Inkcazo yeNkqubo yeSizwe yoKhuseleko lweSizwe

Akukho qhinga linye eliya kuphelisa imfazwe. Izicwangciso-qhinga kufuneka zilayishwe kwaye zilukwe kunye ukuze zisebenze. Kule ilandelayo, into nganye ichazwe ngokufutshane ngangokunokwenzeka. Zonke iincwadi zibhaliwe malunga nenye yazo, ezimbalwa zazo zidweliswe kwicandelo lezixhobo. Njengoko kuya kubonakala, ukhetha ifayile ye- world beyond war kuyakufuna ukuba siqhaqhe iNkqubo yeMfazwe esele ikho kwaye sidale amaziko eNkqubo eNye yoKhuseleko lweHlabathi kunye / okanye ukuphucula amanye amaziko apho sele ekho umbungu. Qaphela oko World Beyond War ayicebisi urhulumente wehlabathi elizimeleyo kodwa iwebhu yamabhunga olawulo angenelwe ngokuzithandela kunye notshintsho kwinkcubeko ngaphandle kobundlobongela nolawulo.

U khu seleko

Ukulawulwa kwemibambano njengoko kuqhutywe kwintsimbi yesinyithi yemfazwe kukuzikhupha. Kwinto eyaziwa ngokuba yi "ngxaki yokukhusela," bakholelwa ukuba banokuzigcina bekhuselekile ngakumbi ngokwenza abachasi babo bekhuseleke ngakumbi, okukhokelela kwimikhosi yeembambano ezandayo ezigqityiweyo kwizixhobo eziqhelekileyo, zenukliya, eziphilayo kunye neekhemikhali zokutshabalalisa okubi. Ukubeka ukhuseleko lommelwane walo engozini akuzange kuholele ekukhuseleni kodwa kwimeko yokuxolisa ngokuxilongo, kwaye ngenxa yoko, xa iimfazwe ziqalile, ziye zinobudlova obubi. Ukhuseleko oluqhelekileyo luvuma ukuba olunye uluntu lunokukhusela kuphela xa zonke iintlanga zikhona. Umzekelo wezokhuseleko wesizwe ukhokelela kuphela ekungakhuselekeni komnye, ngokukodwa kwixesha xa ilizwe lithemba. Iingcamango zangaphambili emva kolawulo lwentlanga kwakufuneka udwebe umgca malunga nommandla wendawo kunye nokulawula yonke into eyayizama ukuwela kuloo mgca. Kwihlabathi lehlabathi lezobuchwepheshe namhlanje ukuba ingqiqo. Iintlanga azikwazi ukugcina iingcamango, abafudukayo, ubunzima bezoqoqosho, izifo zezilwanyana, ulwazi, iibhola, okanye i-cyber-attack on infrastructure vulnerable njengeendlela zebhanki, izityalo zamandla, ukuthengisana kwempahla. Akukho hlanga likwazi ukuhamba lodwa. Ukhuseleko kufuneka libe yihlabathi jikelele ukuba likhona.

Ukukhuselwa koKhuseleko

Iimbambano eziqhelekileyo zehlabathi langoku azikwazi ukusombululwa ngombhoxo. Akufuneki ukuhlaziywa kwezixhobo zempi kunye nezicwangciso kodwa ukuzibophelela okukhulu ekudanjisweni kwemimoya.
UTom Hastings (Umbhali kunye noNjingalwazi weSigqibo seNxabano)

Ukushiya kwiNdawo yokuKhusela engeyiyo

Isinyathelo sokuqala ekukhuseleni ukukhuselwa komzimba kungabikho ukukhusela okungafunekiyo, okuza kuxoxwa kwakhona nokuvuselela ukuqeqeshwa, ukugcinwa kwempahla, imfundiso, kunye nezixhobo ukwenzela ukuba umkhosi wesizwe ubonwe ngabamelwane bawo ukuba bangafanelekanga ngenxa yecala kodwa ngokucacileyo bakwazi ukukhusela wemida yayo. Le ndlela yokhuselo elawula ukuhlaselwa ngokuxhobene namanye amazwe.

Ingaba isistim se-weapon singasetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni ngaphandle, okanye ingasetyenziswa kuphela ekhaya? Ukuba ingasetyenziselwa phesheya, ngoko kuyacaphuka, ngakumbi ukuba ukuba 'ngaphandle' kuquka amazwe aphikisanayo. Ukuba isetyenziswe kuphela ekhaya kwaye inkqubo iyazikhusela, isebenza kuphela xa kuhlaselwa.1
(UJohn Galtung, uMcwaningi woxolo kunye noLwaphulo)

Ukukhusela okungafunekiyo kubonisa ukunyanzelwa kwezempi. Kuquka ukunciphisa okanye ukunciphisa izixhobo ezide ezide njenge-Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles, ii-aircraft zokuhlaselwa kwexesha elide, iinqanawa ezithwalayo kunye neenqanawa ezinzima, iirrones ezisemthethweni, iinqwelo zasemanzini ezinokhenkliya, iinqwelo zaselwandle, kunye nemikhosi yamatye. KwiNkqubo yoKhuseleko loHlabathi kwiNkqubo yeSizwe yoKhuseleko, i-post-protested non-provocative postage posture iya kukhishwa kancane kancane njengoko ingaba yinto engadingekile.

Olunye uhlobo lokuzimela oluya kululeka luyinkqubo yokukhusela ekuhlaselweni kwexesha elizayo kuquka ukuhlaselwa kwe-cyber kwi-grid yamandla, izityalo zamandla, ukunxibelelana, ukuthengiswa kwemali kunye nokukhusela kwezobuchwepheshe obuninzi bokusetyenziswa njengama-nanotechnology kunye ne-robotics. Ukunyusa i-cyber ubuchule be-Interpol kuya kuba yinto yokuqala yokukhusela kule meko kunye nenye inxalenye yeNkqubo yoKhuseleko lweSizwe soNqabileyo.2

Kwakhona, ukukhusela okungekho nto ingakhuseli uhlanga oluneenqwelo-moya ezide kunye neenqanawa ezilungiselelwe kuphela ukufumana uncedo lwabantu. Ukutshintshela ekukhuseleni okungabikho okukhuselekileyo kunciphisa iNkqubo yeMfazwe ngelixa lenza ukuba kwenzeke ukudala inkululeko yokuncedisa incedo yoluntu eqinisa inkqubo yoxolo.

Yakha uMbutho woKhuselo oSebenzayo ongekho Mthetho

I-Gene Sharp iye yadibanisa imbali ukufumana nokurekhoda amakhulu eendlela ezisetyenziselwe ngempumelelo ukukhupha ingcinezelo. Ukukhusela okusekelwe kuluntu (CBD)

ibonisa ukukhuselwa ngabantu (njengabalingani basebenzi bempi) basebenzisa iindlela zokulwa emzimbeni (ngokungafani nemikhosi yempi kunye neepalilitary). Lo ngumgaqo-nkqubo ojoliswe ekunqandeni nasekunqobeni ukuhlaselwa kwezempi zasemzini, imisebenzi, kunye nokukhishwa kwangaphakathi. "3 Olu khuselo "lusetyenziselwa ukuba luqhutywe ngabantu kunye namaziko alo ngokucwangcisa ukulungiselela, ukucwangcisa nokuqeqeshwa kwangaphambili.

Le "ipolisi [apho] lonke uluntu kunye namaziko oluntu ziba yimikhosi yokulwa. Isixhobo sabo sinezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zengqondo, ezoqoqosho, ezentlalo, kunye nezopolitiko kunye nokuhlaselwa. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo uhlose ukukhusela ukuhlaselwa kunye nokuzikhusela ngokulungelelanisa ukuba uluntu lungabonakali ngabakhohlisi kunye nabahlaseli. Abantu abaqeqeshweyo kunye namaziko oluntu baya kulungela ukukhanyela abahlaseleli iinjongo zabo kunye nokwenza ukuhlanganiswa kolawulo lwezopolitiko akunakwenzeka. Ezi njongo ziza kufezwa ngokusebenzisa ukungabikho komsebenzi kunye nokukhethileyo. Ukongeza, xa kunokwenzeka, ilizwe elikhuselayo liza kuba nenjongo yokudala iingxaki zamazwe ngamazwe aphezulu kubahlaseli kunye nokuguqula ukuthembeka kwemikhosi yabo kunye nabasebenzi.
Gene Sharp (Umbhali, uMsunguli weziko le-Albert Einstein)

Ingxaki ebhekene nayo yonke imimandla ukususela ekuvelweni kwemfazwe, oko kukuthi, ukuba ungenise okanye ube ngumfanekiso wesirangabi somhlaseli ohlaselayo, usombulule ngokukhuselwa kombutho. Ukuba njengento okanye imfazwe efana neye-aggressor yayisekelwe kwinyani yokuba ukumisa kufuna ukunyanzeliswa. Ukukhusela okusekelwe kuluntu kubonisa amandla enamandla anokunyanzelisa angayidingi impi yempi.

Kwi-defense-based based-based, yonke intsebenziswano ihoxiswa kumandla ahlaselayo. Akukho nto isebenza. Izibane azifikeleli, okanye ukushisa, inkunkuma ayifumanwanga, inkqubo ye-transit ayisebenzi, inkundla iphelile ukusebenza, abantu abalaleli imiyalelo. Yiyo eyenzekayo kwi "Kapp Putsch" eBerlin ngo-1920 xa umntu owayengumtyholi kunye nomkhosi wakhe wecala wazama ukuthatha. Urhulumente odlulileyo wabalekela, kodwa abemi baseBerlin babengakwazi ukubusa kangangokuthi, nangona amandla amakhulu empi, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwadlulayo kwiiveki. Wonke amandla awaveli kumbhobho wesibhamu.

Kwezinye iimeko, ukuxhatshazwa kwipropati karhulumente kuya kuthathwa njengefanelekileyo. Xa i-Army yaseFransi ihlala eJamani emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, abasebenzi baseJamani baqhuma iinjinjini kwaye baqhawula iingqungquthela zokukhusela amaFrentshi ukuba bangene kwimikhosi ejikelezayo ukuze bahlangabezane nemiboniso emikhulu. Ukuba ijoni laseFransi lafika kwi-tram, umqhubi wenqaba ukuhamba.

Iinjongo ezimbini eziphambili zenkxaso yokukhusela ngokusemthethweni; okokuqala, ukuba onke amandla avela ngaphantsi-wonke urhulumente ngowomthetho olawulwayo kwaye loo mvume inokuhlala ihoxiswa, ibangela ukuwa kwe-elite ebusayo. Okwesibini, ukuba isizwe sibonakala singenakwenzeka, ngenxa yombutho okhuselekileyo okhuselekileyo onobukhosi, akukho sizathu sokuzama ukuwunqoba. Uhlanga oluvikelwe ngumkhosi wamasosha lunokutshatyalaliswa kwimfazwe ngamandla amakhulu empi. Izibonelo ezingenakubalwa. Imizekelo iphinda ikhona yezizwe eziphakanyiswayo kunye nokulwa noorhulumente obuthatshazo obunobutshabalazo ngokungabikho komzabalazo ongenamdla, ukuqala ngokukhulula kumandla ahleliyo eIndiya ngabantu baseGandhi ukunyakaza kwamandla, ukuqhubeka nokuchithwa kolawulo lukaMarcos ePhilippines, ulawulo lolawulo lwama-Soviet EMpuma Yurophu, kunye neArabhu Spring, zibiza nje ezimbalwa zeempawu eziphawulekayo.

Kulokhuseleko olusekelwe kuluntu, bonke abantu abadala abanokuqeqeshwa ngeendlela zokuchasana.4 I-Reserve Corps yezigidi ihlelwe, yenza ukuba isizwe sibe namandla ngokuzimela kwayo ukuba akukho mntu unokucinga ukuba uzama ukunqoba. Inkqubo ye-CBD ipapashwa ngokubanzi kwaye iyabonakala ngokucacileyo kubachasayo. Inkqubo ye-CBD yayiza kuhlawula iqhezu lemali esetshenziselwe ukuxhasa inkqubo yokukhusela impi. I-CBD inokubonelela ngokukhusela ngendlela efanelekileyo kwiNkqubo yeMfazwe, ngelixa liyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yoxolo enamandla. Ngokuqinisekileyo umntu unokuthetha ukuba ukukhusela okungaphepheliyo kufuneka kudlulisele umbono welizwe njengendlela zokukhusela uluntu, kuba uhlanga lwesizwe ngokusoloko luyisisitye sokuxinzelela ekukholeni kwenyama okanye kwenkcubeko yabantu.5

Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, ubulumko bobugcisa obubonakalisiweyo bubungqina bokuthi ukungaxhatshazwa kwabantu ngokungaqhelekanga kubini kunokuphumelela ngokuthelekiswa nokunyakaza okusebenzisa ubudlova. Ulwazi olusesikweni kwimbali kunye nokusebenza yinto eyenza umqhubi wentshukumo yexesha elide engaphepheliyo kwaye umphengululi uGeorge Lakey uthemba inxaxheba ebalulekileyo ye-CBD. Uthi: "Ukuba uxolo lwaseJapan, u-Israyeli kunye neUnited States bakhetha ukwakha kwisithuba sekhulu leminyaka yesicwangciso soqhinga kunye nokuceba okunye ukulwa nemfazwe, ngokuqinisekileyo baya kwakha ekulungiseleleni nasekuqeqesheni baze bafumane ingqalelo kwi-pragmatisti yabo entlangeni. "6

IsiGaba soBukhosi basemazweni angaphandle

Kwi-2009 ukuqeshiswa kwe-US kwisiseko somoya e-Ecuador kuye kwaphela ukuba kuphele kwaye umongameli wase-Ecuador wenza isiphakamiso kwi-US

Siya kuphinda sihlaziye isiseko kwimeko enye: ukuba basinike isiseko eMami.

Abantu baseBrithani babeyifumana ingacatshulwa ukuba urhulumente wabo wavumela i-Saudi Arabia ukuba imise isiseko esikhulu sempi kwiiBritish Isles. Ngokufanayo, iUnited States ayinakuyinyamezela i-air base base-Wyoming. Ezi zizwe zasemzini ziza kubonakala zingasongela ukhuseleko lwabo, ukhuseleko lwabo kunye nolawulo lwabo. Iziseko zasemkhosini zangaphandle zixabisekileyo zokulawula abantu kunye nezibonelelo. Ziindawo apho amandla ahlala khona angangena ngaphakathi kwilizwe "lokusingatha" okanye kwiintlanga kwimida yalo, okanye mhlawumbi ukuhlaselwa. Baye baxakeke ngokukrakra kwilizwe elihlala kuyo. I-United States yimizekelo ebalulekileyo, ibe nekhulu leziseko kumazwe e-135 emhlabeni jikelele. Inani elipheleleyo libonakala lingaziwa; Iifisi zeSebe loKhuselo ziyahluka kwiofisi ukuya kwiofisi. Umbhali wezinto eziphilayo uDavid Vine, oye waphanda ngokubanzi ubukho bemikhosi yaseMelika kwihlabathi lonke, uqikelele ukuba kukho indawo ze-800 ezithumela imikhosi kwihlabathi jikelele. Uyabhala uphando lwakhe kwincwadi ye-2015 BkwiSizwe. Indlela amajoni ase-US asezantsi angonakalisa ngayo iMelika kunye nehlabathi. Iziqwenga zangaphandle zidala inzondo malunga noko kubonwa khona njengendawo yokulawula umbuso.7 Ukuphelisa iziseko zemikhosi zasemzini yinksika yeNkqubo yoKhuselo lweSizwe soKhuseleko kunye neNdawo yokuKhusela iNkqubo yeZizwe eziKhuselekileyo.

Ukubuyiselwa ekuzikhuseleni okwenene kwimiba yesizwe kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokukhuselwa komkhuhlane, oko kunciphisa amandla eMfazwe yeNkqubo ukudala ukungakhuselekanga kwehlabathi. Ngenye indlela, ezinye zeziseko zinokuguqulwa ukuba zisebenzise ngokusesikweni "iSicwangciso soNcedo lweLizwe jikelele" njengamaziko encedo lwelizwe (jonga ngezantsi). Ezinye ziyakwazi ukuguqulwa zibe yiplanethi yelanga kunye nezinye iinkqubo zamandla azinzileyo.

Ukungabikho Nkunkuma

Ukungabikho kwezixhobo linyathelo elibonakalayo elikhokelela kwi world beyond war. Ingxaki yemfazwe ubukhulu becala yingxaki yamazwe atyebileyo akhukulisa amazwe ahluphekayo ngezixhobo, uninzi lwazo luzenzela inzuzo, ezinye mahala. Imimandla yehlabathi esicinga ukuba ithambekele emfazweni, kubandakanya iAfrika kwaye uninzi lweNtshona yeAsia, azenzi zixhobo zazo. Bangenisa bevela kumazwe akude, azizityebi. Ukuthengiswa kweengalo ezincinci, ngokukodwa, kuye kwanda kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kathathu ukusukela ngo-2001.

I-United States yiyona nto ihamba phambili yokuthengisa umthengisi wezixhobo. Uninzi lwazo zonke iimpahla zentengiso zamazwe ngamazwe zivela kwamanye amalungu amane asisigxina kwiBhunga lezoKhuseleko lweZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye neJamani. Ukuba la mazwe ayisithupha ayeka ukusebenzisana nezixhobo, ukutshabalaliswa kwehlabathi jikelele kuya kuba yinto ende ende yokuphumelela.

Ubundlobongela bamazwe ahluphekileyo ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa ukulungiselela imfazwe (kunye nokuthengiswa kweengalo) kumazwe acebileyo. Iimfazwe ezininzi zinezixhobo ezenziwe nge-US kumacala amabini. Abanye banokuqeqeshwa kwama-US kunye namajelo ahlomile kumacala omabini, njengokuba kunjalo kwangoko ku-Siriya apho amabutho axhotywe yiSebe lezoKhuselo alwe namajoni axhotywe yiCIA. Impendulo eqhelekileyo ayinakukhubazeka, kodwa izixhobo ezininzi, izipho ezininzi zokuthenga izixhobo kunye nokuthengisa kwiiproxies, kunye nokuthengwa kweengalo kwiintlanga ezicebileyo.

I-United States ayiyona nje ingumthengisi omkhulu weengalo, kodwa nayo iyona mthengi omkhulu wezandla. Ngaba iUnited States yayibuyisela emuva i-arsenal yayo, isuse iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zezixhobo ezingenalo injongo yokuzimela, umzekelo, ukukhwela kweengalo eziphambili kunokukhawulelwa.

Imizamo yokuphelisa imfazwe ikhubazekile ngokuqhubekayo nokukhula kwezentengiselwano zengalo, kodwa ukukhawuleza nokuphelisa ukuhweba kweengalo kuyindlela efanelekileyo yokuphela kwemfazwe. Isisiseko, le ndlela ineentlobo ezinokwenzeka. Ngokomzekelo, ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo ze-US e-Saudi Arabia okanye izipho eYiputa okanye kwi-Israel akufuneki ukulwa ne-US patriotism kwindlela iimfazwe eziphikisayo zase-US ezikwenza ngayo. Kunoko sinobuchule bokurhweba kweempahla njengengozi yezempilo emhlabeni jikelele.

