Ukugqithisileyo kuNawomi Klein

Okokuqala, ndifuna ukuthokoza uNawomi Klein encwadini yakhe ekhuthazayo.  Oku Kutshintsha yonke into uncede abafundi bakhe ukuba bayiqonde ngcono intsingiselo yentsingiselo ebanzi, eyohluka-hlukeneyo yemozulu ukusuka emhlabeni ukuya phezulu kunye nokubanakho kwayo ukuvuselela kunye nokuvuselela i-Left. Kananjalo, ubonakalisile isibindi sokukhankanya oyena nobangela wale ngxaki — ubungxowankulu — xa uninzi lwabaphembeleli luyekile ukukhankanya igama u "c". Ukongeza, ukujonga kwakhe kumzi-mveliso wezibaso zamandulo njengezinto ekujoliswe kuzo njengeyona njongo icwangcisiweyo yentshukumo iqaqambisa ngokucacileyo ukubaluleka kokuzahlula elinye lawona macandelo amabi kakhulu kubungxowankulu boshishino.

Kodwa nangona unyango lwakhe olunokuqonda nolushukumisayo lukwazi ukunyakaza kwemozulu utshintshe yonke intoNdiyakholelwa ukuba uKlein uchaze imeko yakhe kwaye akajongani neempawu ezibalulekileyo zenkqubo engasebenzi kakuhle esiyichasileyo. Ngokubeka utshintsho kwimozulu kwisiseko, uthintela ukuqonda kwethu ngendlela yokuphula ukubanjwa kobungxowankulu ebomini bethu nakwikamva lethu.

Umzekelo, uKlein akaluhoyi unxibelelwano olunzulu phakathi kwesiphithiphithi semozulu, ezomkhosi kunye nemfazwe. Ngelixa echitha isahluko sonke echaza ukuba kutheni umnini weVirgin Airlines, uRichard Branson, kunye nabanye oosozigidigidi beGreen bengasisindisi, uwisa izivakalisi ezithathu kathathu kwelona ziko linobundlobongela, inkcitho, nelitshisa ipetroleum eMhlabeni-emkhosini wase-US.[1]  UKlein wabelana ngale ndawo imfama kunye neqonga elisemthethweni leZizwe eziManyeneyo. I-UNFCCC ayibandakanyi uninzi lwecandelo lomkhosi ekusetyenzisweni kwepetroli nakwizinto ezikhutshwayo kuluhlu lwesizwe lwegesi yendlu eluhlaza.[2]  Olu khululo yayiyimveliso yokuphembelela okunzulu yi-United States ngexesha leengxoxo zaseKyoto phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1990. Ukusukela oko, i-carbon "bootprint" yezomkhosi ayihoywanga ngokusemthethweni.[3]  Incwadi kaKlein yalahlekelwa yithuba elibalulekileyo lokutyhila le ngqangi.

I-Pentagon ayiyona kuphela i-burner yokushisa kwamafutha aseplanethi; Kwakhona iiphambili ezingaphandle kweengalo kunye nomkhosi wezempi.[4]  Ubukhosi bezomkhosi baseMelika oonogada beoyile enkulu, imibhobho, kunye neenqanawa ezinkulu. Ixhasa ezona mpendulo zinegunya; Udla isixa esikhulu seoyile ukuhambisa umatshini wayo wemfazwe; kwaye ukhuphe iityhefu eziyingozi kwindalo esingqongileyo kunaye nawuphi na umdibanisi wequmrhu.[5]  Umkhosi, abavelisi bezixhobo, kunye nomzi mveliso wepetroleum unembali ende yokusebenzisana okhohlakeleyo. Obu budlelwane bungathandekiyo buye bakhululeka ngesibindi kuMbindi Mpuma apho iWashington ixhobisa oorhulumente abacinezelayo bommandla ngezixhobo zamva nje kwaye inyanzelisa i-phalanx yeziseko apho amajoni aseMelika, amajoni, kunye needrones ezithunyelweyo ukugada iimpompo, izinto zokucoca, kunye nokunikezelwa kwemigca Exxon-Mobil, BP, kunye neChevron.[6]

Inkqubo yezomkhosi petro lelona xabiso libalulekileyo, elonakalisayo, elichasene nedemokhrasi kurhulumente. Inamandla amakhulu kwiWashington kunye namaqela ezopolitiko. Nawuphi na umkhankaso wokulwa isiphithiphithi semozulu, ukuguqula amandla ethu kwikamva, kunye nokomeleza inkululeko yedemokhrasi ayinakukutyeshela ubukhosi baseMelika baseMelika. Nangona kunjalo engaqhelekanga ngokwaneleyo xa uKlein ekhangela iindlela zokuxhasa ngezimali inguqu kumandla ahlaziyiweyo e-US, uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lomkhosi aluqwalaselwanga.[7]

