaba bubugxwayiba kunye nokucinga okukhohlisayo okuthe kwasibeka kwindawo apho sinenkunkuma eqhumayo. Kwaye kukho inkalo yezoqoqosho- amandla enyukliya axabisa kakhulu ukuvelisa-kunye neempembelelo zokusingqongileyo. UGordon Edwards uyabhala,

"Utyalo-mali kwinyukliya luvalela imali amashumi eminyaka ngaphandle kokubonelela ngazo naziphi na izibonelelo kude kube zigqityiwe izixhobo zokusebenza kwaye zilungele ukuhamba. Oko kubonisa amashumi eminyaka okulibaziseka apho ukukhutshwa kwe-GHG kusanda ngokungathintelekiyo. Ngeli xesha imeko yemozulu iya isiba mandundu. Naxa ekugqibeleni imali eyinkunzi ihlawulwe, uninzi lwayo kufuneka lubekelwe umsebenzi obiza imali eninzi wokujongana nenkunkuma eqhumayo kunye nokudilizwa kwerobhothi kwezakhiwo zokusasazeka ngemitha. Yingxaki yobugcisa kunye nezoqoqosho. Ayisiyiyo inkunzi yemali kuphela, kodwa nenkunzi yezopolitiko ifakwe kwijelo lenyukliya kunokuba ibe yeyona nto iphambili - ukunciphisa iigesi zegreenhouse ngokukhawuleza nangokusisigxina. "

Ukwenza izinto zibe mbi ngakumbi kukuba, iiprojekthi ezininzi zamandla enyukliya ziye zayekwa ukutyhubela iminyaka, njengoko kubonisiwe kule mephu wase-US

Ngoko amandla enyukliya nawo angumgibe wenkqubela phambili. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye iindlela zokuvelisa amandla-umoya, ilanga, i-hydro, i-geothermal-engabizi kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, nokuba amandla enyukliya ebengawona mandla anexabiso eliphantsi, ebeya kuphuma etafileni kuye nawuphi na umphathi weprojekthi exabisa ityuwa yakhe, kuba ingcolise kakhulu, ibandakanya umngcipheko weentlekele zenyukliya njengoko sele zenzekile Fukushima kunye neChernobyl, kwaye ngenxa yokuba inkunkuma yenyukliya eqhubekayo ibulala abantu kunye nezilwanyana.

Kwakhona, inkunkuma yenyukliya ivelisa i<em>plutonium, esetyenziselwa ukwenza iibhombu zenyukliya—inyathelo elilandelayo “kwinkqubela” eqhubekayo.

Umgibe wenkqubela phambili yebhombu yenyukliya

Ewe, ifikile kule nto. Abantu bayakwazi ukuphelisa bonke ubomi eMhlabeni ngokucofa iqhosha. Impucuko yaseNtshona yokuthanda ukuphumelela kunye ne-hegemony ikhokelele kwimeko apho siye sakwazi ukufa kodwa asiphumelelanga ebomini. Lo ngumzekelo ongaphambili wobulumko bobuchwephesha bomntu obudlula indaleko yomntu ngokweemvakalelo nangokomoya.

Ukuphehlelelwa komjukujelwa ngengozi kunokukhokelela kweyona ntlekele inkulu yezempilo yoluntu kwimbali erekhodiweyo. Imfazwe esebenzisa izixhobo zenyukliya ezingaphantsi kwesiqingatha zaseIndiya nasePakistan iyodwa iya kuphakamisa umle omnyama owaneleyo kunye nomhlaba ukuze ubangele ubusika benyukliya. Kwincwadi yakhe Lawula noLawulo, umbhali uEric Schlosser ubhala ngendlela izixhobo zenyukliya ezinikela ngayo oko akubiza ngokuthi “yinkohliso yokhuseleko,” ngoxa, eneneni, zibeka ingozi yokwenene ngenxa yesisongelo sokudubula ngengozi. U-Schlosser ubhala ukuba amakhulukhulu eziganeko ezibandakanya izixhobo zenyukliya ziphantse zatshabalalisa ihlabathi lethu ngengozi, ukubhideka, okanye ukungaqondi.

Enye indlela yokuphuma ekutshatyalalisweni okuqinisekisiweyo (ngoko ke kuguqulelwe ngokunyanisekileyo njenge-MAD) umgibe esiwudalileyo yiSivumelwano soThintelo lweNuclear Weapons (TPNW), esaqala ukusebenza ngo-2021, kwaye sisayinwe ngamazwe angama-91 kwaye samkelwa yi-68. Nangona kunjalo, amazwe axhobe ngenyukliya awakatyikitya, kwaye amazwe angamalungu e-NATO njengeKhanada.


Iintlanga ezixhobileyo zenyukliya (www.icanw.org/nuclear_arsenals)

Xa kuziwa kwizixhobo zenyukliya, kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambi koluntu. Kwindlela enye, amazwe aya kuthi, omnye-mnye, ajoyine i-TPNW, kwaye izixhobo zenyukliya ziya kuchithwa. Kwelinye icala, inye okanye ngaphezulu kwezili-13,080 zemfazwe ezisehlabathini ziya kuthunyelwa, zibangele ukubandezeleka okukhulu nokufa kwaye zifake ihlabathi kubusika benyukliya.

Kukho abanye abathi sinokhetho lokuba ngabanethemba, hayi abantu ababhubhileyo, kodwa oko ngokwenene kukunganyaniseki kobuxoki kuba ithemba kunye ne-fatalism ngamacala amabini engqekembe enye. Abo bakholelwa ukuba konke kulungile, kwaye singcono kunangaphambili, à la Steven Pinker, ugqibe kwelokuba akukho senzo sifunekayo. Abo bakholelwa ukuba akukho themba bafikelela kwisigqibo esifanayo.