Ukukhubazeka kuyakufuna ukunciphisa kwizinto ezibizwa ngokuba zixhobo eziqhelekileyo kunye neenkliya kunye nezinye iintlobo zezixhobo. Siya kufuna ukuphelisa inzuzo ekuthengiseni izixhobo. Kuza kufuneka sivimbele ukulandelelana ngokukhawuleza kokubakho kwihlabathi elikhokelela ezinye iintlanga ukufumana izixhobo zenyukliya njengezikhuseli. Kodwa kuya kufuneka ukuba sithathe isinyathelo-nyi-step-step disarmament, sichitha iinkqubo ezithile, ezifana needrones ezixhobileyo, izixhobo zenyukliya, iikhemikhali kunye ne-biological, kunye nezixhobo endaweni.

Zixhobo eziqhelekileyo

Ihlabathi lijonge kwiimpahla, zonke izinto ezivela kwizixhobo ezizenzekelayo ukulwa namathangi kunye nezixhobo ezinamandla. Umkhukula weengalo uncedisa kokubili ukunyuka kobundlobongela kwiimfazwe kunye nezingozi zobundlobongela nobutshaba. Unceda oorhulumente abenzile ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamalungelo oluntu, kudala ukungazinzi kwamanye amazwe, kunye nokuqhubela phambili inkolelo yokuba uxolo luya kufumaneka ngeemfutho.

I-Ofisi yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yeNcedo loLuntu (i-UNODA) ikhokelwa ngumbono wokukhuthaza imimiselo ye-disarmament yomhlaba jikelele kwaye ijongene nemigudu yokujongana nezixhobo zokubhubhisa ngokubanzi kunye neengalo eziqhelekileyo kunye nokuthengiswa kweengalo.8 Iofisi ikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya kunye nokungabikho kwamanyathelo, ukuqiniswa kweemigaqo-nkqubo zokukhubazeka ngokubhekiselele kwezinye izixhobo zokutshabalalisa, kunye nezixhobo zamachiza kunye nezixhobo ze-biological, kunye nemigudu yokukhubazeka kwimida yezixhobo eziqhelekileyo, ingakumbi imimandla yehlabathi kunye neengalo ezincinci, ezizixhobo ezikhethiweyo kwiinkqubela zangoku.

UkuLawulwa kweeArms Trade

Abavelisi bezixhobo baneenkontileka zorhulumente ezixhasayo kwaye bancediswa ngabo kwaye bathengisa emakethe evulekileyo. I-US kunye nabanye bathengise iibhiliyoni kwiingalo kwi-Middle East enobudlova kwaye enobudlova. Ngamanye amaxesha iingalo zithengiswa kumabini omabini kwimpikiswano, njengoko kwimeko ye-Iraq kunye ne-Iran kunye nemfazwe phakathi kwabo babulala phakathi kwe-600,000 kunye ne-1,250,000 ngokusekelwe kwiingqikelelo zabafundi.9 Ngamanye amaxesha izixhobo eziphelile zisetyenziselwa ukuthengisa kumthengisi okanye abambisene naye, njengokuba kukho izixhobo ezifunyanwa yi-US e-Mujahedeen ephelile ezandleni ze-al Qaeda, kunye neengalo ezithengiswa yi-US okanye ezinike i-Iraq ephelile izandla ze-ISIS ngexesha lokuhlasela kwe-2014 yase-Iraq.

Urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kwizixhobo ezibulalayo lukhulu, ngaphezu kwe-$ 70 billion ngonyaka. Abathengi abaziintloko beengalo kwihlabathi ngamagunya alwa kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II; : US, Russia, Germany, France, naseUnited Kingdom.

I-UN yamkele iArms Trade Treaty (ATT) ngo-Ephreli 2, 2013. Awukuphelisa ukuhweba kweengalo zamazwe ngamazwe. Umnqophiso "isixhobo esisungula imigangatho yelizwe eliqhelekileyo yokungenisa, ukuthumela ngaphandle nokudluliselwa kweengalo eziqhelekileyo." Yangenela ukusebenza ngoDisemba 2014. Eyona nto, ithi abazithumelayo baya kujongela ngokwabo ukuphepha ukuthengisa iingalo "kwiziglogongela okanye kwiindawo ezinamandla." I-US, engayigunyazisanga umnqophiso, nantoni leyo yenza into yokuba i-veto isicatshulwa ngokufuna ukuba isivumelwano silawulwe kwiingxoxo. I-US ifuna ukuba umnqophiso ushiye iindawo ezinkulu ukuze umnqophiso awusayi "ukuphazamisa ngokungathinteli ngokukwazi kwethu ukungenisa, ukuthumela ngaphandle, okanye ukudlulisela iingalo ekuxhaseni ukhuseleko lwethu lwesizwe kunye nomdla welizwe". Umsebenzi wokuthengisa osemthethweni "[kwaye]" ngaphandle kokuba urhwebi lorhwebo oluvumelekileyo kwiingalo akufanele liphazamiseke ngokungapheliyo. "Ngaphezu koko," Akukho mfuneko yokunika ingxelo okanye ukumakisha kweempahla okanye ukuqhuma [kwaye] akukho myalelo wolawulo lwamazwe ngamazwe umzimba ukunyanzelisa i-ATT. "10

INkqubo yokuKhusela iNkqubo yokuKhusela iCandelo elongezelelweyo lokuKhuseleka lifuna inqanaba elikhulu lokungabikho nkunkuma ukuze zonke iintlanga zizive zikhuselekile kwiintlungu. I-UN ichaza ukutshabalalisa ngokubanzi kunye nokugqiba ngokupheleleyo "... njengokuba kupheliswe yonke i-WMD, kunye nokunciphisa ukulinganiswa kwemikhosi kunye nezixhobo eziqhelekileyo, ngokusekelwe kumgaqo wokukhuseleka okungekho phantsi kwamaqela ngenjongo yokukhuthaza okanye ukuphucula ukuzinza kwinqanaba eliphantsi umgangatho wemikhosi, ngokuqwalasela imfuno yazo zonke i-States ukukhusela ukhuseleko lwabo "(UN General Assembly, Document Document Final of Session Special Session on Disarmament, para. 22.) Le nkcazo yokukhubazeka ibonakala inemingxobo enkulu ngokwaneleyo yokuqhuba itanki kuhamba. Umnqophiso ogqithisileyo kunye namazinga okunciphisa amaxesha kuyadingeka, kunye nokusetyenziswa komthetho.

UMnqophiso ubonakala ungenzi nto ngaphezu kokuba afune amazwe aMaqela ukuba enze i-arhente ekujongeni iipropathi zangaphandle kunye nokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kunye nokuchonga ukuba ngaba bacinga ukuba iingalo ziza kusetshenziselwa kakubi imisebenzi enjenge-genocide okanye ubuqhetseba kunye nokunika ingxelo ngorhwebo lwabo ngonyaka. Akubonakali ukwenza lo msebenzi kuba ushiya ulawulo lwezorhwebo kubantu abafuna ukuthumela nokuthumela. Ukuvinjelwa kwamandla kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwamanye amazwe kuyimfuneko. Ukuthengiswa kweengalo kufuneka kudibaniswe uluhlu lweeNkundla zoLwaphulo-mthetho lwaMazwe ngamazwe "ulwaphulo-mthetho olubhekiselele kuluntu" kwaye luqhutyelwe kwimeko yabavelisi ngabanye kunye nabathengisi kunye neBhunga loKhuseleko kwigunya layo lokujongana nokuphulwa "koxolo lwamazwe ngamazwe nokhuseleko" Kwimeko yelizwe elizimeleyo njengabarhwebi bokuthengisa.11

Ukuphelisa Ukusetyenziswa kweeDrones ezinamandla

I-Drones yinqwelo-moya engaqhubekiyo (kunye neenqanawa kunye nezinye iirobhothi) ziqhutywe kude ukusuka kumgama wamawaka eekhilomitha. Kule ndlela, i-deployer eyintloko ye-drones yempi iye yi-United States. I-Dredes "ne-" Reaper "ithwala imikhosi ephezulu yokuqhuma i-rocket ejoliswe kubantu. Ziqhutywe "ngabaqhubi bee-pilot" ezihleli kwiimodem ekhompyutheni e-Nevada nakwezinye iindawo. Ezi drones zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukubulala okujoliswe kuzo kubantu basePakistan, e-Yemen, e-Afghanistan, eSomalia, e-Iraq naseSiriya. Ilungelo lezo zihlaselo, eziye zabulala amakhulu abantu, ziyimfundiso ebuzaza kakhulu "yokulindela." UMongameli waseMelika uzimisele ukuba unokuncedisa ukubulawa kwanoma ubani obonwa izisongelo zongongoma kwi-US, nakwabemi baseU.Ukuba uMgaqo-siseko ufuna inkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho, ngokungafunekiyo ngolu hlobo. Enyanisweni, uMgaqo-siseko wase-United States ufuna ukuhlonishwa kwamalungelo omntu wonke, kungenzi ukwahlula kwabemi base-US ukuba sifundiswa. Yaye phakathi kwezinto ezijoliswe kuzo abantu abazange baqaphele kodwa babonakale bekrokra ngokuziphatha kwabo, ukufana nokuhlaziywa kobuhlanga ngamapolisa asekhaya.

Iingxaki zokuhlaselwa kwe-drone zisemthethweni, ziziphatha kwaye zisebenza. Okokuqala, kuphulwa ngokucacileyo kwemithetho yonke yesizwe ngokubhekiselele ekubulaleni nasekumthethweni komthetho wase-US phantsi komyalelo olawulayo okhutshwe ngokubulawa kwabarhulumente base-US ekude emva kwe-1976 nguMongameli uGerald Ford kwaye kamva wachaza nguMongameli uRonald Reagan. Isetyenziselwa ukulwa nabemi base-US - okanye nawuphi na umntu-oku kubulala kuphula amalungelo enkqubo efanelekileyo phantsi komgaqo-siseko wase-US. Nangona umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe phantsi kweSiqendu 51 se-Charter ye-UN imisela ukuzikhusela kwimeko yokuhlaselwa ngokuzixhoba, i-drones kubonakala ngathi iphula umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kunye neeNdibano ze-Geneva.12 Nangona i-drones inokuthi ithathelwe ingqalelo ngokusemthethweni kwinqanaba lokulwa kwimfazwe embiweyo, i-US ayizange imemezele imfazwe kuwo onke amazwe apho ibulala i-drones, kwaye akukho nenye yeemfazwe zayo ezikhoyo phantsi komthetho we-UN Charter okanye iKellogg-Briand I-Pact, kwaye akucaci oko kwenza iimfazwe ezithile "zivakaliswe" njenge-US Congress ayizange imemezele imfazwe ukususela kwi-1941.

Ukongezelela, imfundiso yokulindela okulindelekileyo, echaza ukuba uhlanga lunokusetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni xa lukulindeleke ukuba luhlaselwe, lubuzwa yiinkampani ezininzi zelizwe jikelele. Ingxaki ngokuchazwa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe yinto engabonakaliyo-njani isizwe siyazi ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba yintoni enye ummeli wesigqeba okanye ongengowombuso ekuthiwa kwaye iya kubakhokelela ekuhlaselweni ngokuxhobile? Enyanisweni, naluphi na umntu oza kuba ngumlwankqozi wayenokuzifihla emva kwesi sifundo ukuze acingisise intshukumo yakhe. Kancinci, kunokuba (kwaye ngoku) kusetyenziswa ngokungakhethiyo ngaphandle kokuqwalaselwa yiCongress okanye kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo.

Okwesibini, ukuhlaselwa kwe-drone ngokucacileyo kukuziphatha kakubi nangaphantsi kwemiqathango "yemfundiso yemfazwe" echaza ukuba abangewona amantombazana akayi kuhlaselwa kwimfazwe. Uninzi lwezihlaselo ze-drone alujoliswanga kubantu abaziwa ngabo urhulumente njengabagorha, kodwa ngokubambisana nokuhlanganiselwa apho abantu abanjalo banokusola ukuba babekhona. Abaninzi abantu ababulewe kulezi zihlaselo kwaye kukho ubungqina ukuba ngezinye iimeko, xa abahlangulayo behlangene kwisayithi emva kokuhlaselwa kokuqala, isiteleka sesibini siye salelwa ukuba sibulale abo basindisayo. Uninzi lwabafileyo baye baba ngabantwana.13

Okwesithathu, ukuhlaselwa kwidayonela kukuvelisa. Ngethuba lifuna ukubulala iintshaba zase-US (ngamanye amaxesha amabango angamangalisa), zenza intukuthelo enamandla kwi-US kwaye zisetyenziswe ngokulula ekuqeshweni kwamaphekula amatsha.

Wonke umntu ongenacala uyambulala, udala iintshaba ezilishumi ezintsha.
Jikelele uStanley McChrystal (owayengumlawuli wama-US, ama-US kunye ne-NATO kwi-Afghanistan)

Ukuqhubela phambili, ngokubhikisana ukuba ukuhlaselwa kweentlonelo zomthetho kusemthethweni nangona imfazwe ingazange ivakaliswe, i-US inikezela ukulungiswa kwamanye amazwe okanye amaqela ukuba afune ukusemthethweni xa afuna ukusebenzisa iidrones ukuhlasela ukuhlaselwa kwe-US Drone eyenza isizwe esisebenzise kuncinci kunokukhuseleka ngakumbi.

Xa ulahla ibhokhwe ukusuka kwi-drone ... uza kubangela umonakalo omkhulu kunokuba uza kulungisa,
US uLt General General Michael Flynn (i-ret.)

Izizwe ezingaphezu kwemashumi asixhenxe ngoku ziba needrones, kwaye ngaphezu kwamazwe e-50 awakhula.14 Uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lwethekhnoloji kunye nomthamo wokuvelisa ukubonisa ukuba phantse zonke iintlanga ziya kuba nezidrones ezixhobileyo kwiminyaka elishumi. Ezinye zeNkqubo zoLwazi lweMfazwe zithi ukukhuselana nokuhlasela kwe-drone kuya kuba ukwakha i-drones ehlasela i-drones, ebonisa indlela apho iMfazwe yokucinga icinga ukuba iqhube kwiintambo zeengalo kunye nokungazinzi okukhulu xa ikhulisa ukutshabalaliswa xa kukho imfazwe ethile. Ukugqithiswa kweedronsi ezinamandla kunye naliphi na iintlanga kunye namaqela kuya kuba yinyathelo eliphambili ekukhuseleni ukukhuselwa komzimba.

I-Drones ayithiwa yiPredators kunye ne-Reapers nto. Babulala imishini. Ngaphandle kwejaji okanye i-jury, bachitha ubomi ngokukhawuleza, ubomi babo babonwa ngumntu, kwindawo ethile, ukuba bangabangqongqela, kunye nalabo abaphosakeleyo-okanye abanjwe ngengozi emakhanda abo.
UMedea uBenjamin (uMmeli, uMlobi, uMququzeleli weCODEPINK)

IsiGaba sokuPhuma kweziTyhulwa zoMonakalo omkhulu

Izixhobo zokubhubhisa ininzi ziyimpendulo enamandla kwiNkqubo yeMfazwe, ukuqinisa ukusabalala kwayo nokuqinisekisa ukuba iimfazwe ezenzekayo zinakho ukutshabalalisa umhlaba. Izixhobo zenyukliya, iikhemikhali kunye ne-biological zibonakaliswa ngokwazi kwabo ukubulala nokuxhamla inani elikhulu labantu, ukusula izixeko ezipheleleyo kunye nemimandla yonke enokutshabalaliswa okungenakuchazwa.

Zixhobo ze nyukliya

Okwangoku kukho izivumelwano ezinqabileyo izixhobo zezinto eziphilayo kunye nezixhobo zamakhemikhali kodwa akukho mbambano onqabela izixhobo zenukliya. I-1970 Non-Proliferation Treaty (i-NPT) inika ukuba izixhobo zenyukliya eziqingqiweyo ezi-5-i-US, iRashiya, i-UK, iFransi ne-China-kufuneka yenze imizamo enyanisekileyo yokwenyusa izixhobo zenukliya, ngelixa zonke ezinye izibonakalisi ze-NPT zibophezela ukuba zifumane i-nyukliya izixhobo. Amazwe amathathu kuphela anqaba ukujoyina i-NPT- India, Pakistan, ne-Israel-kwaye bafumana izixhobo zenyukliya. I-North Korea, ixhomekeke kwi-NPT ephathekayo ye-"nxu lumano" yamandla enyukliya, yaphuma ngaphandle kwesivumelwano ngokusebenzisa iteknoloji yayo "enoxolo" ukuhlakulela izinto eziphathekayo kwi-nyukliya amandla okuvelisa amabhomu enyukliya.15 Enyanisweni, isityalo ngasinye samandla enyukliya ngumbane webhomu.

Imfazwe elwa nento ebizwa ngokuthi "inqununu" inani lezixhobo zenuzi ziza kubulala izigidi, zenze ubusika benyukliya kwaye zibangele ukusweleka kokutya emhlabeni wonke okuya kubangela ukuba indlala yezigidi. Inkqubo yonke yesicwangciso senyukliya isekelwe kwisiseko sobuxoki, kuba imodeli yekhompyutheni ibonisa ukuba kuphela ipesenteji encinci yeemfazwe ezikhutshweyo zingabangela ukuvalwa kwehlabathi lonke kwezolimo ukuya kwiminyaka elishumi-ngokuqinisekileyo, isigwebo sokufa seentlobo zabantu. Kwaye umgangatho okwangoku ukhangele ubukhulu obuninzi bokungaphumeleli kwenkqubo okanye ukunxibelelana okuya kubakho izixhobo zenyukliya ezisetyenzisiweyo.

Ukukhululwa okukhulu kunokuphelisa bonke ubomi emhlabeni. Ezi zixhobo zisongela ukhuseleko lwabantu bonke.16 Ngelixa iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zokulawula izixhobo zamandla enyukliya phakathi kwe-US kunye ne-former Soviet Union zanciphisa inani elinenkani lezixhobo zenuzi (i-56,000 ngexesha elinye), kusekho i-16,300 ehlabathini, kuphela i-1000 engekho e-US okanye eRashiya.17 Okubaluleke ngakumbi, izivumelwano ezivunyelwe "ukuhlaziywa kwexesha," ukunyaniseka kokudala isizukulwana esitsha sezixhobo kunye neenkqubo zokuhambisa, ezo zonke iinyukliya ezenzayo. Isilo senyukliya asizange siphume; akuyi kukhwela emva emqolombeni-kuphuma kwiibhiliyoni zeedola ezivulekileyo kunye nezindleko ezingasetyenziswa kangcono kwenye indawo. Ekubeni isingeniso soBuhlu lweMvavanyo oluQinisekisileyo sisayinwe kwi-1998, i-US iye yagxininisa iimvavanyo zayo zeekhrayibrari eziphezulu zezixhobo zenyukliya, kunye nezilingo eziphambili, ii-1,000 ezinyaweni ngaphantsi komgangatho we-desert kwi-site ye-Nevada yokuhlola kwi-Western Shoshone umhlaba . I-US yenza i-28 iimvavanyo ezinjalo ukuza kuthi, zibethe i-plutonium kunye neekhemikhali, ngaphandle kokubangela ukuphendulwa kwekhenketho, ngoko ke "i-sub-critical".18 Enyanisweni, ulawulo luka-Obama okwangoku luhlawula iindleko zeerandi eziyi-trillion kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu ezayo ngenxa yeefomu ezintsha zeebhomu kunye neenkqubo zokuhambisa-iinqwelo-moya, ii-airplanes-undermarines-kunye nezixhobo zenyukliya ezintsha.19

Iprogram yeMfazwe eqhelekileyo yokucinga icinga ukuba izixhobo zenuzi zivimbela imfazwe-into ebizwa ngokuba yi-"Mutual Assured Destruction" ("MAD"). Nangona kuyi nyaniso ukuba ayisetyenziswanga ukususela kwi-1945, akunangqiqo ukugqiba ukuba i-MAD ibe yeso sizathu. Njengoko uDaniel Ellsberg ubonise, umongameli waseMelika waseTuruman usetyenzise izixhobo zenyukliya njengesisongelo kwezinye iintlanga ukuze azivumele i-US ukuba iphume indlela yayo. Ukongezelela, imfundiso enjalo ihlala elukholweni olukhohlakeleyo kwiingcamango zeenkokheli zezopolitiko kwiimeko ezinzima, ixesha elizayo. I-MAD ayiqinisekisi ukukhutshwa ngokukhawulezileyo kwezixhobo ezihlaselayo okanye isiteyathelo lizwe elenza iphutha lokuba lihlaselwa okanye isiteleka sokuqala sokuqala. Enyanisweni, iintlobo ezithile zeenkqubo zokuhanjiswa kweenqwelo zamachiza zenyukliya ziye zenzelwe kwaye zakhiwa ngenjongo yokugqibela-i-Cruise Missile (ephahla phantsi kwe-radar) kunye ne-Pershing Missile, ukuhlaselwa ngokukhawuleza, ukusabalalisa kwangaphambili. Iingxoxo ezinzulu zenzekile ngexesha leMfazwe yeCold malunga nokufunwa kwe-"Grand, Decapitating First Strike" apho i-US iya kuqalisa ukuhlaselwa kweenyukliya kwiSoviet Union ukuze ukhubaze amandla ayo okuqalisa izixhobo zenuzi ngokutshabalalisa umyalelo nokulawula, ukuqala neKremlin. Abanye abahlalutyi babhala "ngokuphumelela" imfazwe yenyukliya apho kuphela amawaka ambalwa ezigidi eza kubulawa, phantse bonke abemi.20 Izixhobo zenyukliya ziziphethe kakubi kwaye zihlazo.

