Ukoyisa amashumi eminyaka yoLwahlulo phakathi kweIndiya nePakistan: Ukwakha Uxolo Kuyo yonke iRadcliffe Line

nguDimpal Pathak, World BEYOND War Ngaphakathi, ngoJulayi 11, 2021

Njengokuba iwotshi yayibetha ezinzulwini zobusuku ngo-Agasti 15, 1947, imikhwazo yenkululeko kulawulo lobukoloniyali yarhaxwa zizikhalazo zabantu abazizigidi behamba betyhutyha umhlaba ogcwele izidumbu eIndiya nasePakistan. Olu lusuku olwaphawula ukuphela kolawulo lwase-Bhritane lommandla, kodwa lukwaphawula ukwahlulwa kwe-Indiya kwizizwe ezibini ezahlukileyo-i-India ne-Pakistan. Uhlobo oluphikisanayo lomzuzu, lwenkululeko nolwahlulo, luye lwaqhubeka luchukumisa ababhali-mbali kwaye bathuthumbisa abantu kumacala omabini omda kude kube ngoku.

Inkululeko yommandla kulawulo lwase-Bhritane yaphawulwa ngokwahlula-hlula ngokwenkolo, kuzala uninzi lwamaHindu i-India kunye ne-Muslim-uninzi lwe-Pakistan njengamazwe amabini azimeleyo. UNisid Hajari, umbhali we-UN, uthe xa behlukana, bekungekho mazwe mabini eMhlabeni njengeIndiya nePakistan. Ubushushu bobusuku bobusuku: Ilifa elibulalayo lokwahlulahlula kweIndiya. “Iinkokeli macala omabini zazifuna la mazwe amanyane njengaseMelika naseKhanada. Uqoqosho lwabo lwalungene ngokunzulu, iinkcubeko zabo zazifana kakhulu. ” Ngaphambi kokwahlukana, kwenzeka utshintsho oluninzi olwabangela ukwahlulwa kweIndiya. I-Indian National Congress (INC) ikhokele kumzabalazo wenkululeko e-India kunye nabantu abadumileyo njengo-MK Gandhi kunye noJawaharlal Nehru ngokusekwe kumxholo wokungakhathali kunye nemvisiswano phakathi kwazo zonke iinkolo, ngakumbi phakathi kwamaHindu namaSilamsi. Kodwa ke ngelishwa, uloyiko lokuhlala phantsi kolawulo lwamaHindu, olwaludlalwa ngamakoloniyali kunye neenkokheli ukuqhubela phambili amabhongo abo ezopolitiko, kukhokelele kwimfuno yokuyilwa kwePakistan. 

Ubudlelwane phakathi kweIndiya nePakistan bekuhlala kungaguquguquki, kuphikiswana, kungathembeki, kwaye kuyimeko yezopolitiko eyingozi kakhulu kwimeko yomhlaba ngokubanzi nase Mzantsi Asia ngokukodwa. Ukusukela kwi-Independence kwi-1947, i-India kunye ne-Pakistan bezisemfazweni ezine, kubandakanya enye engachazwanga mfazwe, kunye nemilo emininzi yokulwa nemikhosi. Alithandabuzeki elokuba zininzi izizathu ezibangela ukungazinzi kwezopolitiko, kodwa umba waseKashmir uhlala ungoyena ndoqo oyingxaki kuphuhliso lobudlelwane phakathi kwala mazwe mabini. Omabini la mazwe aye akhuphisana ngokumasikizi neKashmir ukusukela ngala mhla besahlukana ngokusekwe kubemi bamaHindu nabamaSilamsi. Elona qela likhulu lamaSilamsi, eliseKashmir, lilele kummandla waseIndiya. Kodwa urhulumente wasePakistan kudala esithi iKashmir yeyakhe. Iimfazwe phakathi kweHindustan (India) kunye nePakistan ngo-1947-48 no-1965 zasilela ukulungisa umba. Nangona i-India yaphumelela ngokuchasene nePakistan ngo-1971 umba weKashmir uhlala ungaphazanyiswanga. Ukulawulwa komkhenkce waseSiachen, ukufunyanwa kwezixhobo, kunye nenkqubo yenyukliya nako kube negalelo kungxwabangxwaba phakathi kwala mazwe mabini. 