IPentagon ngokwayo iyaqonda ngokucacileyo unxibelelwano phakathi kotshintsho lwemozulu kunye nemfazwe. NgoJuni, ingxelo yeBhodi yezeMikhosi yaseMelika Ukhuseleko lweSizwe kunye neengozi eziKhuselekileyo zoTshintsho lwemozulu waxwayisa ukuba "... iimpembelelo ezicetywayo Utshintsho lwemozulu aluyi kuba ngaphezulu kokugrogrisa; Baza kusebenza njengezinto ezisisiseko sokungazinzi nokungavisisani. ” Ukuphendula, iPentagon ilungiselela ukulwa "iimfazwe zemozulu" malunga nezixhobo ezisongelwa kukuphazamiseka kwemozulu, njengamanzi amatsha, umhlaba olimekayo kunye nokutya.[8]

Nangona uKlein ejonge unxibelelwano phakathi kwezomkhosi kunye notshintsho lwemozulu kwaye akayikhathaleli intshukumo yoxolo njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo, umbutho woxolo awukutyesheli ukutshintsha kwemozulu. Amaqela alwa imfazwe anjengeMagqala oXolo, Imfazwe lulwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye i-War Resisters League yenze unxibelelwano phakathi komkhosi kunye nokuphazamiseka kwemozulu kugxile emsebenzini wabo. Ingxaki yemozulu yayiyinkxalabo enkulu yabaphembeleli boxolo abavela kwihlabathi liphela ababehlanganisene eCapetown, eMzantsi Afrika ngoJulayi 2014. Inkomfa yabo, eyayiququzelelwe yiWar Resisters International, yathetha ngobutshaba obungenabo ubundlobongela, ifuthe lotshintsho lwemozulu, kunye ukunyuka komkhosi kwihlabathi liphela.[9]

U-Klein uthi ucinga ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu lunamandla okubengezela ngoba lubonisa uluntu “ngengxaki ekhoyo.” Uzimisele ukubonisa ukuba ingayitshintsha njani yonke into ngokufaka "yonke le micimbi ibonakala ngathi yahlukene ibe yingxelo ehambelanayo malunga nendlela yokukhusela uluntu kwintshabalalo yenkqubo yezoqoqosho engenabulungisa kunye nenkqubo yemozulu engazinzanga." Kodwa ingxelo yakhe iyayityeshela impi phantse ngokupheleleyo. Oku kundinika ikhefu. Ngaba kukho nayiphi na intshukumo eqhubekayo enokukhusela iplanethi ngaphandle kokudibanisa amachaphaza phakathi kwembambano yemozulu kunye nemfazwe okanye ujongane nentloko yobukhosi bezomkhosi? Ukuba i-US kunye nabanye oorhulumente baya emfazweni ngenxa yokuncipha komhlaba koovimba bamandla kunye nezinye izixhobo, ngaba kufanelekile ukuba sigxile ekugxininiseni kutshintsho lwemozulu, okanye ngaba ukumelana neemfazwe zoovimba kuyeyona nto siyithandayo?

Enye into ebalulekileyo engaboniyo kwincwadi kaKlein ngumba "weoyile ephezulu." Le yindawo apho inqanaba lokukhutshelwa kwepetroleum likhuphele ngaphandle kwaye liqala ukuncipha. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku yamkelwe ngokubanzi ukuba imveliso yeoyile ye-CONVENTIONAL ifikeleleke malunga no-2005.[10]  Abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba oku kuvelisa ixabiso eliphezulu leoli elibangela ukuxhaswa kwe-2008 kwaye yenza ukuba i-drive yokugqibela ikhuphe ioli kunye ne-tar sands engcolileyo, engcolileyo kunye neyona nto ekugqibeleni ixabiso liyenze.[11]

Nangona ezinye zezinto zikhutshwayo zixhaswe kakhulu, ibhombu yokuqikelela ngokwezemali enokuthi kwangoko ibonakalise ukunyuka okukhulu, ukungena kwethutyana kweehydrocarboni ezingaqhelekanga kunike uqoqosho ithuba elifutshane lokudodobala koqoqosho. Nangona kunjalo, imveliso yeoyile eqhelekileyo iqikelelwa ukuba yehle ngaphezulu kwama-50 eepesenti kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini izayo ngelixa imithombo engaqhelekanga ingenakulinganiswa ithathe indawo engaphezulu kweepesenti ezi-6.[12]  Ngoko ukuhlahloka koqoqosho lwehlabathi jikelele kungekudala kubuya neempindezelo.