Nangona zingasetyenziswanga ngamabomu, kukho iziganeko ezininzi apho izixhobo zenyukliya ezithwele kwiindiza ziye zaphazamisa emhlabathini, ngenhlanhla nje ichitha iputonium emhlabathini, kodwa ingahambi.21 Kwi-2007, iimfono ezithandathu zase-US ezithwala imikhosi yenyukliya zihamba ngokugqithiseleyo ukusuka eNyakatho Dakota ukuya eLouisana kunye nezibhamu zenyukliya ezingekhoyo zazingekho kwiiyure ze-36.22 Kukho iingxelo zokusela utywala kunye nokusebenza kakubi ngamaseyile afakwe kwii-silos eziphantsi komhlaba ezijongene nokuqalisa iimfucu ze-nyukliya zase-US ezicetyisiweyo kwiinkqubo zokulumkisa iinwele kwaye zikhomba kwiidolophu zaseRashiya.23 I-US kunye ne-Russia nganye inezinkulungwane zezixhobo zenyukliya eziye zanyulwa kwaye zilungele ukutshatyalaliswa. Isiphephelo sezulu saseNorway saseNorway sashiya-inkambo phezu kweRashiya kwaye sasiyithathile ukuba sihlasele singenayo kuze kube yiminithi yokugqibela xa sichaza i-chaos.24

Imbali ayenzi kuthi, siyenza-okanye siyiphelile.
UThomas Merton (uMbhaptizi wamaKatolika)

I-1970 NPT yayifanele iphela kwi-1995, kwaye yongezwa ngonaphakade ngelo xesha, kunye nokubonelelwa kweengqungquthela zokuhlaziywa kweminyaka emihlanu kunye neendibano zokulungiselela phakathi. Ukufumana ukuvumelana malunga nokwandiswa kwe-NPT, oorhulumente bathembisa ukuba babe neenkomfa yokuthetha ngeZixhobo zokuLawulwa koLuntu oluMahla eMbindi Mpuma. Kwiintlanganiso zonyaka ezi-5 zokuphononongwa, izithembiso ezitsha zanikezwa, njengokuzinikela ngokungenakucala ekupheliseni ngokupheleleyo izixhobo zenukliya, kunye "namanyathelo" athile okufuneka athathwe kwihlabathi elikhululekile, kungekho nanye uzuke.25 INgqungquthela yeSizwe yeZixhobo zeNyukliya, eyaqulunqwa yinkcubeko yoluntu kunye nososayensi, amagqwetha kunye nezinye iingcali zamukelwa yi-UN26 enikezela, "onke amazwe aya kuvunyelwa ukuba afunekele okanye athathe inxaxheba 'ekuphuhliseni, ukuvavanya, ukuvelisa, ukugcina impahla, ukudluliselwa, ukusebenzisa nokusongela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenuzi.'" Yalungiselela onke amanyathelo ayeza kufuneka ukuze abhubhise iinqwelo kunye nokugcina izinto phantsi kolawulo oluqinisekisiweyo lwamazwe ngamazwe.27

Ukuphazamiseka kwemibutho yoluntu kunye nezixhobo ezininzi ezingekho nenyukliya, akukho namanyathelo athatywayo kwiinkomfa ezininzi zokuhlaziywa kwe-NPT zamkelwe. Ukulandela isinyathelo esibalulekileyo yi-International Cross Cross ukuzazisa iziphumo ezibangelwa yintlupheko yezixhobo zenuzi, intsha entsha yokuxoxisana nomnqophiso olula ngaphandle kokuthatha inxaxheba kwezixhobo zenyukliya iqaliswe e-Oslo kwi-2013, kunye neenkomfa zokulandela i-Nayarit , EMexico naseVienna kwi-2014.28 Kukhona ukukhawuleza ukuvula le ngxoxo emva kwenkomfa yokuHlola ye-2015 yeNPT, kwi-70th Anniversary yokutshatyalaliswa kobubi kweHiroshima neNagasaki. Kwintlanganiso yaseVienna, urhulumente waseAustria wamemezela isibambiso sokusebenzela ukukhutshwa kwezixhobo zenukliya, echazwe ngokuthi "ukuthatha amanyathelo okuphumeza ukuzalisa umda wezomthetho ukwenqatshelwa nokupheliswa kwezixhobo zenuzi" kunye "nokusebenzisana nabo bonke abachaphazelekayo ukufezekisa oku njongo. "29 Ukongezelela, iVatican yathetha kule ngqungquthela kwaye okokuqala ivakalise ukuba ukukhuseleka kweekhamliya kukuziphatha okubi kwaye izixhobo kufuneka zivinjelwe.30 Umnqophiso wokuvinjelwa uza kufaka uxinzelelo kwizixhobo zenyukliya kuphela, kodwa oorhulumente bahlala phantsi kwe-ambulance ye-nyukliya yase-United States, kumazwe ase-NATO athembele kwizixhobo zenukliya "zokunqanda" kunye namazwe afana ne-Australia, eJapan kunye neSouth Korea.31 Ukongezelela, izitishi zase-US malunga ne-400 amabhomu enyukliya kumazwe ase-NATO, eBelgium, eNetherlands, e-Italy, eJamani kunye naseTurkey, nabo baya kuxinzelelwa ukuba banikezele "amalungiselelo enkampani yenyukliya" kwaye basayine isivumelwano sokuvalwa.3233

Izixhobo zeMichiza kunye neBilo

Izixhobo ze-biological ziquka i-toxins eziphilayo ezibulalayo ezifana ne-Ebola, i-typhus, i-smallpox, kunye nezinye eziye zatshintshwa kwibhule ukuba zikhulu kakhulu kangangokuba ayikho i-antidote. Ukusetyenziswa kwabo kungaqalisa ukusabalalisa kwehlabathi lonke. Ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuhambelana nezivumelwano ezikhoyo sele zenze inxalenye yeNkqubo yoKhuseleko loNcedo. INgqungquthela yoMnqophiso woPhuhliso, ukuPhathwa kunye nokuThengwa kweBacteriological (Biological) kunye neZixhobo ze-Toxin kunye nokuBhujiswa kwazo kwavulelwa ukuba zisayinwe kwi-1972 kwaye zaqala ukusebenza kwi-1975 phantsi kwe-United Nations. Ithintela abathunywa be-170 ukuba babe nelifa okanye bahlakulele okanye baqokele ezi zixhobo. Nangona kunjalo, ayikho indlela yokuqinisekisa kunye neemfuno zokuqiniswa ngumgaqo-nkqubo wokuhlola umngeni (oko kukuthi, nawuphi na uMbuso unomngeni onomngeni omnye ovumelene kwangaphambili ukuhlolwa.)

INgqungquthela yoMnqophiso wokuPhuhliswa, ukuPhuma, ukuThengwa nokuSebenza kweziTyhulo zeMikhali kunye nokuKhutshwa kwabo ukuthintela ukuphuhliswa, ukuveliswa, ukufunyanwa, ukugcinwa, ukugcinwa, ukudluliselwa okanye ukusebenzisa izixhobo zamakhemikhali. Amazwe asayinwe avumile ukutshabalalisa nayiphina impahla yokugcinwa kwezixhobo zamakhemikhali abangabamba nayo kunye naziphi na izakhiwo ezizivelise, kunye nazo zonke izixhobo zamakhemikhali abazilahlela kwintsimi yamanye amazwe ngaphambili kunye nokudala umngeni wokuqinisekisa ubungqina bemichiza ethile enobuthi kunye zabo zangaphambili ... ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba ezo khemikhali zisetyenziselwa kuphela iinjongo ezingavunyelwe. Idibano yaqala ukusebenza ngo-Ephreli 29, 1997. Nangona ihlabathi eligcinwe izixhobo zamakhemikhali liye lancitshiswa ngokuphawulekayo, ukutshabalalisa ngokupheleleyo kuseyona njongo ekude.34 Umnqophiso wawuphunyezwe ngempumelelo kwi-2014, xa iSiriya iguqula iimpahla zayo zeemichiza. Isigqibo sokusukela eso siphumo senziwe nguMongameli we-US uBarack Obama kungekudala emva kokuba aguqule isigqibo sakhe sokuqalisa umkhankaso omkhulu wokuqhuma ibhomu ngeSiriya, isilinganiselo sokungabikho kwempi esingekho sikhokelo esisebenza njengento yendawo yomntu eyimimandla yemfazwe ethintela ngokubanzi ngongcinezelo loluntu.

Izixhobo ezingaphandle kweeNdawo zangaphandle

Amazwe amaninzi aphuhlise izicwangciso kunye nezixhobo zokulwa nemfazwe engaphandle kwendawo ephakathi kwendawo kunye nendawo yokubeka izixhobo ukuhlasela ama-satellites, kunye nezixhobo eziza kuhlaselwa (kubandakanywa nezixhobo zeplastiki) ukuhlasela umhlaba wokufakela kwiindawo. Ubungozi bokubeka izixhobo kwindawo yangaphandle kubonakala, ngakumbi xa kukho izixhobo zenukliya okanye izixhobo zobuchwepheshe zobugcisa. Iintlanga ze-130 zineenkqubo zendawo kwaye zikhona ii-satellites ze-3000 zokusebenza kwindawo. Ingozi iquka ukuphazamisa iindibano zezixhobo ezikhoyo kunye nokuqala uhlanga olutsha. Ukuba loo nto imfazwe esekelwe kuyo yenzeke imiphumo iya kubayikisayo kubemi behlabathi kunye nokubeka ingozi kwiKessler Syndrome, imeko apho ubuninzi bezinto ezisezantsi emhlabeni ujikeleza ngokwaneleyo ukuba ukuhlasela abanye kuya kuqala ukuhlaselwa kweentlupheko ezivelisa iindawo zokungcola ngokwaneleyo ukwenzela ukubonelelwa kwendawo okanye nokuba kusetyenziswe ama-satellites okungafezekiyo kwiminyaka emininzi, mhlawumbi izizukulwana.

Ukukholelwa ekubeni ikhokele kolu hlobo lwezixhobo i-R & D, “UNobhala oNcedisayo woMkhosi woMoya wase-United States, u-Keith R. Hall, uthe, 'Ngokubhekiselele kulawulo lwendawo, sinalo, siyalithanda kwaye siyahamba ukuyigcina. '”

I-1967 External Space Treaty yabuye yaqinisekiswa kwi-1999 ngeentlanga ze-138 ezine-US kunye ne-Israel kuphela. Ithintela i-WMD kwindawo kunye nokwakhiwa kweziseko zemikhosi kwenyanga kodwa ishiya i-loop for conventional, i-laser kunye nezixhobo eziphezulu zamatye. IKomidi YeZizwe EziManyeneyo yokuKhathatywa kweNtengo sele ilukhuni iminyaka ukuze ivumelane ngokuphathelele umnqophiso wokuvalwa kwezi zixhobo kodwa ihlala ivalwe yi-United States. Kuye kucetyiswa i-Code of Conduct yokuThathaka, engenakubophayo, ngaphandle kokubophezela kodwa "i-US iyanzela ukubonelela kulolu hlobo lwesithathu lweKhowudi yokuPhatha ethi, ngelixa wenza isithembiso sokuzithandela 'ukuphepha nasiphi na isenzo esichazela ngqo okanye ngokungachanekanga, umonakalo, okanye ukutshabalalisa, izinto zeendawo, "ufanelekile ukuba umyalelo ngeelwimi" ngaphandle kokuba isenzo esilungileyo ". "Ukulungiswa" kusekelwe ilungelo lokuzikhusela elenziwe kwi-Charter ye-UN. Isiqinisekiso esinjalo sidibanisa isivumelwano sokuzithandela esingenanto. Umnqophiso oqinileyo wokunqabela zonke izixhobo endaweni yangaphandle yinkalo ebalulekileyo yeNkqubo yoKhuseleko loNcedo.35

Ukugqitywa kweMisebenzi kunye nokuSebenza

Ukusebenza kwesinye isizwe ngabanye kuyingozi enkulu ekukhuselekeni nasekuxolweni, okubangelwa ulwaphulo-mthetho olusoloko lukhuthaza ukuhlala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zezihlaselo ezivela kwiindawo "zokugandagulana" zokulwa nokulwa kwamagorrala. Imizekelo ebalulekileyo kukuba: Umsebenzi wakwaSirayeli kwiWest Bank kunye nokuhlaselwa eGaza, kunye nokusebenza kweChina eTibet. Nangona ubukhosi obunamandla baseUnited States eJamani, kwaye nangakumbi iJapan, iminyaka engama-70 emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II ayizange ibangele impendulo yobundlobongela, kodwa idala inzondo, njengamaqela ase-US kwiintlanga ezininzi ze-175 apho zisekelwe khona ngoku.

Nangona xa amandla ahlaseleyo ahlalayo anamandla amaninzi omkhosi, ezi zinto zihlala zingasebenzi ngenxa yezinto ezininzi. Okokuqala, zibiza kakhulu. Okwesibini, bahlala bexhatshazwa kwabo banesigxina esikhulu kwimpikiswano kuba balwela ukukhusela ilizwe labo. Okwesithathu, "ukunqoba," njengase-Iraq, akunakwenzeka kwaye ushiye amazwe aphangiweyo kwaye aphuhliwe kwezopolitiko. Okwesine, xa kunzima, kulukhuni ukuphuma, njengoko ukuhlasela kwe-Afghanistan yase-Afghanistan kubonisa ukuba yiyiphi "iphelile" ngokusemthethweni ngoDisemba, i-2014 emva kweminyaka elishumi elinesithathu, nangona ama-10,000 amabutho ase-US ahlala kwilizwe. Ekugqibeleni, ngokugqithiseleyo, ukuhlasela kunye nokuzixhoba ngokuxhatshazwayo kubulala abantu abaninzi kunokuba baxhatshazwe kwaye badala izigidi zababaleki.

Izibambiso zichazwe yi-Charter ye-UN, ngaphandle kokuba ziphindiselele ukuhlasela kwangaphambili, ilungiselelo elinganeleyo. Ukuba khona kwemikhosi yelizwe elinye ngaphakathi kwelinye kunye okanye ngaphandle kwesi simemo kutshabalalisa ukhuseleko lwehlabathi kwaye kwenza iingquzulwano zenzeke ukuba zibe yimpi kwaye ziya kuvunyelwa kwiNkqubo yoKhuseleko.

Ukuguqulwa kweeMali zoMkhosi, ukuguqula izibonelelo zokusebenza ukuvelisa inkxaso ngemali kwizinto ezifunwa ngumthetho (ukuguqulwa koqoqosho)

Ukukhuselwa kokukhusela njengokuba kuchazwe ngasentla kuya kuphelisa imfuno yeenkqubo ezininzi zezixhobo kunye neziseko zemikhosi, ukubonelela ngamashishini karhulumente nokuxhomekeka emkhosini ukutshintsha ezi zixhobo ekudaleni ubutyebi bokwenene. Inokunciphisa umthwalo werhafu kuluntu kunye nokwenza imisebenzi eminye. E-US, yonke i-1 yezigidigidi ezazisetyenziselwa emkhosini ngaphezulu kokuphindwe kabini inani lemisebenzi ebudeni bemigangatho yokuhlawula iya kubalwa ukuba inani elifanayo lichithwe kwicandelo lomphakathi.36 Iinkonzo zokurhweba kwizinto eziphambili zentlawulo ye-federal kunye neerhafu zerhafu zase-US kude nomkhosi ukuya kwezinye iinkqubo zininzi.37

Ukuchitha imali kwilizwe "elikhuselayo" lenzelwa i-astronomical. I-United States yedwa ichitha ngaphezu kwei-15 kumazwe alandelayo edibaniswe kwimpi yayo.38

I-United States idlulisela i-dollar 1.3 yezigidigidi zamaRandi ngonyaka kwi-Pentagon Budget, izixhobo zenyukliya (kwi-budget yeSebe lezeMandla), iinkonzo zamandulo, iinkonzo ze-CIA kunye noKhuseleko lwasekhaya.39 Ihlabathi liphela lichitha i-$ 2 trillion. Inombolo yale mandla kunzima ukuyiqonda. Qaphela ukuba imizuzwana eyi-1 yezilinganiso ilingana neentsuku ze-12, imizuzwana eyi-1 yezigidi ezilingana neminyaka eyi-32, kunye nemizuzwana eyi-1 imizuzwana eyi-32,000 iminyaka. Nangona kunjalo, inqanaba eliphezulu lemali yokusetyenziswa kwezempi kwihlabathi alikwazanga ukukhusela ukuhlaselwa kwe-9 / 11, ukunqanda ukuqhuma kwenyukliya, ukuphela kobutshaba, okanye ukuxhathisa imisebenzi kwiMiddle East. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba imali echithwa njani kwimfazwe, ayisebenzi.