Nangona omabini la mazwe egcine ukupheliswa komlilo ethe-ethe ukusukela ngo-2003, bahlala betshintshana ngomlilo ngaphesheya komda okhuphisanayo, owaziwa njenge Umgca woLawulo. Ngo-2015, bobabini oorhulumente bakuqinisekisa ukuzimisela kwabo ukuphumeza isivumelwano seNehru-Noon sango-1958 sokuseka iimeko zoxolo kwimida ye-Indo-Pakistan. Esi sivumelwano sinxulumene notshintshiselwano lwee-enclaves empuma kunye nokuzinziswa kwembambano yase-Hussainiwala kunye ne-Suleiman entshona. Ezi ziindaba ezilungileyo ngokuqinisekileyo kwabo bahlala kule ndawo, njengoko iya kwandisa ukufikelela kwizibonelelo ezisisiseko ezifana nemfundo kunye namanzi acocekileyo. Ekugqibeleni uya kuwukhusela umda kwaye uncede ekunqandeni ukuwela ngokungekho semthethweni. Ngaphantsi kwesivumelwano, abahlali be-enclave bangaqhubeka nokuhlala kwindawo yabo yangoku okanye bafudukele kwilizwe abalithandayo. Ukuba bahlala, baya kuba ngabemi belizwe apho imimandla idluliselwe khona. Utshintsho lwamva nje lobunkokeli luye lwaphinda lwakhulisa ukungavisisani kwaye luye lwanyanzela imibutho yamanye amazwe ukuba ingenelele kwimpikiswano phakathi kweIndiya nePakistan malunga neKashmir. Kodwa, kude kube ngoku, omabini amacala abonisa umdla wokuqalisa kwakhona intetho yamazwe amabini. 

Ubudlelwane kwezorhwebo phakathi kwamazwe, kule minyaka ingamashumi amahlanu idlulileyo, buye babona imbali etshekishwayo, ebonisa ukutshintsha kwemiba yezopolitiko kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe amabini. I-Indiya nePakistan zamkele indlela esebenzayo yokwakha intsebenziswano; uninzi lwezivumelwano zamazwe amabini zihambelana nemicimbi engeyiyo yokhuselo enje ngorhwebo, unxibelelwano ngocingo, ezothutho, kunye netekhnoloji. La mazwe mabini enze uthotho lwezivumelwano zokujongana nobudlelwane phakathi kwala mazwe mabini, kubandakanya isivumelwano seSimla sonyaka we-1972. La mazwe mabini atyikitye isivumelwano sokuqalisa urhwebo, ukuseta iimfuno ze-visa, kunye nokutshintshiselana ngocingo kunye neposi. Ngelixa i-Indiya nePakistan bezama ukubuyisela ubudlelwane bezopolitiko kunye nokusebenza emva kwemfazwe yesibini phakathi kwabo, benza izivumelwano ezininzi. Ngelixa uthungelwano lwezivumelwano lungabunciphisanga okanye lubuphelise ubundlobongela obunqamleze imida phakathi kweIndiya nePakistan, oko kubonisa ubuchule bamazwe ekufumaneni iipokotho zentsebenziswano ezinokuthi ekugqibeleni zichithele nakweminye imiba yemicimbi, ngaloo ndlela zonyusa intsebenziswano. Umzekelo, ngelixa kungqubana kwemida yokuwela, oonozakuzaku baseIndiya nabasePakistan babebambe iingxoxo ezidibeneyo zokubonelela abahambi ngezonqulo baseIndiya ukufikelela kwitempile yaseKartarpur Sikh ebekwe ngaphakathi ePakistan, kwaye ngethamsanqa, ipaseji yaseKartarpur yavulwa yiNkulumbuso yasePakistan uImran Khan ngoNovemba. I-2019 yabahambi ngezonqulo baseIndiya.

Abaphandi, abagxeki, kunye neetanki zokucinga ezininzi bakholelwa ngamandla ukuba elona xesha lelona lilungileyo kumazwe amabini angabamelwane boMzantsi Asia ukuba boyise umthwalo wabo wexesha elidlulileyo kwaye baqhubele phambili ngamathemba amatsha kunye neminqweno yokwakha ubudlelwane obunamandla kwezoqoqosho kunye nokwenza umoya Imarike eqhelekileyo. Owona mzuzi mkhulu kurhwebo phakathi kweIndiya nePakistan iya kuba ngumthengi, ngenxa yokuncitshiswa kweendleko zemveliso kunye noqoqosho lwesikali. Ezi zibonelelo zoqoqosho ziya kuchaphazela ngokuqinisekileyo izikhombisi zentlalo ezinje ngemfundo, impilo, kunye nesondlo.