Ubunzima beoyile buphakamisa imiba ebalulekileyo yokwakha intshukumo yabaphembeleli bemozulu kunye nayo yonke inkqubela phambili. U-Klein usenokuba uwuthintele lo mbandela kuba abanye abantu abakwisiqulatho seoyile esiphezulu bayayicekisa imfuneko yentshukumo yemozulu enamandla. Ayisiyiyo into yokuba bacinga ukuba ukuphazamiseka kwemozulu ayisiyongxaki inkulu, kodwa ngenxa yokuba bekholelwa ukuba sisondele ekuweni kwamashishini ehlabathi okuziswe kukuncipha okukhulu inethi iihydrocarbons ezikhoyo zokukhula koqoqosho. Kuqikelelo lwabo, amafutha ehlabathini aya kwehla kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nokunyuka kwemfuno kuba uluntu luya kufuna amandla anyukayo okufumana nje ukukhupha ii-hydrocarbon ezingcolileyo ezingaqhelekanga.

Ke, nangona kusenokubakho isixa esikhulu samandla afoselekileyo phantsi komhlaba, uluntu luyakunyanzeleka ukuba lunikezele ngamandla amakhulu kunye nemali eyinkunzi ukuze nje ifike kuyo, ishiye kancinci nangaphantsi kuyo yonke enye into. Incopho yeoyile ithiyori bacinga ukuba la mandla kunye nokutsalwa kwemali eyinkunzi kuya kulonakalisa lonke uqoqosho. Bakholelwa ukuba oku kuqhekeka kuzayo kunokwenza lukhulu ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kunayo nayiphi na intshukumo yezopolitiko. Ngaba banyanisile? Ngubani owaziyo? Kodwa nokuba ayilunganga malunga nokuwa okupheleleyo, ii-hydrocarbon eziphezulu ziya kuthi zibangele ukonyuka koqoqosho kunye nokwehla kokuhamba kwekhabhoni. Ngaba oku kuyakuthetha ntoni ngokuhamba kwemozulu kunye nefuthe laso le-galvanizing ekhohlo?

U-Klein ngokwakhe uyavuma ukuba, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ezona zinciphiso zikhulu ze-GHG zivela kuqoqosho, hayi inyathelo lezopolitiko. Kodwa uyawuthintela umbuzo onzulu ophakamisayo: ukuba ingxowa-mali ayikho ininzi, amandla angancinci afunekayo ukuxhasa ukukhula, njani ukunyuka kwemozulu kuyakuba njani xa ukuhlaselwa, ukunyamezeka, kunye nokudandatheka kube yinto evamile kunye ne-carbon emissions iyaqala ukuwa?

UKlein ubona ubungxowankulu njengomatshini wokukhula ongayekiyo owenza umonakalo kwiplanethi. Kodwa eyona nto iphambili kwingxowa mali yinzuzo, hayi ukukhula. Ukuba ukukhula kujika kwisishunqu kunye nokuwa, ubungxowankulu abunakuphuma. I-capitalist elites iya kukhupha inzuzo kwi-hoarding, urhwaphilizo, ingxaki kunye nongquzulwano. Kuqoqosho olungenakho ukukhula, iinjongo zenzuzo zinokuba nefuthe elibi kuluntu. Igama elithi "catabolism" livela kwisiGrike kwaye lisetyenziswe kwibhayoloji ukubhekisa kwimeko apho into ephilayo izondla khona. Ubungxowankulu beCatabolic yinkqubo yezoqoqosho eyeyakho. Ngaphandle kokuba sizikhulule ekubambeni kwayo, ubungxowankulu bobuqhetseba buba likamva lethu.

Ukunyanzeliswa kongxowankulu kuphakamisa iimeko ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka zenziwe ngabaphembeleli bemozulu kunye nekhohlo. Endaweni yokukhula okungapheziyo, kuya kuthini ukuba ikamva liza kuba luthotho lokwehla kwamandla oqoqosho- inyambalala, engalinganiyo, inyathelo lokunyuka kwinqanaba leoyile? Ukuhamba kwemozulu kuyakuphendula njani ukuba ukubola kwamatyala, iiasethi zemali ziyanyuka, amaxabiso emali ehla ngokuntsonkotha, urhwebo luyekile, noorhulumente banyanzelisa amanyathelo okugcina igunya labo? Ukuba amaMelika akakwazi ukufumana ukutya kwiivenkile ezinkulu, imali kwii-ATM, igesi kwiimpompo, kunye nombane kwiintambo zombane, ngaba imozulu iya kuba yeyona nto iphambili kubo?