Ukusetyenziswa kweMpi kwakhona kuluhlu olunzulu kwilizwe loqoqosho, njengoko u-Adam Smith ophengululi wezoqoqosho. USmith waxela ukuba imali yokusebenzisa impi yayingabonakali. Kwiminyaka emashumi edlulileyo, i-economists esetyenziswa ngokubanzi "umthwalo wemikhosi" ngokulinganayo "nesabelomali somkhosi." Okwangoku, ama shishini aseMelika athola imali eninzi evela kurhulumente kunokuba onke amashishini abucala adibanise. Ukutshintshwa kwalo mali-mali kumacandelo eemarike zamahhala ngokuthe ngqo ngokunikezelwa kwezibonelelo zokuguqulwa okanye ngokunciphisa irhafu okanye ukuhlawula phantsi ityala likazwelonke (kunye neentlawulo zayo zentengo enkulu yonyaka) kuya kufaka inkuthazo enkulu ekuphuhliseni uqoqosho. Inkqubo yoKhuseleko edibanisa iziganeko ezichazwe ngasentla (kwaye ichazwe kumacandelo alandelayo) iya kuba neendleko kwinxalenye yesabelomali yamanje yase-US kwaye iza kubhala inkqubo yokuguqulwa koqoqosho. Ukongezelela, bekuza kwenza imisebenzi emininzi. Imali enye yeebhiliyoni ze-federal investment inomsebenzi we-11,200 kanti utyalo-mali olufanayo kwi-teknoloji yamandla ecocekileyo luya kuzisa i-16,800, kwiinkonzo zempilo 17,200 nakwimfundo ye-26,700.40

Ukuguqulwa koqoqosho kudinga utshintsho kwi-tekhnoloji, kwezoqoqosho kunye nenkqubo yezopolitiko ekutshintshisweni kwimikhosi ukuya kwiimarike zaso. Yinkqubo yokudlulisela izixhobo zoluntu kunye nezinto eziphathekayo ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza umkhiqizo omnye ekwenzeni omnye ohlukeneyo; umzekelo, ukuguqula ukusuka ekwakheni iibhoksi ukuya ekwakheni izithuthi zemoto. Akuyimfihlakalo: imboni yabucala ithetha ixesha lonke. Ukuguqula imboni yezempi ukwenza iimveliso zokusetyenziswa kwintlalo kuluntu kuya kwandisa amandla oqoqosho ohlanga ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kuyo. Izixhobo ezisetyenziswayo ngoku ukwenza izixhobo kunye nokugcina izixhobo zemikhosi zinokuthi zihanjiswe kwiindawo ezininzi zokutyalomali lwangaphakathi kunye neenkonzo zangaphandle. Izibonelelo zisoloko zifuna ukulungiswa nokuphuculwa, kubandakanywa iziseko zothutho ezifana nezendlela, iibhuloji kunye nomnatha womnatha, kunye nezixhobo zamanzi, izikolo, amanzi kunye neendlela zokuhambisa amanzi, kunye nokufakelwa kwamandla avuselelwe amandla, njl. Cinga nje uFlint, uMichigan kunye ezininzi Ezinye izixeko apho abemi, abancinci bamancinci, banetyhefu ngamanzi angcolileyo. Olunye utyalo-mali lusetshenziselwa ukuhlaziywa kwakhona kwezinto eziqoqosho ezilawulwa ngamashishini ankonzo aphantsi kwaye zixhomeke kakhulu kwiintlawulo zemali kunye nokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe ngaphandle kwempahla, into eyenza i-carbon loading emoyeni. Umoya womoya, umzekelo, unokuguqulwa kwiivenkile zentengiso kunye nophuhliso lwezindlu okanye i-incubators okanye i-panar panel-panel.

Imithintelo eyintloko yokuguqulwa kwezoqoqosho, ngaphandle kokohlakalo urhulumente ngemali, ukwesaba ukulahleka kwemisebenzi kunye nesidingo sokubuyisela kubini abasebenzi kunye nolawulo. Imisebenzi iya kufuna ukuqinisekiswa nguRhulumente ngelixa ukuhlaziywa kwenzeka, okanye ezinye iintlawulo zembuyekezo ezihlawulwa kwabangoku basebenza kumashishini omkhosi ukuze baphephe impembelelo embi kwintsebenziswano enkulu yokungasebenzi ngexesha lokuguquka ukusuka kwimfazwe ukuya ixesha loxolo.

Ukuze uphumelele, ukuguquka kufuneka kuyingxenye yenkqubo enkulu yezopolitiko yokunciphisa. Kuya kufuna umgangatho welizwe lolawulo-meta-cwangciso kunye noxanduva lwezezimali kunye nokucwangciswa kweendawo ezinzulu njengendawo yoluntu kunye neziseko zemikhosi ekuboneni inguqu kunye neenkampani zichonga ukuba i-niche yabo entsha ingaba njani kwimarike yamahhala. Oku kuya kufuna iirhafu zerhafu kodwa ekugqibeleni ziza kugcina ngaphezulu kakhulu kunokuba zityalomali ekuphuculweni njengokuba amazwe aphelisa ukwanda koqoqosho lwemali yenkampu kwaye ayifake indawo yenkxaso-mali yokwenza uxolo.

Iinzame zenzelwe ukuguqulwa komthetho, njenge-Disarmament Disarmament Act and Conversion Act ye-1999, edibanisa izixhobo zenyukliya ukuguqulwa.

Umthetho osayilwayo uya kufuna ukuba iUnited States ikhubaza kwaye idibanise izixhobo zayo zenyukliya kwaye ibaleke ukubeka endaweni yezixhobo zokutshabalalisa ngokutsha xa amazwe angaphandle aphethe izixhobo zenuzi ziyakwenza kwaye zifeze iimfuno ezifanayo. Umthetho-osaziwayo unikezela ukuba izixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukugcina inkqubo yethu yezixhobo zenyukliya zisetyenziselwa ukujongana neemfuno zabantu kunye neziseko ezifana nezindlu, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, ezolimo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ngoko ndiza kubona ukutshintshwa ngqo kweemali.
(Ingxelo yeJulayi 30, i-1999, iNkomfa yoLwazi) HR-2545: "uMthetho weNyukliya yeNguqulelo yeNyukliya noTshintsho loQoqosho lwe-1999"

Umthetho walolu hlobo udinga inkxaso eninzi yoluntu ukuba idlule. Impumelelo iyakhula ukusuka kwinqanaba elincinci. Umbuso waseConnecticut udale ikhomishini ukuba isebenze utshintsho. Ezinye iindawo kunye nezendawo zingalandela ukukhokela kweConnecticut. Esinye isiphumo salokhu sakhula ngaphandle kokungaqondi kakuhle ukuba imali yokuchitha impi yayincitshiswa eWashington. Kufuneka sikhulise ukungaqondi kakuhle, senze into eyenzekayo (ngokucacileyo iyona nto ikhethekileyo), okanye ukhuthaze oorhulumente beendawo kunye noorhulumente ukuba bathathe inyathelo.

Ukuqwalasela kwakhona impendulo kwi-Terrorism

Ukulandela ukuhlaselwa kwe-9 / 11 kwi-World Trade Centre, i-US yahlasela ama-bases ase-Afghanistan, eqalise imfazwe ende, engaphumelelanga. Ukwenza indlela yokulwa nempi ayizange iphumelele ekupheliseni ukwesaba, kuye kwaphumela ekukhutsheni ukukhululeka komgaqo-siseko, ukuthunyelwa kwamalungelo oluntu kunye nokuphulwa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, kwaye unikezele ingqalelo kubalawuli bezandla kunye noorhulumente bezentando yesininzi ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamagunya abo, ukugweba ukuxhaphazwa egameni elithi "ukulwa nobutshaba."

Ingongoma yongqongqelo kubantu behlabathi laseNtshona liye lagqithiswa kwaye kukho ukuphendulwa ngokubanzi kumaphephandaba, kwiindawo zoluntu kunye nezopolitiko. Abaninzi banenzuzo ekuxhatshazeliseni isongelo sobuggobhala kwizinto eziza kuthiwa yilizwe elizwe-ukhuseleko-mbutho. NjengoGlenn Greenwald ubhala:

... iinkampani ezizimeleyo nekarhulumente ezenza umgaqo-nkqubo wurhulumente kwaye ziqhube inzuzo yentetho yezopolitiko ezininzi kakhulu kwiindlela ezininzi zokuvumela ukuqwalaselwa ngokufanelekileyo malunga neSongelo lokusongela.41

Esinye seziphumo zokuphela kokusabela ngokugqithiseleyo kwisongelo soogqirha bekuye kuninzi kwezingcipheko kunye no-ISIS.42 Kwimeko enje, kukho ezininzi iindlela ezingabonakaliyo ezizenzekelayo zokulwa ne-ISIS okungafanelekanga ukungaziphathi kakuhle ngenxa yokungasebenzi. Ezi zibandakanya: iimbambano zengalo, inkxaso yoluntu lwaseSiriya, inkxaso yoxhathiso lwabantu abangekho mthethweni,43 ukuphinda udibaniselwano olunentsingiselo nabo bonke abadlali, izigwebo zezoqoqosho kwi-ISIS kunye nabalandeli, ukuvala umda wokunqumla ukuthengiswa kweoli kwiindawo ezilawulwe yi-ISIS kwaye uyeke ukuqhuma kwamaqhawe, kunye neenkonzo zoncedo. Amanyathelo athatyathe ixesha elide aya kuba ukuhoxiswa kwamasosha ase-US kummandla kunye nokuphelisa i-oyile evela ngaphandle kwintsimi ukwenzela ukutshabalalisa ubundlobongela kwiingcambu zawo.44

Ngokubanzi, isicwangciso esiliqili ngakumbi kunokuba sisetyenziselwe ukujongana nokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula njengezophulo zoluntu kunokuba kwenziwe imfazwe, kwaye kusetyenziswe zonke izibonelelo zamapolisa angamazwe ngamazwe ukuba azise abenzi bokubi emthethweni phambi kweNkundla yezoPhulo lwaMazwe ngamazwe. Kubonakala ukuba impi yamandla enamandla ayinakukwazi ukukhusela ukuhlaselwa okubi kakhulu kwi-US ukususela ePearl Harbour.

Impi yamandla kakhulu yehlabathi ayinanto yokukhusela okanye yokuyeka ukuhlaselwa kwe-9-11. Phantse zonke izigubungela zithathwe, zonke izicwangciso zobugandagungxube eziye zatshatyalaliswa zibangelwa yinkqubo yokuqala yengqondo kunye nemisebenzi yamapolisa, kungekhona isisongelo okanye ukusetyenziswa kwebutho lempi. Ibutho lezempi liye lalingenamsebenzi ekuthintela ukusasazeka kwezixhobo zokubhubhisa.
ULloyd J. Dumas (uprofesa wezoqoqosho kwezopolitiko)

Inzululwazi yezobugcisa kunye neengcali zengxabano kunye neengcali zengxabano ziqhubeka ngokubonelela ngeempendulo zobugrogushela eziphezulu kunezo zinto zibizwa ngokuba yiingcali zoshishino lobugandlo.

Iimpendulo ezingaphenduliyo kulwabizo

• Iimpawu zeArms
• Ukuphelisa wonke uncedo lomkhosi
• Inkxaso Yombutho Woluntu, Abadlali abangaboniyo
• Izigwebo
• Sebenza ngamaziko aphezulu (umz. UN, ICC)
• Ceasefires
• Uncedo lwababaleki (ukuthutha / ukuphucula iinkampu ezixakekayo / ukubuyela ekhaya)
• Isibambiso asikho usebenziso lobundlobongela
• Ukurhoxiswa kwemikhosi
• Abasebenzi abangqubuzana neengxabano
• (ITshintsho) Amanyathelo okuBulungisa
• Ukudibanisa okulungileyo
• Ulungiso lokusombulula iingxabano
• Ulawulo oluhle olubandakanya
• Ukulwa nobundlobongela obuxhasa iinkolelo
• Ukwandisa inxaxheba kwabasetyhini kwimpilo yoluntu nezopolitiko
• Ulwazi oluchanekileyo kwiinyani
• Abahluleli abahlukeneyo ukusuka kwisiseko senkxaso-ekubhekiselele kwingingqi ebomvu
• Vimbela imfazwe inzuzo
• Ukuqulunqwa kokuthula; ukuphinda kwakhona kwakhona / okanye kuthi / ukhetho lwabo
• Ukusebenza kwamapolisa
• Ukunganyaniseki koLuntu
• Ukuqokelela ulwazi kunye nokunika ingxelo
• Ukuphakamisa uluntu
• Ukuxolelana, ukuxabana kunye nokulungiswa komgwebo
• Iinkqubo zoluntu
• Uncedo lwabantu kunye nokukhuselwa
• Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko kunye nezicwangciso
• Ukubeka iliso, ukubonwa nokuqinisekisa

Impendulo yexesha elide elingaphenduliyo ulwabilo45

• Yeka uphinde uguqule yonke intengiso yezolimo kunye nokwenza
• Ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweentlanga ezizityebi
• Uncedo olukhulu kwiintlanga ezihlwempuzekileyo kunye nabantu
• Ababaleki baphinde baphumelele
• Ukuxhamla amatyala kwiintlanga ezihluphekayo
• Imfundo malunga neengcambu zobugandlo
• Imfundo noqeqesho malunga namandla angenamandla
• Ukukhuthaza ukukhenketho kwezentlalo kunye nezendalo kunye nokutshintshiselana kwamasiko
• Ukwakha uqoqosho oluzinzileyo nolungileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla nokusabalalisa, ezolimo

Ukulahla iMibutho yamaLutho

Imanyano yomkhosi efana noMbutho weSivumelwano seNyakatho yeAtlantic (NATO) ashiyekileyo kwiCold War. Ngokuwa kwamazwe aseSoviet eMpuma Yurophu, umanyano lweWarsaw Pact lwanyamalala, kodwa i-NATO yanyuka yaya kufikelela kwimida eyayisakuba yiSoviet Union isaphula isithembiso kwiNkulumbuso yangaphambili uGorbachev, kwaye ikhokelele kwingxwabangxwaba phakathi kweRussia ne INtshona- ukuqala kweMfazwe ebandayo-kutyikitywe mhlawumbi kukuxhaswa kweMelika eUkraine, isihlomelo saseRashiya, okanye ukudibana neCrimea - kuxhomekeke ekubeni yeyiphi ingxelo ekhoyo - kunye nemfazwe yamakhaya eUkraine. Le mfazwe intsha ibandayo inokuba yimfazwe yenyukliya enokubulala amakhulu ezigidi zabantu. I-NATO kukuqiniswa okuqinisekileyo kweNkqubo yezeMfazwe, ukunciphisa kunokudala ukhuseleko. I-NATO nayo ithathe imithambo yomkhosi ngaphaya kwemida yaseYurophu. Iye yangamandla eenzame zomkhosi kwimpuma Yurophu, eMntla Afrika nakuMbindi Mpuma.

Indima yabaseTyhini ngoxolo noKhuseleko

Indima yabasetyhini ngoxolo nokhuseleko ayinakunikwa ingqwalasela efanele. Thatha umzekelo, izivumelwano ezithile, ngokubhekiselele kwizivumelwano zoxolo, eziqhelekileyo zathethathelwa kwaye zisayinwe kumxholo olawulwa yindoda, ngabasemagunyeni baseburhulumenteni kunye nabangaphandle. Lo mxholo uphelelwa ngokupheleleyo into ekhoyo emhlabeni. "Isixhobo Sokuthula Esilungileyo" seNkqubo yoLuntu lwaMazwe ngamaZwe saqulunqwa njengesikhokelo seenkqubo zoxolo kunye nokuxoxisana.46 Abafazi, ngokwemibiko, babelana ngombono weentlalo ezigxilwe ngobulungisa bezenhlalakahle nokulingana, ziyimvelaphi ebalulekileyo yamava okuphila malunga nommandla wemfazwe, kwaye ziqonda izinto ezisemgangathweni (umz. Ukuhlengahlengiswa kunye nokuthula). Ngoko ke iinkqubo zoxolo akufanele zithintele ngokukhawuleza ukhuseleko okanye ezopolitiko, kodwa iinkqubo ezibandakanya uluntu. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-democratization yoxolo.

"Akukho bafazi, akukho luxolo" - lo mxholo uchaze eyona ndima iphambili yabasetyhini kunye nokulingana ngokwesini kwisivumelwano soxolo phakathi korhulumente waseColombia kunye neqela labavukeli be-FARC, kuphawula ukuphela kwemfazwe yamakhaya engama-50 nangaphezulu ngo-Agasti ka-2016. Isivumelwano asinampembelelo yabasetyhini kuphela kumxholo, kodwa nakwindlela olwakhiwe ngayo uxolo. Ukuhanjiswa kwesini kuqinisekisa imigca ngomgca ukuba iimbono zabasetyhini ziyaqinisekiswa, kwanamalungelo e-LGBT ayaqwalaselwa.47

Kukho imizekelo emininzi yamabhinqa abaqilileyo kunye nabanqwenela uxolo kwimimandla yelizwe kunye nokholo. Udade uJoan Chittister ube yizwi elikhokelayo kubasetyhini, uxolo kunye nobulungisa kwiminyaka emininzi. I-Nobel Peace Prize I-Iranian I-Shirre Ebadi ikhuthaza ukukhusela izixhobo zenukliya. Abasetyhini bomhlaba jikelele baqaphela kwaye banamandla njengabameli beenguqu zentlalo. Umzekelo omncinane, kodwa ongowona mhle ngumqulu weNtsapho yabaseTyhini iNtsapho ekujoliswe ekuqinisekiseni ukuzinikela nokuqonda imingeni kunye neengxaki ezijongene nabasetyhini abasetyhini kumazwe achaphazelekayo, kunye nakwezinye iindawo ezikwimeko ye-Young Women's Peace Academy.48 Abasetyhini bafuna ukusabalalisa amabhinqa emhlabeni wonke, ukuphelisa izakhiwo zobukhosi, nokukhusela ukhuseleko lwabasetyhini, abafazi beentombi kunye nabakhuseli bamalungelo oluntu. Iinjongo zihambelana nesicwangciso esinamandla seengcebiso ezinokuthi zibe ngumzekelo kumabhinqa kwiimeko ezininzi.

Abafazi badlala indima ethile kwiintetho zoxolo kwiGuatemala kwi-1990s, bakha umanyano ukuze baququzelele umsebenzi wokwakha uxolo eSomalia, baqulunqe imizamo yabantu abahlala kuyo kwimpikiswano yase-Israel nePalestina, okanye baholele intlangano yezopolitiko ekuphuculeni amandla amabhinqa kunye nefuthe Isivumelwano soxolo kunye neenkqubo zoxolo eMntla Ireland.49 Amazwi omfazi ahamba phambili ajenda ahlukeneyo kulawo aqhelekileyo anikezelwa ngabaholi.50

Ukukwazisa i-gap ekhoyo kwinxaxheba yabasetyhini kunye nokwakhiwa kokuthula, kwenziwa phambili. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwinqanaba lomgaqo-nkqubo, i-UNSCR 1325 (2000) inikezela "isakhelo sobume besigxina sobuni kuzo zonke iinkqubo zoxolo, kubandakanywa nokugcinwa koxolo, ukwakha uxolo, nokuvuselelwa kwangaphambili."51 Ngexesha elifanayo, kucacile ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nokuzibophezela kweengxelo ziyindlela yokuqala yokuguqula iparadigm elawulwa ngumntu.

Ngokwenza i World Beyond War, indlela ejongene nesini ekucingeni nasekusebenzeni kwethu kufuneka yamkelwe. La manqanaba alandelayo okwenziwa kokuthintela imfazwe ayimfuneko:52

• Ukwenza abafazi babonakale njengezithunywa zenguqu ekuthintela imfazwe nokwakha uxolo
• Ukususa i-bias yamadoda ekukhuselweni kwemfazwe nokuqokelela ukuqokelela idatha kunye nokuphanda
• Ukuhlaziya abaqhubi bemfazwe noxolo ukuthatha isini kwi-akhawunti
• Ukubandakanya kunye nokwabelana ngokulinganayo ngokwesini kwindlela yokwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokusebenza

Ukulawula iMibambano yamazwe ngamazwe kunye noLuntu

Iindlela zokuphendula kunye namaziko asekwe ukulawula iimpikiswano zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nobundlobongela zibonakalise ukungenelisekanga kwaye kaninzi akwanelanga. Siphakamisa uluhlu lwempumelelo.