IPakistan neIndiya zineminyaka nje engamashumi amahlanu anesixhenxe yobukho njengamazwe ahlukeneyo xa kuthelekiswa neminyaka eliwaka yobukho obudibeneyo ngaphambi kolawulo lwaseBritane. Ubunikazi babo obuqhelekileyo bujikeleze imiba yimbali ekwabelwana ngayo, iJografi, ulwimi, inkcubeko, amaxabiso kunye nezithethe. Eli lifa lenkcubeko kwabelwana ngalo lithuba lokuwabopha omabini la mazwe, ukoyisa imbali yawo yamva nje yemfazwe kunye nembangi. “Kutyelelo lwam lwakutsha nje ePakistan, ndizibonele ngokwethu ukungafani kwaye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ngumnqweno woxolo abathe abantu abaninzi bathetha ngawo, endicinga ukuba ngumgangatho wentliziyo yomntu jikelele. Ndidibene nabantu abaliqela kodwa andibonanga lutshaba. Babengabantu abafana nathi. Babethetha ulwimi olunye, benxibe iimpahla ezifanayo, kwaye befana nathi, ”utsho Priyanka Pandey, intatheli eselula evela eIndiya.

Ngayo nayiphi na indleko, inkqubo yoxolo kufuneka iqhubeke. Isimo sokungathathi hlangothi kufuneka samkelwe ngabameli basePakistan naseIndiya. Imilinganiselo ethile yokwakha ukuzithemba kufuneka yamkelwe ngawo omabini amacala. Izibophelelo kwinqanaba lozakuzo kunye nokunxibelelana kwabantu nabantu kufuneka kuphuculwe ngakumbi nangakumbi. Ukuba bhetyebhetye kufuneka kujongwe kwincoko ekusombululeni imiba ephambili phakathi kwamazwe omabini ngekamva elingcono kuzo zonke iimfazwe kunye neembambano. La macala mabini kufuneka enze okungaphezulu kakhulu ekujonganeni nezikhalazo kwaye ajongane nokuma kwesiqingatha senkulungwane, endaweni yokusohlwaya isizukulwana esilandelayo enye iminyaka engama-75 yongquzulwano kunye nemfazwe ebandayo. Bafuna ukukhuthaza zonke iindlela zonxibelelwano kunye nokuphucula ubomi beKashmiris, abathwele eyona mbambano inkulu. 

I-intanethi ibonelela ngesithuthi esinamandla sokuphuhlisa enye incoko kunye nokutshintshiselana ngolwazi, ngaphaya kwenqanaba likarhulumente. Imibutho yoluntu sele isebenzise imithombo yeendaba yedijithali ngomlinganiso ofanelekileyo wempumelelo. Indawo yokugcina ulwazi ekwi-intanethi yayo yonke imisebenzi yoxolo phakathi kwabemi bala mazwe mabini iya kongeza amandla emibutho nganye ukuze igcine inolwazi kwaye icwangcise amaphulo ayo ngolungelelwaniso olungcono ukufikelela kwimpembelelo ephezulu. Ukutshintshana rhoqo phakathi kwabantu bala mazwe mabini kunokudala ukuqonda okungcono kunye nokulunga. Amanyathelo akutshanje, njengotshintshiselwano lotyelelo phakathi kwepalamente yomanyano kunye neyommandla, zihamba kwicala elifanelekileyo kwaye kufuneka zigcinwe. Isivumelwano solawulo lwe-visa ekhululekileyo ikwayiyo nophuhliso oluqinisekileyo. 

Kukho okuninzi okudibanisa iIndiya nePakistan kunokubahlula. Iinkqubo zokusombulula ukungaboni ngasonye nokwakha amanyathelo okuzithemba kufuneka ziqhubeke. “Iintshukumo zoxolo noxolelwaniso eIndiya nasePakistan zifuna ukwandiswa ngakumbi nokuxhotyiswa. Basebenza ngokwakha ukuthembana, nangokukhuthaza ukuqonda phakathi kwabantu, bencedisa ekwaphuleni imiqobo ebangelwe kukwahlulahlula amaqela, ”ubhala watsho UGqr Volker Patent, Isayikholojisti yeChartered kunye nomhlohli kwiSikolo seNzululwazi kwiYunivesithi evulekileyo. Nge-Agasti ezayo kuya kuphawulwa isikhumbuzo se-75th sesahlulelo phakathi kweIndiya nePakistan. Lixesha lokuba iinkokheli zase India kunye ne Pakistan zibeke ecaleni yonke ingqumbo, ukungathembani, nehlelo kunye neenkolo. Endaweni yoko, kufuneka sisebenzisane ukoyisa umzabalazo wethu ekwabelwana ngawo njengendalo kunye neplanethi, ukujongana nengxaki yemozulu, ukunciphisa inkcitho kwezomkhosi, ukwandisa urhwebo, kunye nokwenza ilifa kunye.