Ukubanjwa kwezoqoqosho kwihlabathi jikelele kunye nokuchasana kwakuza kunciphisa kakhulu ukusebenzisa i-hydrocarbon, kubangela ukuba amaxabiso emandla aphephe okwethutyana. Embindini wezoqoqosho olunzulu kunye nokwehla okumandla kokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ingaba isiphithiphithi semozulu sihlala sixhalabisa uluntu kunye nomba wokuvuselela amandla asekhohlo? Ukuba akukhange kubenjalo, intshukumo eqhubekayo egxile kutshintsho lwemozulu igcina njani ukukhula kwayo? Ngaba uluntu luza kuyamkela imfuno yokuthintela ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ukugcina imozulu ukuba ukutshisa iihydrocarboni ezingabizi kubonakala kuyindlela ekhawulezayo yokukhaba ukukhula, nokuba kungokwexeshana elingakanani?

Ngaphantsi kwale meko inokwenzeka, intshukumo yemozulu inokuwa ngokukhawuleza kunoqoqosho. Ukuncitshiswa okubangelwa luxinzelelo lwee-GHG kunokuba yinto entle kwimozulu, kodwa kuya kuyifunxa intshukumo yemozulu kuba abantu abazukubona sizathu sincinci sokuzikhathaza ngokusika ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni. Phakathi koxinzelelo kunye nokuhla kokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni, abantu noorhulumente baya kuba nexhala ngakumbi malunga nokubuyiselwa kwezoqoqosho. Ngaphantsi kwezi meko, intshukumo iya kuphila kuphela xa idlulisela ingqwalaselo yayo kutshintsho lwemozulu ukuya ekwakheni uzinzo, ukubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo ngokuzinzileyo ngaphandle komlutha wokutshabalala koovimba bamafutha.

Ukuba abaququzeleli bezityalo zoluntu kunye neentshukumo zentlalo baqalisa iifom ezingenzi nzuzo zebhanki, ukuvelisa kunye nokutshintshiselana kwintlalo ekuncedeni abantu ukuba basinde ukuphazamiseka kweenkqubo, baya kufumana imvume evelele yoluntu kunye nentlonipho.  If banceda ekulungiseleleni iifama zoluntu, amakhitshi, iikliniki zezempilo kunye nokhuseleko lwengingqi, baya kufumana ukubambisana kunye nenkxaso. Kwaye if Bangadibanisa abantu ukukhusela imali abayigcinileyo kunye neepenshoni kwaye bathintele ukuxelwa kwangaphambili, ukugxothwa, ukugxothwa emsebenzini, kunye nokucinywa emsebenzini, emva koko ukuxhathisa okuxhaphakileyo kubungxowankulu be-catabolic kuya kukhula ngokukhawuleza. Ukukhulisa utshintsho oluya kuluntu oluchumileyo, olunobulungisa, oluzinzileyo kwezendalo, yonke le mizabalazo kufuneka inxulunyaniswe kwaye ifakelwe umbono okhuthazayo wobomi obungcono kakhulu ukuba sinokuzikhulula kule nkqubo yokungasebenzi, yokujonga inzuzo kube kanye.

Isifundo esingakhathalelwanga nguNahomi Klein sibonakala sicacile. Isiphithiphithi semozulu sesinye seempawu ezonwabisayo zoluntu lwethu olungasebenzi kakuhle. Ukusinda kubungxowankulu be-catabolic kunye nokuhluma ngenye indlela, abasebenza ngokunyanzela kuya kufuneka balindele kwaye bancede abantu baphendule kwiingxaki ezininzi ngelixa bebaququzelela ukuba babone kwaye bayisuse imithombo yabo. Ukuba intshukumo ayinakho ukubona kwangaphambili ukuqikelela ezi ntlekele zitshintshayo kwaye itshintshe ukugxila kwayo xa kufuneka, siya kube sichithe isifundo esibalulekileyo kwincwadi kaKlein yangaphambili, Imfundiso yokuThuswa. Ngaphandle kokuba i-Left ikwazi ukucinga nokuqhubela phambili enye indlela engcono, amandla ombane aya kusebenzisa ingxaki nganye entsha ukuya kwi-ajenda yabo "yokugrumba nokubulala" ngelixa uluntu luxhelekile kwaye luphazamisekile. Ukuba i-Left ayinakho ukwakha intshukumo eyomeleleyo ngokwaneleyo kwaye iguquguquke ngokwaneleyo ukuba imelane nemeko engxamisekileyo yendalo, ezoqoqosho kunye nezomkhosi zokuncipha kwempucuko yemizi-mveliso kwaye ziqale ukuvelisa ezinye iindlela ezinethemba ziya kuphulukana ngokukhawuleza namandla kwabo bazuza kwintlekele.

UCraig Collins Ph.D. ngumlobi we "Izitshizi ezinobuthi"(ICambridge University Press), ehlola iMicrosoft functional system of protection of environment. Ufundisa isayensi yezopolitiko kunye nomthetho wokusingqongileyo kwiCalifornia State University i-East Bay kwaye yayilungu elisekela iGreen Party yaseCalifornia.