Ukushiya kwi-Pro-Active Posture

Ukuphazamisa amaziko eNkqubo yeMfazwe kunye neenkolelo kunye nezimo zengqondo ezizithobelayo aziyi kukwanela. I-System Alternative System yoKhuseleko yehlabathi kufuneka iwakhiwe endaweni yayo. Ininzi yale nkqubo isele ikhona, sele iguqukile kwiminyaka eyikhulu edluleyo, nangona iifomonic ifomu okanye imfuneko enkulu yokuqinisa. Ezinye zazo zikhona kuphela kwiimbono ezifuneka ukuba zibekwe kwiziko.

Iindawo ezikhoyo zenkqubo kufuneka zingabonakali njengeemveliso eziphelileyo zehlabathi, kodwa njengezinto ezinamandla, ezingapheleleko zokuziphendukela komntu ezikhokelela kwihlabathi elingenakuphulukana nokulingana komntu wonke. I-posture esebenzayo kuphela iya kunceda ukuqinisa iNkqubo yoKhuselo lweSizwe soKhuseleko.

Ukuqinisa amaZiko ngamaZwe kunye neMibutho yeSithili

Amaziko angamazwe ngamazwe ekulawuleni iingxabano ngaphandle kobundlobongela aguquke ixesha elide. Umzimba womthetho wamazwe ngamazwe osebenzayo uphuhlisiwe kangangeminyaka kwaye kufuneka uqhutywe phambili ukuba ube yinxalenye efanelekileyo yenkqubo yoxolo. Kwi-1899 iNkundla yezoBulungisa beZizwe ngezizwe (ICJ; "iNkundla Yehlabathi") yamiselwa ukugweba iingxabano phakathi kwamazwe. I-League of Nations ilandelwe kwi-1920. Umbutho we-58 States States, i-League yayisekelwe kumgaqo wokukhuseleka ngokubambisana, okokuba, ukuba i-State yenza ubundlobongela, ezinye iindawo ziyakwenza utyeshelo lwezoqoqosho olujongene naloo Rhu lumente okanye, njengendlela yokugqibela yokusebenza, unikezela umkhosi wamasosha liyise. I-League yaxazulula iingxabano ezincinane kwaye yaqalisa imizamo yokwakha uxolo. Ingxaki yukuthi ilungu liye lahluleka, ngokona nto, ukuba lenze oko bathethayo, kwaye ngoko ukuxhatshazwa kweJapan, e-Italy naseJamani kwakungavinjelwa, okukhokelela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, imfazwe eyonakalisayo kwimbali. Kwakhona kuyaphawuleka ukuba i-United States yenqabile ukujoyina. Emva kokunqoba okuhlangeneyo, iZizwe eziManyeneyo zimiselwe njengetyikitya elitsha lokhuseleko oluhlangeneyo. Kwakhona intlangano yelizwe elilawulayo, i-UN yayifanele isombulule iingxabano kwaye, apho kwakungeke kwenzeke, iBhunga lezoKhuseleko linokugqiba isigqibo sokwenza izigwebo okanye ukunika amandla omkhosi wokulwa nokujongana nombuso wesigqeba.

I-UN iphinde yandise kakhulu amanyathelo okwakha uxolo aqalwe yiLigungu. Nangona kunjalo, i-UN yayinxinxaniswe yimimiselo eyakhiweyo kunye neMfazwe yeCold phakathi kwe-US kunye ne-USSR eyenza intsebenziswano enengqiqo inzima. Ezi zimbini ziphezulu zisekwa iinkqubo zamasiko ezemveli ezijoliswe kwelinye, i-NATO kunye ne-Warsaw Pact.

Ezinye iinkqubo zentsebenziswano yesithili nazo zazinziswa. I-European Union igcine iYurophu enokuthula ngaphandle kokungafani, i-African Union igcina uxolo phakathi kweYiputa neTopiya, kwaye uMbutho weZizwe zaseMzantsi-East-Asia kunye ne-Union of Naciones Suramericanas ziphuhlise amathuba okuba amalungu ayo kwaye aya kuba ngamalungu uxolo.

Nangona amaziko angamazwe ngamazwe ekulawuleni iimpikiswano zentsebenziswano phakathi kombuso ziyinxenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yoxolo, iingxaki zoLuntu kunye ne-UN ziphakanyisiwe ngenxenye ngenxa yokungaphumeleli kweNkqubo yeMfazwe. Bakhelwe ngaphakathi kwaye bebodwa abazange bakwazi ukulawula iintambo zemfazwe okanye iingalo, njl. Abanye abahlalutyi bakholelwa ukuba ingxaki kukuba iintlangano zelizwe elizimeleyo ezenziwe, kwixesha lokugqibela (kunye ngamanye amaxesha ngaphambili) ukuya kwimfazwe i-arbiter yeengxabano. Kukho iindlela ezininzi ze-UN kunye namanye amaziko angamazwe ngamazwe angakwazi ukulungiswa ngokukhawuleza ukuze asebenze ngakumbi ekugcineni uxolo oluquka ukuguqulwa kweBhunga loKhuseleko, i-General Assembly, amandla okugcina uxolo kunye nezenzo, inkxaso-mali, ubudlelwane bayo kunye nemibutho engekho yoorhulumente. kunye nokongezwa kwemisebenzi emitsha.

Ukuguqulwa kweZizwe eziManyeneyo

IZizwe eziManyeneyo zenziwe njengempendulo kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II ukukhusela imfazwe ngokuthintana, izigwebo kunye nokhuseleko oluhlangeneyo. INgqungquthela yeCharter inikeza iinjongo ezipheleleyo:

Ukulondoloza izizukulwana eziphumelelayo kwisibetho semfazwe, ephindwe kabini ebomini bethu buzisa intlungu engapheliyo kuluntu, kunye nokuqinisa ukholo kumalungelo oluntu oluntu, kwisidima kunye nokufaneleka komntu womntu, ngamalungelo alinganayo kwamadoda nabasetyhini kunye zeentlanga ezinkulu kunye ezincinci, kunye nokusekwa kweemeko phantsi kokuba ubulungisa kunye nentlonelo yezibophelelo ezivela kwizivumelwano kunye neminye imithombo yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe zingagcinwa, kwaye ukukhuthaza inkqubela phambili yentlalo kunye nemilinganiselo engcono yobomi kwinkululeko enkulu. . . .

Ukuguqulwa kweZizwe eziManyeneyo kunakho kwaye kufuneka ukuba kwenzeke kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo.

Ukuguqulwa kweKharter ukuze kusebenze ngokuchanekileyo Ukujongana noKhuselo

Umqulu weZizwe eziManyeneyo awuyikulwa nemfazwe, uyaphula umthetho. Ngoxa i-Charter yenza ukuba iBhunga lezoKhuseleko lithathe inxaxheba kwimeko yobudlova, imfundiso yento ethiwa "uxanduva lokukhusela" ayitholakali kuyo, kwaye ukulungiswa okukhethiweyo kweentlanga zaseNtshona kunomsebenzi omele uphele . I-Charter ye-UN ayinqande amazwe ukuba athathe isenzo ngokwawo ngokuzikhusela. I-Article 51 ithi:

Akukho nto kwi-Charter yangoku iya kuphazamisa ilungelo elizimeleyo lokuzikhusela ngokuzimeleyo okanye ngokuzibandakanya ngokubambisana xa kuhlaselwa iLungu leZizwe eziManyeneyo, de kube iBhunga lezoKhuseleko lichithe amanyathelo afunekayo ukuze kugcinwe uxolo kunye nokukhuseleko lwamazwe ngamazwe. Amanyathelo athatyathwe nguMalungu ekusebenziseni eli lungelo lokuzikhusela liya kuthiwa ngokukhawuleza kwiBhunga lezoKhuseleko kwaye akuyikuba nayiphi na indlela inokuphazamisa igunya kunye noxanduva lweBhunga loKhuseleko phantsi kwalo Mqulu oza kuthatha nanini na ixesha eli ubona kuyimfuneko ukuze kugcinwe okanye kubuyisele uxolo kunye nokukhuseleko lwamazwe ngamazwe.

Ukongezelela, akukho nto kwiCharter idinga i-UN ukuba ithathe inyathelo yaye ifuna amaqela aphikisanayo ukuba azame ukulungisa ingxabano ngokwabo ngokubambisana kunye nangendlela esetyenziswayo nayiphi na inkqubo yokukhusela yendawo. Ngaloo ndlela kuphela ukuya kwiBhunga loKhuseleko, elidla ngokungahlawulwanga ngumqathango we-veto.

Njengoko kunqwenelekayo njengoko kuya kuba yindlela yokulwa nemimandla yemfazwe kuquka ukulwa nemfazwe ngokuzikhusela, kunzima ukubona indlela enokufezekiswa ngayo de kubekho inkqubo yoxolo epheleleyo. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubela phambili ingenziwa ngokutshintshwa kweCharter ukuba iBhunga lezoKhuseleko lifune ukuthabatha nayiphi na imeko kunye nemibandela yongquzulwano ngokukhawuleza ekuqalekeni kwayo kwaye ngokukhawuleza inike ikhondo lokuthintela inzondo ngendlela yokubeka umkhosi wokuphelisa umlilo, ukufuna ukudibanisa kwi-UN (ngokuncedisa amaqabane ommandla ukuba ufuna), kwaye ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuthumela ingxabano kwiNkundla yezoBulungisa kwiZizwe ngezizwe. Oku kuya kufuna ukuguqulwa kwamanani amaninzi njengoko kubhalwe apha ngezantsi, kubandakanya ukujongana ne-veto, ukutshintshela kwiindlela ezingekho mthethweni njengezixhobo eziphambili ngokusetyenziswa kwabasebenzi abangabinokuthula abangenasidlangalaleni, kunye nokubonelela ngamapolisa aneleyo (ngokwaneleyo kunye nokuziphendulela) ukunyanzelisa izigqibo zayo xa kufuneka .

Kufuneka idibaniswe ukuba ezininzi iimfazwe kwiminyaka yamva nje zingekho mthethweni phantsi kwe-Charter ye-UN. Nangona kunjalo, kuye kwaba nolwazi oluncinane kwaye akukho miphumo yaloo nto.

Ukuguqula iBhunga loKhuseleko

I-42 yeCharter inika iBhunga lezoKhuseleko uxanduva lokugcina nokubuyisela uxolo. Nguwo kuphela umzimba we-UN onamandla anesibophelelo kumazwe amalungu. IBhunga alikho iqela elixhobileyo ukwenza izigqibo zalo; Kunoko, unamandla okubophelela ukubiza kwi-Armed States. Nangona kunjalo ukwakhiwa kunye neendlela zeBhunga lezoKhuseleko zidibene kwaye zisebenza ngokufutshane ekugcineni okanye kubuyisela uxolo.

ukwakhiwa

Ibhunga lakhiwa ngamalungu e-15, i-5 kubo abangasigxina. Lawa ngamagunya anqobileyo kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II (i-US, iRashiya, i-UK, i-France kunye ne-China). Banjalo ngamalungu anamandla okuvota. Ngexesha lokubhala kwi-1945, bafuna le miqathango okanye bebengavumelekanga ukuba i-UN ibe khona. Ezi zintlanu zincinci zibango kwaye zinezihlalo eziphambili kwiibhunga ezilawulayo zeekomiti ezinkulu ze-UN, ziwanike umlinganiselo ongenakuchaphazelekayo kunye nokungaxhaswanga kwintlangano. Kwakhona, kunye neJamani, njengoko kuchazwe ngasentla, abathengisi beengalo ezinkulu kwihlabathi.

Ihlabathi liye latshintsha ngokuphawulekayo kwiminyaka emininzi. I-UN ihambe ukusuka kumalungu e-50 kwi-193, kwaye izilinganiso zabemi ziye zatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo ngokunjalo. Ukuqhubela phambili, indlela iBhunga lezoKhuseleko elinikezwa ngayo yiindawo ze-4 azibonakaliyo kunye neYurophu kunye ne-UK ezinezihlalo ze-4 ngelixa iLatin America ine-1 kuphela. I-Afrika iphinda ibhalwe phantsi. Ngokuqhelekileyo ukuba isizwe samaSilamsi simelwa kwiBhunga. Kudala ixesha elidlulileyo lokulungisa le meko ukuba i-UN ifuna ukuyihlonipha kule mimandla.

Kwakhona, uhlobo lwesisongelo soxolo nokhuseleko luye lwaguquka ngokuphawulekayo. Ngethuba lokusekwa kwamalungiselelo angoku ayenokuqonda ukuba anikezele imfuno yesigunyaziso esikhulu samandla kwaye ukuba isisongelo esisisiseko sokuthula kunye nokukhuseleka kubonwa njengobundlobongela. Nangona ulwalamano oluxhobileyo lusengumngcipheko - kwaye ilungu elingunaphakade iUnited States leyona nto inamandla kakhulu empi yezempi ayinakuxhomekeka kwizinto ezininzi ezisongelayo ezikhoyo namhlanje ezibandakanya ukufudumala kwehlabathi, i-WMD, ukunyakaza kwabantu abaninzi, ukusongela izifo emhlabeni jikelele, ukuhweba ngeengalo kunye nobugebengu.

Esinye isiphakamiso kukunyusa inani leemimandla zonyulo kwi-9 apho ngalinye liza kuba nelungu elimileyo kunye nommandla ngamnye kunye namalungu e-2 ajikelezayo ukuba afake kwiBhunga leZitulo ze-27, ngaloo ndlela ebonisa ngokugqithiseleyo izinto eziphathekayo zelizwe, ezenkcubeko kunye noluntu.

Ukuhlaziya okanye ukususa iVeto

I-veto isetyenziswe kwiintlobo ezine zezigqibo: ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ukugcina okanye ukubuyisela uxolo, ukuqeshwa kwesikhundla sikaNobhala-Jikelele, izicelo zobulungu, nokulungiswa kweMqulu kunye nemiba yenkqubo enokuthintela imibuzo ukususela kumgangatho . Kwakhona, kwamanye amabhunga, i-5 engunaphakade ithambekele ekusebenziseni i-veto facto. KwiBhunga, i-veto isetyenziswe ngamaxesha e-265, ngokuyinhloko yi-US kunye ne-former Union Soviet Union, ukuvimba ukuthatha isenzo, ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukunika i-UN ingenamandla.

I-veto isithintela iBhunga lezoKhuseleko. Kuyinto engenakulungeleka kuba oko kwenza ukuba abanini banqande nayiphi na inyathelo ngokuchasene nokuphulwa kwabo kweCharter yokunqabela ukunyusa. Isetyenziswe njengendlela ekhokelela ekukhuseleni abaxhasi babo bathi "ukungalunganga kwizenzo zeBhunga lezoKhuseleko. Esinye isiphakamiso ukulahla i-veto. Enye ukuvumela amalungu angapheliyo ukuba afake i-veto kodwa enze amalungu amathathu akhuphe okuyimfuneko ukuvimba ukuhamba kwimiba engundoqo. Imiba yenkqubo ayifanele ibe phantsi kweveto.

Ezinye iiNguqulelo eziyimfuneko zeBhunga lezoKhuseleko

Iinkqubo ezintathu kufuneka zongezwe. Okwangoku akukho nto ifuna iBhunga lezoKhuseleko ukuba lenze. Ubuncinane iBhunga kufuneka lidingeke ukuba lithwale yonke imiba yongongelo uxolo kunye nokhuselo kwaye igqibe ukuba ingabachaphazela okanye cha ("Inxaxheba Yokunquma"). Okwesibini kukuba "Iimfuneko zokungabonakali." IBhunga kufuneka lichazwe izizathu zalo zokunquma okanye ukuthatha isigqibo sokungabandakanyi imbambano yokulwa. Ngaphezu koko, iBhunga liyahlangana ngasese malunga neepesenti ze-98 zexesha. Kancinci, iingxoxo zayo ezifunekayo zimele zibe zibala. Okwesithathu, "Injongo Yokubonisana" yayiya kufuna iBhunga ukuba ithathe amanyathelo alungelelaniso ukudibana neentlanga eziya kuchatshazelwa zizigqibo zayo.

Ukubonelela ngemali efanelekileyo

I-I-Budget Regular "ixhasa i-General Assembly, iBhunga lezoKhuseleko, iBhunga lezoQoqosho kunye neNtlalo, iNkundla yezoBulungisa beZizwe ngezizwe, kunye nemisebenzi ekhethekileyo njenge-UN Assistance Mission e-Afghanistan. Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lokuhlawula uxolo luhlukileyo. Amazwe aseLungu ahlolwe kuwo zombini, amaxabiso ngokuxhomekeke kwi-GDP yabo. I-UN ifumana neminikelo yokuzithandela ephathelele ukulingana nengeniso evela kwiimali ezivandlakanyweyo.

Ukunikezelwa kwalo msebenzi, iZizwe eziManyeneyo zixhaswa ngemali. Isabelomali seminyaka emibili ye-2016 kunye ne-2017 isetyenziswe kwi-5.4 yeebhiliyoni kunye neBhajethi yokuLondoloza uxolo kunyaka-mali I-2015-2016 i-$ 8.27 yezigidigidi, inani elilinganiselwa kwisigqithandathu sepesenti enye yemali yemikhosi yomhlaba jikelele (kwaye malunga ipesenti enye ye-US yenkcitho ehambelana nempi). Iziphakamiso eziliqela ziye zaphakanyiswa ukuba zixhase ngokwaneleyo i-UN kubandakanywa irhafu yeqhekeza enye yeepesenti kwiingxelo zezimali zehlabathi eziza kuphakanyiswa kwi-$ 300 yezigidigidi ezizakusetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekuphuhlisweni kwe-UN kunye neenkqubo zokusingqongileyo ezifana nokunciphisa ukufa kwabantwana, ukulwa nezifo zesifo ezifana ne-Ebola, ukulwa nemiphumo emibi yenguqu yemozulu, njl njl.

Ukubikezela kunye nokuPhathwa kweMibambano ekuqaleni: Ulawulo lweMibango

Ukusebenzisa i-Blue Helmets, i-UN isele isetyenziselwe ukuxhasa uxanduva lwe-16 lokugcina uxolo emhlabeni wonke, ukubeka okanye ukutshisa imililo engasasazeka kummandla okanye nakwihlabathi jikelele.53 Nangona kunjalo, ubuncinane kwezinye iimeko, ukwenza umsebenzi omhle phantsi kweemeko ezinzima kakhulu, i-UN ifuna ukuba yenzeke ngakumbi ekuboneni phambili nasekukhuseleni ukungquzulana apho kunokwenzeka khona, kwaye ngokukhawuleza nokungenangqiqo ukungenelela kwimpikiswano eye yavutha ukuze ikhuphe umlilo ngokukhawuleza.

Ukubikezela

Gcina i-arhente yengcali esigxina ukubeka iliso kwiingxabano ezinokubakho kwihlabathi kunye nokucebisa amanyathelo asheshayo kwiBhunga loKhuseleko okanye uNobhala Jikelele, ngokuqala:

Amaqela oLuhlu loPhakathi

Ukugcina isigxina esisigxina soogqirha abaqeqeshiweyo ngolwimi kunye nokuhlukahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nobuchule obutshanje bokungqubuzana okungahambisani nokunyanzeliswa ukuba bathunyelwe ngokukhawuleza ukuba kubakho ukuhlaselwa kwamanye amazwe okanye imfazwe yoluntu kubonakala kusondele. Oku kuye kwaqala ngoloo-kuthiwa yiQela eliPhezulu loLungelelaniso olusebenza njengabacebisi beefowuni kubathunywa bezoxolo emhlabeni wonke kwiinkalo ezifana nesicwangciso sokuxoxisana, ukwabelana ngamandla, ukwenziwa komgaqo-siseko, amalungelo oluntu kunye nezibonelelo zendalo.54

Ukulungelelanisa kwangaphambili kunye neeMvolonwabo ezingabonakaliyo

Kuze kube yimanje i-UN ibonise ukuqonda okufutshane amandla okunyanzeliswa kwamanye amazwe angakwazi ukukhusela impi yoluntu ukuba ibe yimfazwe yobundlobongela. Okungenani, i-UN kufuneka ikwazi ukuncedisa le ntshukumo ngokunyanzelisa oorhulumente ukuba bagweme ukunyanzeliswa ngogonyamelo ngokubhekisele kubo xa bezisa amaqela okudibanisa ama-UN ukuba athwale. I-UN ifuna ukudibanisa nale ntshukumo. Xa oku kubonakala kunzima ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngokuchasene nolawulo lwentlanga, i-UN ingenza oku kulandelayo.

Ukugcina uxolo

Iinkqubo zokugcina ukugcina uxolo lwe-UN zineengxaki ezinkulu, kubandakanywa nemithetho engqubuzanayo yokubandakanyeka, ukungabikho kokusebenzisana noluntu oluchaphazelekayo, ukungabikho kwabasetyhini, ubudlova obujoliswe ngokwesini kunye nokungaphumeleli ukujongana nokutshintsha kwimeko yemfazwe. I-UN ephakamileyo yamanqanaba oPhulo lwezoXolo, ekhokelwa nguJoel Ramos-Horta, u-Lauel Peace Laureate, ukhuthaze iinguqu ze-4 ezibalulekileyo ekusebenziseni uxolo lwe-UN: 1. Ubungakanani bezopolitiko, ezo zizombululo zezopolitiko mazikhokele zonke iinkqubo zoxolo zo-UN. 2. Imisebenzi yokuphendula, leyo yimisebenzi kufuneka ifakwe kumxholo kwaye iquka uluhlu olupheleleyo lweempendulo. 3. Ulwalamano oluqinileyo, oluphuhlisa uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho kunye nolwakhuseleko lwendawo kunye noluntu, 4. Ukugxininisa kwintsimi kunye nokugxilwa kwabantu, oko kusisombululo esihlaziyiweyo sokukhonza nokukhusela abantu.55

Ngokutsho kukaMel Duncan, umqambishelana woMbutho woKhuselo lweNkululeko, iphaneli yaqaphela kwakhona ukuba abantu abanokuthi banokudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuselweni ngqo kwabemi.

Ukuphucula nokugcinwa kwezinto ezikhoyo zokugcina ukugcina uxolo lwe-Blue Helmets kunye nokuxhotyiswa kwamathuba omsebenzi wexesha elide kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo njengendlela yokugqibela yokusebenza kunye nokunyusa uxanduva kwi-UN. Ukucaca, ukusebenza kwe-UN ukugcinwa kokulondoloza uxolo okanye imisebenzi yokukhuselana nomphakathi akuyena oya kujongela ukungenelela emkhosini ngenxa yoxolo nokhuseleko. Injongo ebalulekileyo yokugcina uxolo lwamazwe ngamazwe, ukugcinwa kwamapolisa okanye ukukhuselwa kwabahlali okugunyazwe yiZizwe eziManyeneyo okanye elinye iqumrhu lamazwe ngamazwe lihluke ngokungenelela emkhosini. Ukungenelela komkhosi kukungeniswa kwemikhosi yemikhosi yangaphandle kwimpikiswano esele ikhona ngokuqaliswa kweengalo, ukubetha kwamabutho kunye nemikhosi yokulwa ukuze ingenelele kwingxabano ukwenzela ukuba ifuthe kwimpumelelo yomkhosi ize inqobe intshaba. Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okubulala ngesilinganiso esikhulu. Uxolo lwe-UN lukhokelwa yimigaqo emithathu eyisiseko: (1) imvume yamaqela; (2) ukungakhethi; kunye (3) engekho ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngaphandle kokuzikhusela nokukhusela igunya. Oko akuthi, ukuba ukhuseleko olukhuselweyo lusetyenziswa ngokunyanisekileyo njengento yokuguqula ukungenelela emkhosini ngeenjongo ezintle.

Ngaloo nto engqondweni, imisebenzi yokugcina uxolo ngokufanelekileyo kufuneka iqondwe njengesinyathelo esicacileyo sokutshintsha ekugqibeleni ukuxhomekeka kwindlela engasebenziyo, engaxhaswanga, ingakumbi yokugcinwa koxolo (UCP).

Force Force Reaction Force ukuNcedisa iCampu zeBlue

Zonke iintlanganiso zokugcina uxolo kufuneka zivunywe yiBhunga loKhuseleko. Amaqela okugcina uxolo, i-Blue Helmets, afunyanwe ikakhulu kwiizwe eziphuhlisayo. Iingxaki ezininzi zenza ukuba zingasebenzi ngaphantsi kunokuba zikwazi ukusebenza. Okokuqala, kuthatha iinyanga eziliqela ukuhlanganisa amandla okugcina uxolo, ngexesha apho ingxaki inokukhula ngokukhawuleza. Ukuma, ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza ngamandla okungenelela kwimiba yeentsuku kuza kuxazulula le ngxaki. Ezinye iingxaki ze-Blue Helmets zivela ekusebenziseni amandla karhulumente kwaye ziquka: ukungabikho kokuthatha inxaxheba, izixhobo, izixhobo, umyalelo kunye nokulawula, kunye nemithetho yokubandakanya.

Ukulungelelanisa neeNkxaso zoLungelelaniso ezingekho phantsi koMbutho

Amaqela angagciniyo, angabikho koluntu, ahlale ekhona kwiminyaka emashumi mabini anesibini, kubandakanywa inkulu, i-Nonviolent Peaceforce (NP), ephantsi kweBrussels. I-NP njengamanje inesimo sokumamela kwi-UN kwaye inxaxheba kwiingxoxo zokugcina uxolo. Le mibutho, kubandakanywa i-NP kuphela kodwa i-Peace Brigades International, ii-Christian Peace Adacemaker Teams kunye nabanye, ngamanye amaxesha iya kuhamba apho i-UN ayikwazi khona kwaye ngoko iyakwazi ukusebenza kakuhle kwiimeko ezithile. I-UN imele ikhuthaze le mi sebenzi kwaye incedise ukuxhaswa. I-UN kufuneka ibambisane namanye ama-NGO njenge-Alert International, i-Voice for Common, iLizwi lamaSulumane ngoxolo, iLizwi lamaYuda loxolo, ukuBambisana koXolo, kunye nabanye abaninzi ukunika amandla iinzame zabo zokungenelela kwangaphambili kwimimandla engqubanayo. Ukongezelela ekuxhaseni imali kwezo nzame nge-UNICEF okanye kwi-UNHCR, ezininzi zinokuthi zenziwe ngokubhekiselele kokubandakanya i-UCP kwizigunyaziso kunye nokuqonda nokukhuthaza iindlela.

Ukuguqulwa kweMibutho Jikelele

I-General Assembly (GA) yintando yesininzi yimizimba ye-UN kuba iquka onke amazwe aseMelika. Ixhalabele kakhulu kwiinkqubo ezibalulekileyo zokwakha uxolo. UNobhala-jikelele uNobhala-jikelele uKofi Annan wacebisa ukuba i-GA yenza lula iinkqubo zayo, zishiye ukuthembela ekuvumelaneni kubangelwa izigqibo ezinqunywe ngamanzi, kwaye zithathe i-supermajority for decision making. I-GA ifuna ukuhlawula ngakumbi ukuphunyezwa nokuthotyelwa kwezigqibo zayo. Kwakhona ifuna inkqubo yekomiti efanelekileyo ngakumbi kunye nokubandakanya uluntu, ukuba yi-NGOs, ngokuthe ngqo kumsebenzi wayo. Enye ingxaki nge-GA kukuba yenziwe ngamalungu karhulumente; Ngako-ke, ummandla omncinci kunye nabantu be-200,000 banomlinganiselo omkhulu wokuvota njengeChina okanye iNdiya.

Ingcamango yokuguqulwa ekuthandeni kukunyusa kwi-GA iPhalamende yeePalamente yamalungu akhethwe ngabemi belizwe ngalinye kwaye apho inani lezihlalo ezabiwe kwilizwe ngalinye liza kubonakalisa ngokuchanekileyo uluntu kwaye ngoko lube yintando yesininzi. Emva koko naziphi na izigqibo ze-GA zaziza kudlula izindlu zombini. "Amalungu ePalamente ehlabathini jikelele" aya kuba nako ukumela intlalontle efanayo yoluntu ngokubanzi kunokuba kufuneka ukuba alandele ulawulo lwawo oorhulumente basekhaya njengabameli belizwe.

Ukuqinisa iNkundla yezoBulungisa kwiZizwe ngezizwe

I-ICJ okanye "iNkundla Yehlabathi" yimbutho eyintloko yenkundla yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. Igweba amatyala angeniswe yi-States kwaye inikeza izimvo ezicebisa ngemicimbi yomthetho ekubhekiswe kuyo yi-UN kunye nee-arhente ezizodwa. Abagwebi abayishumi elinesihlanu banyulwa ngokwemigangatho yesithoba eminyaka yiNkundla yesiGqeba kunye neBhunga loKhuseleko. Ngokusayina iCharter, i-States yenza ukuthobela izigqibo zeNkundla. Bobabini amaqela karhulumente ekungenisweni kufuneka avume kwangaphambili ukuba iNkundla inamandla ukuba ivume ukungeniswa kwabo. Izigqibo zibophezela kuphela ukuba zombini amaqela avuma kwangaphambili ukuba ahlale nawo. Ukuba, emva koko, kwisiganeko esinqabileyo sokuba i-Party party ayihambisani nesigqibo, umba ungaseniswa kwiBhunga loKhuseleko kwizenzo ezibonakala ziyimfuneko ukuzisa u-Rhulumente ukuba ahambisane (mhlawumbi usebenza kwi-Veto yeBhunga lezoKhuseleko) .

Imvelaphi yomthetho apho i-ICJ ibonisa khona ingxoxo kunye nezivumelwano, izigwebo, isiqhelo samazwe ngamazwe kunye neemfundiso zeengcali zomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. INkundla inokukwenza kuphela izigqibo ngokusekelwe kumbambano okhoyo okanye umthetho wesintu kuba kungekho mnye womthetho wezomthetho (kungekho mthetho welizwe). Oku kwenza izigqibo ezinokubandezela. Xa i-General Assembly icele uluvo lweengcebiso malunga nokuba isongelo okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya kuvunyelwe phantsi kwayo nayiphi na imeko kumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, iNkundla ayikwazanga ukufumana nayiphi na imithetho yomnqophiso eyavumele okanye ibenqande ukutshatyalaliswa okanye ukusetyenziswa. Ekugqibeleni, konke okwakungenakwenza kwakubonisa ukuba umthetho wesintu ofunekayo amazwe aqhubeke nokuxoxisana ngokuvalwa. Ngaphandle komzimba womthetho osemthethweni ogqitywe ngumzimba wezomthetho wehlabathi, iNkundla inqamene nemigqalano ekhoyo kunye nomthetho wesintu (apho ngokucacileyo kusekho emva kwamaxesha) ngaloo ndlela ukunikezela nje kuphela ngempumelelo kwezinye iimeko kwaye zonke ezingenamsebenzi kwabanye.

Kwakhona, iBhunga lezoKhuseleko iVeto liba ngumda wokusebenza kweNkundla. Kwimeko yaseNicaragua ngokumeleneyo ne-United States-i-US yayisityebile iikhenko zaseNicaragua kwisenzo esicacileyo semfazwe-iNkundla ifunyenwe ngokumelene ne-US apho i-US ihambe khona ekulawulweni komthetho (1986). Xa lo mbandela uhanjiswe kwiBhunga loKhuseleko i-US yenza i-veto yayo ukukhusela isigwebo. Enyanisweni, amalungu angamahlanu asisigxina angakwazi ukulawula iziphumo zeNkundla kufuneka zichaphazele zona okanye izivumelwano zabo. INkundla ifuna ukuzimelela kwi-Veto yeBhunga lezoKhuseleko. Xa isigqibo sifuna ukunyanzeliswa yiBhunga loKhuseleko ngokumelene nelungu, ilungu kufuneka lizibuyisele ngokwemigaqo-siseko yasemthethweni yoMthetho wamaRoma: "Akukho mntu uya kugweba kwimeko yakhe."

INkundla iye yaxholwa ngamacala, abagwebi abavotelanga kwizinto ezizodwa zobulungisa kodwa ngenxa yezinto ezibekwe zona. Ngoxa ezinye zezi zinto ziyinyani, oku kugxekwa kuvela rhoqo kwiMerika elahlekelwe ngamatyala abo. Nangona kunjalo, xa iNkundla iphinda ilandele imithetho yemigqaliselo, ubunzima bayo buya kuthwala.

Iziganeko ezibandakanya ulwaphulo-mthetho zihlala zingekho phambi kweNkundla kodwa phambi kweBhunga loKhuseleko, kunye nayo yonke imingcele. Inkundla idinga amandla okuzinzisa ngokwawo ukuba inamandla okuzimela ngokuzikhethela kwe-States kwaye kufuneka ifune igunya lokutshutshisa ukuhambisa amazwe kwi-bar.

Qinisekisa iNkundla yamaLungelo eNkundla yamazwe ngamazwe

I-International Criminal Court (ICC) yiNkundla egxininisayo, eyenziwe ngesivumelwano, "iState Rome", eyaqala ukusebenza ngomhla we-1 Julayi, i-2002 emva kokuqinisekiswa kweentlanga ze-60. Njengoko kwe-2015 umnqophiso usayinwe yii-122 iintlanga ("ii-States Parties"), nangona kungenjalo ngeIndiya neChina. Iintetho ezintathu zivakalise ukuba azihlose ukuba yinxalenye yeSivumelwano-u-Israel, iPhabliki yaseSudan kunye ne-United States. INkundla ikhululekile ukuma kwaye ayiyona inxalenye yeNkqubo ye-UN nakuba isebenza ngokubambisana nayo. IBhunga lezoKhuseleko linokudlulisela iimeko kwiNkundla, nangona iNkundla engekho phantsi kwayo inyanzelekile yokuyiphanda. Igunya layo lingqongqo kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho olubhekiselele kuluntu, ukulwa nobugebengu bezolwaphulo-mthetho, ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho njengoko kuthethwa ngokucacileyo kwisithethe somthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kwaye njengoko kucaciswe ngokucacileyo kwiNkcazo. Le Nkundla yezokhetho zokugqibela. Njengomgaqo-jikelele, i-ICC ayikwazi ukusebenzisa igunya phambi kokuba i-State Party inethuba lokuzama ulwaphulo-mthetho olutywayo kwaye libonisa ukukwazi nokwenene ukwenza oko, oko kukuthi, inkundla ye-States Parties kufuneka isebenze. Inkundla "iyahambelana nolawulo lwezobugebengu kazwelonke" (iRome Statute, Preamble). Ukuba iNkundla inquma ukuba inamandla, loo miselo ingaba umngeni kwaye nayiphina uphando lunyunyelwe kude kube ngumngeni uvezwe kwaye kwenziwe isigqibo. INkundla inokuthi ingasebenzisi igunya kummandla weliphi na ilizwe elingasayineli kwiSitatimende saseRoma.

I-ICC yenziwe ngamalungu amane: uMongameli, i-Ofisi yoMtshutshisi, iRejista kunye noMgwebi owenziwe ngabagwebi abalishumi elinesibhozo kwiZahlulo ezintathu: Ukuqala, ityala, kunye neziBheno.

INkundla iye yavela phantsi kweengcamango ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo. Okokuqala, utyholwa ngokungafanelanga ukuhlambalaza inzondo e-Afrika ngelixa ezinye iindawo ezingekho phantsi. Njengoko kwe-2012, zonke iimeko ezivulekileyo ezivulekileyo zijolise kwiikhokeli zase-Afrika. IQumrhu elinqununu leBhunga loKhuseleko libonakala lixhomekeke kulolu hlobo. Njengomgaqo, iNkundla kufuneka ikwazi ukubonisa ukungakhethi. Nangona kunjalo, ezimbini izinto zinciphisa ukugxeka: i-1) iintlanga ezininzi zaseAfrika zibandakanya umnqophiso kunezinye iintlanga; kunye ne-2) inkundla iye yaxoshelwa izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho e-Iraq naseVenezuela (ezingazange zikhokele ekutshutshisweni).

Icandelo lesibini kunye nokuxhatshazwa okuhambisanayo kukuba iNkundla ibonakala ukuba yinto yomsebenzi we-neo-koloniyaliyali njengoko inkxaso kunye nenkxaso yabasebenzi ingalinganiyo kwi-European Union kunye naseNtshona Koloni. Oku kunokuqwalaselwa ngokusasazwa ngemali kunye nokuqeshwa kwabaqeshwa bezinye iintlanga.

Okwesithathu, kuye kwaxelwa ukuba ibha yokufumana iziqinisekiso zabagwebi kufuneka iphakame, idinga ubuchule kumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kunye namava okuqala. Ngokuqinisekileyo kuyinqweneleka ukuba abagwebi babe ngabona baphezulu kwaye banamava afanelekileyo. Naliphi na izithintelo ezikuloo ndlela yokudibanisa le mfuneko ephezulu yokujongana nayo.

Okwesine, abanye bathi amagunya omshushisi aninzi. Kufuneka kubonakaliswe ukuba oku kusekwe yiNkcazo kwaye kuya kufuneka iguqule ukuba iguqulwe. Ngokukodwa, abanye baye baphikisana ukuba uMtshutshisi akafanele abe nelungelo lokumangalela abantu abangabhalwanga iintlanga; Nangona kunjalo, oku kubonakala kungabikho ukungaqondakali njengoko i-Statute imisela ukunyanzelwa kwamatyikitya okanye ezinye iintlanga ezivumelwene ne-nyathelo-mali nangona zingabhalisi.

Okwesibini, akukho sibheno kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Qaphela ukuba igumbi langaphambi kwetyala leNkundla kufuneka livumelane, ngokusekelwe kububungqina, ukuba inkundla yonyunyiso ingenziwa, kwaye ummangalelwa angakhenela iziphumo zayo kwiCandelo leeBheno. Icala elinjalo lagcinwa ngempumelelo ngomsolwa kwi-2014 kwaye ityala liye lahla. Nangona kunjalo, kunokuba kukufanele ukuqwalasela ukudala inkundla yesikhalazo ngaphandle kwe-ICC.

Eyesithandathu, kukho izikhalazo ezisemthethweni malunga nokungabikho kokukhanya. Iiseshoni ezininzi zeenkundla kunye neenkqubo zenziwa ngasese. Nangona kunokubakho izizathu ezivumelekileyo zezi zinto (ukukhuselwa kwamangqina, phakathi kwezinye), i-degree ephezulu yokubonakaliswa kwemfihlo kuyadingeka kwaye iNkundla kufuneka ihlolisise iinkqubo zayo malunga noku.

Ngesixhenxe, abanye abagxeki baye bathi iingqinisiso zeenkqubo ezifanelekileyo azikho kwizinga eliphezulu lokusebenza. Ukuba kunjalo, kufuneka lilungiswe.

Okwesibhozo, abanye bathi iNkundla iphumelele kakhulu kwimali ebeyichithele, ifunyenwe isigwebo esisodwa. Oku, nangona kunjalo ingxabano yenhlonipho yeNkundla kwinkqubo kunye nemvelo yayo yendalo. Kuye kwacaca ukuba kungabikho ukuzingela kobugqirha kuwo wonke umntu onobubi emhlabeni kodwa ubonise ukuzithiba okumangalisayo. Kwakhona bubungqina bokuba kunzima ukuzisa le ntshutshiso, ukuhlanganisa ubungqina ngamanye amaxesha emva kwexesha lokubulawa kwabantu kunye nezinye izinto ezimbi, ngokukodwa kwimimandla enkcubeko.

Ekugqibeleni, ukugxekwa okugqithisiweyo okubhekiselele kwiNkundla kukukho nje njengesikhungo selizwe. Abanye abayithandiyo okanye abayifunayo oko kukuthi, umda wokunciphisa ulawulo lukaRhulumente. Kodwa kunjalo, yonke imvumelwano, kwaye bonke, kuquka i-Statute yaseRoma, ingene ngokuzithandela nangokulungileyo. Ukuphela kwemfazwe ayikwazi ukufezwa yizizwe ezizimeleyo. Ingxelo yeemillenniya ayibonakali nto kodwa ingaphumeleli kulo mbandela. Amaziko omgwebo angamazwe ayingxenye ebalulekileyo yeNkqubo yeSizwe yoKhuseleko lweSizwe. Ngokuqinisekileyo iNkundla kufuneka ixhomekeke kwimimiselo efanayo eya kukhuthaza bonke uluntu jikelele, oko kukuthi, ukubala, ukuphendula uxanduva, inkqubo yokukhawuleza kunye nefanelekileyo, kunye nabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo. Ukusekwa kweNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeziLwaphulo.

Kufuneka kugxininiswe ukuba i-ICC yinkampani entsha ye-brand, i-iteration yokuqala yemigudu yoluntu jikelele ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba izigebengu ezigqithisileyo zehlabathi azikhupheli mthetho. Nangona iZizwe eziManyeneyo, okuyi-iteration yesibili yokukhuseleko lokuqokelela, isasaqhubeka kwaye isasafuna ukuguqulwa okukhulu.

Imibutho yoluntu yoluntu ihamba phambili kwimigudu yokulungisa. I-Coalition ye-International Criminal Court iqukethe imibutho yoluntu yase-2,500 kumazwe akwa-150 ekukhuthazeni i-ICC enobulungisa, esebenzayo, neyokuzimela kunye nokuphucula ukufikelela kubulungisa kumaxhoba omhlaba, ubugebengu bezolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olujongene noluntu. I-American Non-Governmental Organisations Coalition ye-International Criminal Court yintlangano yemibutho engekho karhulumente eyenziwe ekuphumeleleni ngemfundo, ulwazi, ukukhuthazwa kunye nokuphakanyiswa kwembono yoluntu epheleleyo yaseUnited States kwiNkundla yamaLungelo eNkundla yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokuqinisekiswa kokuqala kwe-US. kwiNkundla yeRome yaseRome.56

Ukungenelela okungekho mthethweni: Amaqela oLondolozo lwezoPhathwa koLuntu

Ukuqeqeshwa, ukungabikho kwempi kunye nokungakhuselekanga kwemikhosi yabasemagunyeni abaneminyaka engaphezu kwemashumi amabini bamenyiwe ukuba bangenelele kwimpikiswano ehlabathini lonke ukukhusela abakhuseli bamalungelo oluntu kunye nabasebenzi bezoxolo ngokugcina ubungqina obubonakalayo obubonakalayo obuhamba kunye nabantu abasongelayo. Ekubeni le mibutho ayinxulumene naliphi na urhulumente, kwaye ekubeni abasebenzi babo bathatyathwa kumazwe amaninzi kwaye abanalo i-ajenda ngaphandle kokudala indawo ekhuselekileyo apho ingxoxo ingenzeka phakathi kwamaqela aphikisanayo, banokuthenjwa koorhulumente karhulumente abangenalo.

Ngokungabikho kwemfutho kunye nokungabikho nokhuseleko abanikezeli usongelo kwabanye kwaye bangaya apho abalondolozi bokuzikhusela bexhoba bangabangela ukuxabana. Banikeza indawo evulekile, intetho kunye nabaphathi karhulumente kunye nemikhosi exhobileyo, kunye nokudala unxibelelwano phakathi kwabasebenzi bezoxolo zendawo kunye noluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ukuqaliswa yi-International Brigades International kwi-1981, i-PBI ineeprojekthi zangoku eGuatemala, eHonduras, eNew Mexico, eNepal naseKenya. I-Nonviolent Peaceforce yasungulwa kwi-2000 kwaye ikwase-Brussels. I-NP ineenjongo ezine zomsebenzi wayo: ukudala isikhala soxolo oluhlala njalo, ukukhusela abantu, ukuphuhlisa nokukhuthaza i-theory kunye nokusebenza kokugcinwa kokugcinwa kokuthula okungaphephile komphakathi ukwenzela ukuba iyakwamukelwa njengomgaqo-nkqubo ngokwenza izigqibo kunye namaziko karhulumente, kwaye ukwakha idonga labaqeqeshi abakwazi ukujoyina amaqela oxolo ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi yeengingqi, ukuqeqesha, nokugcina uluhlu lwabantu abaqeqeshwe, abafumanekayo. I-NP njengamanje ineamaqela ePhilippines, eMyanmar, eSouth Sudan naseSiriya.

Ngokomzekelo, i-Nonviolent Peaceforce ngoku isebenzayo iphrojekthi enkulu kunazo zonke kwimfazwe yaseMzantsi Sudan. Abakhuseli basekuhlaleni abangakhuselekanga ngempumelelo bahamba kunye nabasetyhini beqokelela iinkuni ezinqabeni zokulwa, apho imibutho yokulwa idlwengula njengesixhobo semfazwe. Abakhuseli abathathu okanye abane abangakhuselekanga bemihlali babonakalise ukuba i-100% iphumelele ekukhuseleni ezo ntlobo zokudlwengulwa ngexesha lokulwa. UMel Duncan, umququzeleli we-Nonviolent Peaceforce uxoxela omnye umzekelo waseMzantsi Sudan:

[UDerek no-Andreas] babenabesifazana nabantwana be-14, xa indawo ababebenabo bantu behlaselwa ngabantu baseMelika. Bathatha abafazi be-14 nabantwana ententeni, ngelixa abantu abangaphandle bebhentshulwa ngaphandle. Ngezihlandlo zantathu, amaqela avukelayo afika ku-Andreas noDerek kwaye athetha ii-AK47 kwiintloko zawo athi 'kufuneka uhambe, sifuna abo bantu'. Kwazo zonke izihlandlo zantathu, u-Andreas noDerek babambelela ngokuzinzileyo, babambelela iibheji zabo zobungqina beNqabayokulondolozo. Emva kwexesha lesithathu ama-militia ashiya, kwaye abantu basinda. (UMel Duncan)

Amabali anjalo aphakamisa umbuzo wobungozi kubagcini bokugcina uxolo. Ngokuqinisekileyo umntu akakwazi ukwenza imeko eyoyikisayo kunangaphambili. Ukanti i-Nonviolent Peaceforce iye yaneengozi ezintlanu ezinxulumene nokungqubana- ezintathu zazo zazenzeke ngengozi- kwiminyaka elishumi elinesithathu yokusebenza. Ngapha koko, kukhuselekile ukucinga ukuba ukhuseleko oluxhobileyo kumzekelo ochaziweyo lwalunokubangela ukusweleka kukaDerek noAndreas kunye nabo bafuna ukubakhusela.

Le mibutho kunye neminye imibutho efana namaqela angamaKristu okuThuthukisa abantu abonelela imodeli enokuthi ilandelwe ukuba ithathe indawo yabalindi bezoxolo kunye nezinye iindlela zokungenelela ngogonyamelo. Ziyimzekelo epheleleyo yendima yoluntu esele idlala ngokugcina uxolo. Ukungenelela kwabo kungaphezulu kwongenelelo ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zenkqubela kunye nencoko yokusebenza ekuhlaleni uphuhliso lwentlalo yoluntu kwimimandla yokulwa.

Kuze kube yiminyaka, le migudu ebalulekileyo iphantsi kweyabonwa kwaye ihlawulwa ngemali. Kufuneka bahlawulwe ngokupheleleyo yi-UN kunye namanye amaziko kunye nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Ezi ziphakathi kwemizamo ethembisayo yokukhusela abantu kunye nokudala indawo yoluntu kunye negalelo ekuhlaleni.

UMthetho wamazwe ngamazwe

UMthetho wamazwe ngamazwe awunawo indawo echaziweyo okanye ibhunga lolawulo. Iqulethwe yimithetho emininzi, imithetho, kunye namasiko alawula ubudlelwane phakathi kweentlanga ezahlukeneyo, oorhulumente babo, amashishini kunye nemibutho.

Iquka ukuqokelela kweetekisi; izivumelwano; melwano; izivumelwano, ii-charters ezifana neMqulu weZizwe eziManyeneyo; protocol; zi nkundleni; iimemorandam; iziganeko ezisemthethweni zeNkundla yamaZwe eManyeneyo kunye nokunye. Ekubeni akukho lombuso, ukunyanzelisa i-entity, yinto eninzi yokuzithandela. Iquka zombini umthetho oqhelekileyo kunye nomthetho wecala. Imigaqo emithathu eyintloko ilawula umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. ZiyiQumrhu (apho iintlanga ezimbini zikwabelana ngeengcamango ezifanayo zomgaqo-nkqubo, omnye uya kufaka izigqibo zomgwebo komnye); UMthetho weNkcazo kaRhulumente (ngokusekelwe kwongamoya-amashishini asemthethweni karhulumente akayi kubuza umgaqo-nkqubo womnye uRhulumente okanye angaphazamise umgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle); kunye neMfundiso ye-Immunity Immunity (ekuthintela uhlanga lukazwelonke ukuba luzame kwiinkundla zenye i-State).

Ingxaki ebalulekileyo yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kukuba, ngokusekelwe kumgaqo we-anarchic wolawulo lwentlanga, ayikwazi ukujongana kakuhle ne-global commons, njengoko ukungaphumeleli kokuthatha isenzo esifanelekileyo sokunyamezela ukutshintsha kwemozulu kubonisa. Nangona kubonakala ngokubhekiselele koxolo kunye nobungozi bendalo esingabantu abathile ukuba baphile kunye kunye nomhlaba omncinci, akukho mthethweni osemthethweni onokukwazi ukumisela umthetho osemthethweni, ngoko ke kufuneka sithembele ekuxoxiseni izivumelwano ezihambelanayo ukujongana neengxaki ezichanekileyo. Ngenxa yokuba akunakwenzeka ukuba iqumrhu elinjalo liza kuphuhliswa kwixesha elizayo, sifuna ukuqinisa ulawulo lwentlambo.

Khuthaza ukuthotyelwa kweeMvumelwano ezikhoyo

Izivumelwano eziphambili zokulawula imfazwe esebenzayo ayibonakaliswa ngamazwe ambalwa. Ngokukodwa, iNgqungquthela yokuVimbela ukuSebenza, ukuThengisa, ukuPhathwa kunye nokuThuthwa kweMigodi yabaSebenzi kunye nabokutshabalalisa ayifumanwanga yi-United States, i-Russia kunye ne-China. I-Rome Statute yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yePalaphu ayibonakali yi-United States, eSudan, nakwaSirayeli I-Russia ayifumanga. I-Indiya kunye ne-China banamalungelo, njengamanye amalungu e-UN. Nangona i-United States ithi i-intanethi inokuthi iyancatshiswa, isizathu esisodwa esibonisa isizwe esingaba yinkqubo kwi-Statute kukuba sinelungelo lokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho lwezobuhlanga, ulwaphulo-mthetho, ulwaphulo-mthetho olubhekiselele kuluntu okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho, okanye ukuchaza izinto ezinjengokungena phantsi kweenkcazelo eziqhelekileyo zezo zinto. La mazwe kufuneka axinzelelwe ngabemi behlabathi ukuba bafike etafileni baze badlale ngemithetho efanayo kunye nabanye abantu. Amazwe kufuneka kwakhona axinzezelwe ukuba ahambisane nomthetho wamalungelo oluntu kunye neendibano ezahlukeneyo zaseGeneva. Amazwe angahambisaniyo, kuquka nee-US, kufuneka adlulise iSivumelwano soVavanyo soVavanyo oluPhezulu kwaye abuyisele kwakhona ukuqinisekiswa kwe-Kellogg-Briand Pact eyenziwa yimfazwe.

Yenza Iimpawu Ezintsha

Imeko eguqukayo iya kuhlala ifuna ukuqwalaselwa kwezivumelwano ezintsha, ubudlelwane bomthetho phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo. Eyesithathu ekufuneka ithathwe ngokukhawuleza yile:

Ukulawula iGesi yokuGcina

Izivumelwano ezintsha ziyimfuneko yokujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu kwimihlaba kunye nemiphumo yayo, ngokukodwa umnqophiso olawula ukukhutshwa kwazo zonke iigesi zendawo yokushisa ezibandakanya uncedo kwiintlanga eziphuhlisayo.

Ukuphucula indlela yokubalekela abaThathaka

Umnqophiso odibeneyo kodwa olwahlukileyo uya kufuna ukujongana namalungelo ababaleki bemozulu ukuba bafuduke babini ngaphakathi nakwamanye amazwe. Oku kusebenza ngokukhawuleza kwemiphumo eqhubekayo yokuguquka kwemozulu, kodwa kunye neengxaki zababaleki ezikhoyo ezivela eMiddle East nakwiNyakatho Afrika, apho imigaqo-nkqubo yezemveli kunye nekhoyo yangoku igalelo elikhulu kwimfazwe nobudlova. Xa nje imfazwe ikhona, kuya kubakho ababaleki. INdibano yeziManyeneyo yeziMbaleki ibophelela ngokusemthethweni izandla zokungena kwiimbaleki. Eli lungiselelo ludinga ukuthotyelwa kodwa kunikwe inani elincinci eliya kubandakanywa, kufuneka libandakanye amalungiselelo encedo ukuba ngaba iingxabano ezinkulu kufuneka zigwenywe. Olu luncedo lunokuba yinxalenye yeSicwangciso soPhuhliso lwehlabathi njengoko kuchaziwe ngezantsi.

Ukuseka iiKomishoni zeNyaniso kunye noXhumano

Xa kubakho imfazwe phakathi okanye impi yombango naphezu kwemiqobo emininzi iNkqubo yoKhuseleko yeSizwe yoNgcoliseko iphosa, iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezikhankanywe ngentla ziya kusebenza ngokukhawuleza ukuba ziphelise ukulwa, zibuyisele umyalelo. Emva koko, iindlela zokuxolelana ziyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho kubuyiselwa kwindlobongela ngqo kunye ngqo. Ezi nkqubo zilandelayo zibonwa ziyimfuneko zokuxolelana:

• Ukutyhila inyaniso yezinto ezenzekile
• Ukwamkelwa ngumenzi wesono (s) sengozi eyenziwe
• I-Remorse ibonisa ukuxolisa kwixhoba (amaxhoba)
• Xolelo
• Ubulungisa ngenye indlela
• Ucwangciso lokuthintela ukuphindaphinda
• Ukuqalisa kwakhona iinkalo ezakhayo zobudlelwane
• Ukuvuselela ukuzithemba ngexesha57

Iintetho zeNyaniso kunye nokuBumbisana IiNkqonkqo zihlobo lobulungisa benguqulelo kwaye zinikezela enye indlela yokutshutshiswa kunye neenkcubeko zokuphika.58 Ziye zafakwa kumazwe angama-20. Ezi ntetho sele sele zisebenza kwiimeko ezininzi e-Ecuador, eCanada, kwiRiphabhliki yaseCzech, njl, kwaye ngokugqithiseleyo eMzantsi Afrika ekupheleni kolawulo lobuhlanga.59 Ezi zinjalo zithatha indawo yenkqubo yezobugebengu kwaye zenze ukuqala ukubuyisela ithemba ukuze uxolo loqobo, kunokuba luphephe ukuphela kweentshaba, luya kuqala. Umsebenzi wabo kukuseka iziganeko zenziwayo ezidlulileyo ngabo bonke abadlali, abalimele kunye nabenzi bobubi (abanokuzivuma ngokubuyisela ukulungelelanisa) ukuze banqande nayiphi na indlela yokubuyiselwa kwimbali kunye nokususa naziphi na izizathu zokugqitywa ngokutsha kobundlobongela obubangelwa ukuphindezela . Ezinye izibonelelo ezinokuthi zilandelayo: ukuvezwa koluntu nokusemthethweni kwenyaniso kuncedisa ekuphiliseni nasekuhlaleni; ukubandakanya lonke uluntu kwingxoxo yencoko yesizwe; jonga kwiimeko ezimbi zentlalo eyenziwa kakubi; kunye nobunini bobunini bomphakathi kwinkqubo.60

Yenza uQoqosho oluSigxina, oluLungileyo nolungqongileyo njengeSiseko soXolo

Imfazwe, ukungabi nabulungisa kwezoqoqosho kunye nokungaphumeleli kokuzinzileyo kubambene ngezindlela ezininzi, kungekhona ubuncinane ubuncinane bentlupheko yengqesho kwiindawo ezinqabileyo ezifana neMbindi-Mpuma, apho kudala khona umbhede wembewu yokukhula. Kwaye umnotho-jikelele, uqoqosho olusetyenziswe ngeoli lubangela imbambano yokulwa kunye neenjongo zamakhosi kwiprojekthi yamandla kwaye ukhusela ukufikelela kwi-US kwimithombo yamanye amazwe. Ukungalingani phakathi koqoqosho olusenyakatho kunye nentlupheko yehlabathi jikelele kungasungulwa yiCwangciso soNcedo lweLizwe lonke eliqwalasela imfuneko yokugcina izinto eziphilayo apho uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho kunye nokudemokhrasiza amaziko oqoqosho ngamazwe ngamazwe kuquka iNational Trade Organization, i-International INgxowa-mali yeMali kunye neBhanki yeSizwe yoKwakha kwakhona noPhuhliso.

Akukho ndlela efanelekileyo yokuthetha ukuba ishishini libhubhisa ihlabathi.
UPawulos Hawken (uMvelo, uMbhali)

Umnotho wezopolitiko uLloyd Dumas uthi, "uqoqosho oluxhatshazwayo luphazamisa kwaye lugqithise uluntu". Uchaza imigaqo-siseko yoqoqosho lokugcina uxolo.61 Zezi:

Ukuseka ubudlelwane obulinganisiweyo - wonke umntu uzuze ubuncinane ngokulingana negalelo labo kwaye akukho nto inokubangela ukuphazamisa ubudlelwane. Umzekelo: IYurophu Yomanyano - bayaphikisana, kukho iingxabano, kodwa akukho zityhaso zemfazwe ngaphakathi kwe-EU.

Ukugxininisa uphuhliso - Ininzi yemfazwe ukususela kwiWWII iye yalwa kumazwe asakhulayo. Intlupheko kunye namathuba okulahleka zizathu zokuzalisa ubundlobongela. Uphuhliso luyiqhinga eliphambili lokulwa nobugandlo, njengoko linciphisa inethiwekhi yenkxaso yamaqela amaphekula. Umzekelo: Ukuqeshwa kwabafana abancinci, abangafundanga kwiindawo ezisemadolophini kwimibutho yoyikekayo.62

Ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwezinto eziphilayo - Ukhuphiswano lwezixhobo ezinokuxinzezelekayo ("ukuvelisa uxinzelelo oluxinzelelekileyo") - ngokugqithiseleyo ioli kunye namanzi - kudala iingxabano eziyingozi phakathi kweentlanga kunye namaqela ngaphakathi kweentlanga.

Kuboniswe ukuba imfazwe inokwenzeka ukuba yenzeke apho kukho ioli.63 Ukusebenzisa izixhobo zendalo ngokufanelekileyo, ukuphuhlisa nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obungenayo i-polluting kunye neenkqubo kunye nokutshintsha okukhulu ekumgangatho ophezulu kunokwenyuka koqoqosho kunokunciphisa uxinzelelo lwendalo.

UkuDemokhrasi amaZiko oQoqosho loLuntu
(I-WTO, IMF, IBRD)

Uqoqosho lwehlabathi lulawulwa, luxhaswa kwaye lulawulwa ngamagumbi amathathu-I-World Trade Organization (i-WTO), i-International Monetary Fund (IMF), kunye ne-Bhanki ye-International for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD; "iBhanki yehlabathi"). Ingxaki ngala maqumrhu kukuba ayinokholo lwentando yesininzi kwaye iyakuthanda iintlanga ezizityebi malunga neentlanga ezihlwempuzekileyo, ukukhusela ngokungqongqo kunye nokukhuselwa kwabasebenzi, nokungafihli, ukuphazamisa ukuzinza, nokukhuthaza ukukhutshwa kwamanzi kunye nokuxhomekeka.64 Ibhodi ebusayo engabonakaliyo nelingabonakaliyo ye-WTO inokunyusa imithetho yezabasebenzi kunye nemimandla yezosingqongileyo yeentlanga, eyenza abantu bakhusele ukusetyenziswa kakubi kunye nokuchithwa kwendalo kunye nemiphumo eyahlukeneyo yempilo.

Ifom yangoku yenkampani yehlabathi elawulwayo yenyusa ukuphangwa kobutyebi bomhlaba, ukwandisa ukuxhaphazwa kwabasebenzi, ukwandisa amapolisa kunye nokunyanzelwa komkhosi nokushiya intlupheko.
USharon Delgado (Umbhali, uMlawuli wezoBulungiswa boMhlaba)

Ukubambisana kwehlabathi ngokwawo akuyiyo imbambano-yintengiso yamahhala. Ubunzima bamaorhulumente karhulumente kunye namaqumrhu angamazwe alawulayo amaziko aqhutyelwa yi-Ideal Fundamentalism okanye i-"Trade Trade", into ebalulekileyo yokurhweba kwintlupheko evela kwintsizana ukuya kwizityebi. Iinkqubo zomthetho kunye nezemali ezi ziko zize zenzeke ukuvumela ukuthunyelwa kwemveliso kwiindawo ezinokungcola kumazwe acinezela abasebenzi abazama ukulungiselela umvuzo ohloniphekileyo, impilo, ukhuseleko kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo. Izinto ezivelisiweyo zithunyelwa kumazwe athuthukileyo njengempahla yabathengi. Iindleko zigqithiselwe kumahlwempuzekileyo nakwihlabathi jikelele. Njengoko iintlanga ezincinci zikhulile zingene phantsi kwetyala phantsi kwalo mbuso, kufuneka ukuba zamkele i-IMF "izicwangciso zokungabikho kobutyebi," ezonakalisa iinkonzo zabo zokukhusela uluntu ezidala iklasi labasebenzi abangenamandla, abasweleyo kwiimveliso ezikumntla. Urhulumente uphinde uphumelele kwezolimo. Imimandla ekufuneka ikhulise ukutya kubantu kunokuba ikhule iintyatyambo zorhwebo lwe-flower-cut in Europe kunye ne-US okanye ziye zithathwa ngabantu abalimi, abalimi abaxhamlayo bayakhupha, bakhula okanye bakhulisa imfuyo ukuze bathumele ngaphandle ngasemntla. Amahlwempu awela emadolobheni ase-mega apho, ukuba banenhlanhla, bafumana umsebenzi kwiifeksi ezicinezelayo zokudala iimpahla zithunyelwa ngaphandle. Ukungabi nabulungisa kwale rhulumente kudala ukucaphuka kwaye kubiza ulwalamlo olutshintsho oluthi lukhuphe amapolisa kunye nokunyanzelwa komkhosi. Amapolisa kunye nemikhosi bahlala beqeqeshwe ekuxhaseni izihlwele ngumbutho waseMelika e-"Western Hemisphere Institute for Co-operation Cooperation" (eyayisakuba "iSikole seMerika"). Kulo qeqesho lweziko ziquka iingalo zokulwa eziphambili, imisebenzi yengqondo, i-intelligence yolwazi kunye ne-commando tactics.65 Konke oku kutshabalalisa kwaye kudala ukungakhuselekanga okukhulu kwihlabathi.

Isisombululo sidinga utshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokuvuswa kokuziphatha ngasentla. Ukuqala kokubonakalayo ukuyeka ukuqeqeshwa kwamapolisa kunye nemikhosi yemimandla yolawulo lolawulo. Okwesibini, iibhodi ezilawulayo zamaziko ezezimali ngamazwe kufuneka zidityaniswe. Ngoku zilawulwa yiZizwe zaseNyakatho zaseNtshonalanga. Okwesithathu, okubizwa ngokuba yimigaqo-nkqubo "yorhwebo yehhafu" kufuneka ithathelwe indawo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokurhweba. Yonke into idinga ukuguquka kokuziphatha, ukuzingca ngabanye abathengi baseMntla abavame ukuthenga izinto ezincinci kuphela ezinokungakhathaliseki ukuba ngubani ohluphekayo, ukuqonda ukudibanisa umhlaba kunye nokuqonda ukuba umonakalo kwizinto eziphilayo kuyo yonke indawo inokuchaphazela ihlabathi, kwaye ikhuphe kumntla, ngokucacileyo ngokuchithwa kwemozulu kunye neengxaki zokufuduka ezikhokelela kwimida yomkhosi. Ukuba abantu bangaqinisekiswa ngobomi obuhloniphekileyo kumazwe abo, abayi kuzama ukufuduka ngokungekho mthethweni.

Yenza isicwangciso soNcedo lweNdawo yoncedo oluMmandla

Uphuhliso luqinisa i-diplomacy kunye nokukhusela, ukunciphisa usongelo lwangexesha elide ukhuseleko lwethu lwesizwe ngokunceda ukwakha uluntu oluzinzile, olucebileyo noluxolweni.
I-2006 United States Isicwangciso soSicwangciso soKhuseleko lwesizwe.

Isisombululo esinxulumene nokudemokhrasi amaziko oqoqosho ngamazwe ngamazwe kukuseka iSicwangciso soNcedo lweLizwe loMhlaba ukuphumeza ubume bezoqoqosho kunye nobume bendawo.66 Iinjongo ziza kufana neenjongo ze-UN Millennium Development Goals zokuphelisa intlupheko nendlala, ukuphucula ukhuseleko lokutya kwendawo, ukubonelela ngemfundo kunye nokunakekelwa kwempilo, nokufezekisa ezi njongo ngokudala uphuhliso oluzinzileyo, olufanelekileyo, oluzinzileyo, oluzinzileyo, olungagcini ukutshintsha kwemozulu. Kuya kufuneka kwakhona ukubonelela ngemali yokuncedisa ukuvuselela ababaleki bemozulu. ISicwangciso siya kulawulwa yintlangano entsha, engekho karhulumente ekuthintele ukuba ibe yinto yokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yelizwe langaphandle. Kuya kuxhaswa ngemali yokunikezelwa kwe-2-5 ekhulwini le-GDP kwiintlanga eziphambili zezoshishino iminyaka engamashumi amabini. Kwi-US le mali iya kuba malunga nama-dollar angamawaka angamawaka eebhiliyoni, ngaphantsi ngaphaya kwe-$ 1.3 trillion njengamanje isetyenziswe kwinkqubo yokukhusela yesizwe. Isicwangciso sasiza kulawulwa kumgangatho womhlaba ngoxolo lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nezobulungisa be-Corps ezenziwe ngamavolontiya. Kuya kufuna ukuba ulawulo oluqinileyo kunye nolwazi olucacileyo luvela kubarhulumente bamkeli ukuba baqinisekise ukuba uncedo luye lwafika kubantu.

Isiphakamiso sokuqala: I-Demokrasi, abahlali bePalamente yeSizwe

IZizwe eziManyeneyo ekugqibeleni zifuna ukuguqulwa okunzulu okunokuba luncedo ukucinga ngazo ngokubhekiselele kwiManyano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye nomzimba osebenzayo, onokugcina (okanye ukunceda ukudala) uxolo. Olu ngqiqo lusekelwe kwiingxaki ze-UN ezinokuthi zivela kwiingxaki ezisemgangathweni kunye nokhuseleko oluhlangeneyo njengomzekelo wokugcina okanye ukubuyisela uxolo.

Iingxaki eziNye kunye noKhuseleko loBonke

IZizwe eziManyeneyo zisekelwe kumgaqo wokukhuseleka ngokubambisana, oko kukuthi, xa isizwe sisongela okanye siqala ulwaphulo-mthetho, ezinye iintlanga ziya kuzisa i-force exponderant acting as a diserrent, okanye njengendlela yokulungisa ngokukhawuleza ukuhlasela ekulweni. Oku kunjalo, isisombululo esinamandla, sisongela okanye senza imfazwe enkulu ukukhusela okanye ukuthintela imfazwe encinci. Omnye umzekelo oyintloko - iMfazwe yaseKorea-yayingaphumeleli. Imfazwe idonsela kwiminyaka kwaye umda uhlala unamandla. Enyanisweni, imfazwe ayizange iphele. Ukhuseleko oluhlangeneyo luyinto nje yokwenza utyando lwenkqubo ekhoyo yokusebenzisa ubudlova ukuze uzame ukulwa nodlova. Eyona nto idinga ihlabathi elinobukhosi ukuze umzimba wehlabathi unemikhosi. Ukongezelela koko, ngelixa i-UN isekelwe kule nkqubo, ayilungiselelwe ukuyenza, kuba ayinalo msebenzi wokwenza njalo xa kwenzeka iingxabano. Kuphela ithuba lokuthatha isenzo kwaye lixhaswa kakhulu yiCandelo leKhuseleko leBhunga. Amazwe angamahlanu anelungelo elinamalungelo kwaye, ngokuqhelekileyo, asebenzise iinjongo zabo zesizwe kunokuba bavunyelane ukusebenzisana ngokufanelekileyo. Oku kuchaza ngokucacileyo isizathu sokuba i-UN ihluleke ukumisa iimfazwe ezininzi kangaka ukususela ekuqaleni kwayo. Oku, kunye nezinye izinto ezibuthathaka, kuchaza ukuba kutheni abanye abantu bacinga ukuba abantu kufuneka baqalise kunye neziko elidemokhrasi elide kakhulu elinamandla okumisela nokunyanzelisa umthetho osemthethweni nokuzisa ukulungiswa ngokukhawuleza kokuxabana.

I-Federation Federation

Oku kulandelayo kusekelwe kwingxabano yokuba ukuguqulwa kwamaziko ngamazwe akhona kubalulekile, kodwa kungekhona okwaneleyo. Ingxabano yokuba amaziko akhona ekujonganeni neengxabano zamazwe ngamazwe kunye neengxaki ezinkulu zoluntu azanele ngokupheleleyo kwaye ihlabathi lifuna ukuqalisa kunye nentlangano entsha yehlabathi: "uMbutho weMhlaba," olawulwa yiPalamente yeSizwe ekhethwe ngentando yenkululeko kunye iBhili yeNkundla yamaLungelo. Ukungaphumeleli kweZizwe eziManyeneyo kubangelwa ngokoqobo njengombutho welizwe elizimeleyo; ayikwazi ukuxazulula iingxaki ezininzi kunye neengxaki zeeplanethi ezijongene noluntu ngoku. Endaweni yokufuna ukungasebenzi, i-UN ifuna ukuba isizwe sigcine umkhosi wezempi ukuba baboleke kwi-UN ngokufuna. Ikhefu lokugqibela lokugqibela le-UN kukusebenzisa imfazwe ukuyeka imfazwe, i-oxymoronic. Ngaphezu koko, i-UN ayinawo amandla omthetho-ayikwazi ukwenza imithetho ebophelelayo. Kuphela kuphela ukubopha iintlanga ukuya kwimfazwe ukuyeka imfazwe. Akunakulungele ngokupheleleyo ukusombulula iingxaki zokusingqongileyo jikelele (iNkqubo yeZizwe zeZizwe eziManyeneyo ayizange ichithe ukungqandwa kwamahlathi, ukuxutywa, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezinokusetyenziswa komhlaba, ukuguguleka komhlaba jikelele, ukungcola kwezilwandle, njl.). I-UN ayiphumelelanga ukusombulula ingxaki yophuhliso; Intlupheko yehlabathi ihlala ikhula. Imibutho yophuhliso ekhoyo, ingakumbi i-International Monetary Fund kunye neBhanki yeSizwe yokuBuyiselwa kunye noPhuhliso ("iBhanki yehlabathi") kunye nezivumelwano ezahlukeneyo zorhwebo "zamahhala", ziye zavumela izityebi ukuba zithwele ihlwempu. INkundla Yehlabathi ayinamandla, ayinamandla okuzisa iingxabano phambi kwayo; ziyakwenziwa kuphela ngokuzithandela ngamaqela ngokwawo, kwaye akukho ndlela yokunyanzelisa izigqibo zayo. I-General Assembly ayikwazi; iyakwazi ukufunda nokucebisa kuphela. Ayinamandla okutshintsha nantoni na. Ukongeza umzimba wepalamente kuyo kudala ukudala umzimba onokuyincoma kwinqumrhu elicebisayo. Iingxaki zehlabathi sele zijongene neengxaki kwaye zingenakulungelelaniswa ukuba zixazululwe yintsholongwane yelizwe elikhuphisanayo, elizixhobileyo lithetha ngamnye umntu onomdla kuphela ekuphandeleni umdla wakhe wesizwe kwaye akakwazi ukwenza izinto eziqhelekileyo.

Ngako oko, ukulungiswa kweManyano yeziManyeneyo kufuneka kuqhutyelwe okanye kulandelwe yindalo yombutho ongekho mkhosi, ongeyomkhosi weMihlaba yomhlaba, owenziwe yiPalamente yeSizwe ekhethiweyo ngentando yenkululeko enegunya lokupasa umthetho obophayo, iNkundla yeeNkundla zeeNkundla zehlabathi kunye ne-Executive World. lombutho wolawulo. Intlangano enkulu yabemi sele idibanise amaxesha amaninzi njengePalamente yeSizwe ePhambili kwaye ibhale uMthetho-siseko weSizwe owenzelwe ukukhusela inkululeko, amalungelo omntu, kunye nokusingqongileyo, kunye nokubonelela ngempumelelo bonke.

Indima ye-Global Civil Society kunye neMibutho engekho yoRhulumente

Uluntu ngokubanzi luquka abadlali kwimibutho yobugcisa, iiklabhu, imibutho yabasebenzi, imibutho enokholo, imibutho engekho yombuso, amaqela kunye namanye amaqela asekuhlaleni.67 Ezi zifunyenwe kakhulu kumgangatho wendawo / wesizwe kwaye kunye kunye namanethiwekhi omhlaba jikelele kunye namaphulo, baqulunqa izibonelelo ezingalindelekanga ukujongana nemfazwe nempi.

Kwi-1900 kwakukho amanyathelo angamaqela angamazwe ngamazwe afana ne-International Postal Union kunye ne-Red Cross. Kwinkulungwane kunye nabanye ukususela oko, kuye kwaba nokunyuka okumangalisa kwemibutho engekho yolawulo lwamazwe ngamazwe azinikele ekuhlaleni uxolo nokulondoloza uxolo. Kukho ngoku amawaka ala ma-INGO kuquka nemibutho efana ne-Nonviolent Peaceforce, i-Greenpeace, i-Servicio Paz y Justicia, i-Peace Brigades International, i-Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, amaQela okuThuthukisa uxolo, ukuBambisana koXhumano, i-Appeal of Peace , i-International Peace Bureau, ii-Muslim Peace Peacemaker, I-Jewish Voice for Peace, i-Oxfam International, iiDokotela ezingenasiphelo, i-Pace e Bene, i-Plowshares Fund, i-Apopo, izakhamuzi ze-Global Solutions, i-Nukewatch, iCarter Centre, i-Resolution Resolution Centre International, i-Natural Inyathelo, iiNguqulo zeDolophu, iMbutho yamaZizwe eziManyeneyo, i-Rotary International, iNtsebenzo yabasetyhini kwiZikhokelo ezintsha, i-Peace Direct, iKomidi yeNkonzo yamaMerika, kunye namanye amaninzi amancinci angaphantsi awaziwayo njengeProjekthi ye-Blue Mountain okanye i-War Prevention Initiative. IKomidi yoxolo yeNobel yaqaphela ukubaluleka kwemibutho yoluntu yoluntu, ibanikezela ngamanani amaninzi ngeNobel Peace Prize.

Umzekelo okhuthazayo ukusekwa kwabaQhathelana noxolo:

Inkqubela ye "Iintlantshi zoxolo" yaqaliswa ngokubambisana namaPalestina kunye namaSirayeli, athathe inxaxheba ekhuselekileyo kumjikelezo wobundlobongela; AmaSirayeli njengamajoni kumkhosi wakwaSirayeli (i-IDF) kunye namaPalestina njengenxalenye yomzabalazo wobundlobongela inkululeko yamaPalestina. Emva kokuhlaselwa izixhobo iminyaka emininzi, kwaye sele sibonisana kuphela ngezixhobo zokulwa, siye sagqiba kwelokuba sigxothe izibhamu zethu, size silwe noxolo.

Siyakwazi ukujonga indlela abantu abanjengoJody Williams abasebenzisa ngayo igunya lomhlali-jikelele ukuza kunceda uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe luvumelane ngokunqandwa komhlaba kwiimigodi yomhlaba okanye ukuba ukudluliselwa kwabemi-izabelo-zakhono kubakha abantu-abantu-bridges phakathi kwamaRashiya kunye namaMelika phakathi kweenkxalabo eziphakamileyo zamazwe ngamazwe kwi-2016.68

Laba bantu kunye nemibutho badibanisa ihlabathi kunye nomzekelo wokunyamekela kunye nokukhathazeka, imfazwe echasene nokungabi nabulungisa, ukusebenzela uxolo nobulungisa kunye noqoqosho oluzinzileyo.69 Le mibutho ayisebenzisanga kuphela uxolo, isebenza emhlabathini ukuphumelelana ngempumelelo, isombululo, okanye ishintshisane imibambano kunye nokwakha uxolo. Ziyabonwa njengamandla omhlaba wonke. Abaninzi bavunyelwe kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo. Ukuncediswa yiWebhu yeWebhu yehlabathi, bubungqina bokuba uvelwano olusasazekayo lwabahlali belizwe.

 

Buyela kwiziqulatho ze-2016 Inkqubo yoKhuseleko lweSizwe: Inye indlela eya kwiMfazwe.