NguSheryl Lee Tian Tong, Umongabay, Novemba 25, 2021
- Abachasi bokufuduka okucetywayo kwesiseko somkhosi wase-US e-Okinawa bathi bahlala bengathintelwanga nangona boyisiwe kunyulo lwenyanga ephelileyo yeqela eliphikisayo elixhasa unobangela.
- Amatsha ntliziyo asekuhlaleni aceba ukuqhubeka nokuchasa ukufuduswa kwesiseko sase-Futenma Marine, ukusuka kwisixeko esinabemi abaninzi sase-Ginowan ukuya kwindawo engaselunxwemeni yase-Henoko Bay.
- Iziko elitsha elicetywayo kunye nezinye iziseko zomkhosi e-Okinawa ziye zadityaniswa nokungcoliseka kwendalo okunetyhefu, ubundlobongela obunxulumene nomkhosi, kunye neengxabano zomhlaba zembali phakathi kwama-Okinawans kunye nelizwe laseJapan kunye noorhulumente base-US.
- Urhulumente wesithili sase-Okinawa kutshanje uye wakhaba izicwangciso zikarhulumente zokutshonisa iintsika ezixineneyo ezingaphezu kwama-70,000 kulwandle lwase-Henoko ukuze zakhiwe, nto leyo eya kuchaphazela iikorale kunye nengca yolwandle egcina ngaphezu kwe-5,000 yeentlobo zezilwanyana zaselwandle.
Ukoyiswa kweqela eliphikisayo laseJapan kunyulo lukazwelonke lwenyanga ephelileyo kuye kwawaphelisa amathemba esisombululo esikhawulezileyo sokufuduswa kwesiseko somkhosi wase-US kwisiqithi sase-Okinawa—inyathelo elathi iqela libe nalo. ukhankase ngokuchasene.
Ukutshintshwa okucetywayo kwesiseko somoya sase-Futenma Marine ngaphakathi kwe-Okinawa, ukusuka kwisixeko esinabemi abaninzi ukuya kwindawo engaselunxwemeni enabantu abaninzi, wavuma phakathi kweTokyo neWashington ngeminyaka yoo-1990. Kodwa inkcaso yalapha iluthintele olu hambo ukusukela oko, abagxeki bekhomba kwimpembelelo yayo eyintlekele yokusingqongileyo, ucalucalulo oluchasene nabantu base-Okinawa lilizwe laseJapan, kunye nesidingo sokuzimela geqe kunye namalungelo omhlaba.
Abaphembeleli base-Okinawan, abanye babo bebeqhankqalazela ukufudukela eHenoko Bay amashumi eminyaka, baceba ukuqhubeka nokuchasa kwabo kulandela ukoyiswa kweqela eliphikisayo loMgaqo-siseko weDemocratic Party (CDP).
"Kuhle ngokwenene lo mbandela wawusetafileni ngaphambi konyulo," uShinako Oyakawa, umlweli wamalungelo oMthonyama kunye nomhlaba, utshele Mongabay. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, abantu base-Okinawa "akufuneki [bathembele] kumaqela ezopolitiko aphakathi eJapan nakwilizwe laseJapan," wongeze watsho.
“Thina bantu baseOkinawa kufuneka sikholelwe kuthi nakumalungelo ethu omthonyama. Ngumhlaba wethu nobomi bethu. Kufuneka siyinyamekele. Asinakuthembela kwimigaqo-nkqubo yezopolitiko karhulumente waseJapan,” utshilo.
'Le ngxaki ifana nomhlaza apha'
IJapan ine uninzi lweziseko zase-US zaphesheya kulo naliphi na ilizwe emhlabeni, uninzi lwazo ludibene eOkinawa. Isithili akhawunti malunga I-0.6% yendawo yomhlaba wesizwe, kodwa ibamba ngaphezulu kwe-70% yezixhobo zomkhosi zase-US zaseJapan. Phantse isinye kwisihlanu sommandla walo womhlaba uthatyathwe ziziseko, ezibuyele emva ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II kwaye eziye zaba ngumthombo wengxabano nengxolo yazo, inetyhefu. ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo kwaye ubundlobongela obuphathelele kwezomkhosi.
“Le ngxaki ifana nomhlaza apha,” utshilo uDaniel Iwama, isizukulwana sesibini saseKhanada oyise nguOkinawan. Apho ahlala khona kumbindi weOkinawa, ukuduma kweenqwelo-ntaka zeOsprey ezijikeleza iindlela ezihamba ngqo phezulu kunokuvakala kangangeeyure. Ukuba uhlala eWashington, unokuva ihelikopta kanye ngexesha. Kodwa zama ukuhlala apha kwaye ubone indlela ekuphambene ngayo ukuba kufutshane neziseko ezininzi.
“Ayibalulekanga njengokuba ndiqalekisa izulu kuba abantu bam boniwe, kodwa hlala nalo iyure yonke, kwaye uvakalelwa kukuba kufuneka uyokubaleka ukuze uzole ngenxa yokuba uziva unxunguphele.”
Abahlali bavame ukungaboni ukufuduka kwe-Henoko njengento enye, kodwa isibonakaliso sengxaki enzulu ye-endemic kunye neengcambu kwimbali ye-colonial yase-Okinawa kunye nemikhosi yasemkhosini, ngokutsho kwe-Iwama, naye oyi-Ph.D. umfundi kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eLos Angeles, apho aphanda ucwangciso lwedolophu kunye namalungelo omhlaba wemveli e-Okinawa.
U-Okinawa wayekho njengobukumkani obuzimeleyo obubizwa ngokuba yiRyukyu de kwangowe-1879, xa yathi yanyanzeliswa yaza yachithwa yiJapan ukuze yenze i-prefecture entsha. Ngaphantsi kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokulinganisa yaseJapan, amaRyukyuans aphulukana nenkcubeko yawo yemveli, ulwimi kunye namaziko ezopolitiko.
Ukongeza kwingqumbo yabo, u-Okinawa wakhethwa njenge-pawn yaseJapan ngexesha le-WWII: ubukhosi bugxininise imikhosi yabo yomkhosi kwisiqithi ngethemba lokutsala imikhosi yase-US apho, kude nelizwe.
Isebenzile; ekuphela kwedabi le-WWII elasiliwa kumhlaba waseJapan lalinoburhalarhume kangangokuba laye laziwa ngokuba “sisitshingitshane sentsimbi.” Abaqhubi beenqwelomoya baseJapan baqalise i-kamikaze, okanye ukuzibulala emoyeni, uhlaselo njengoko iinqanawa eziManyeneyo kunye neemoto ezixhobileyo zahlasela isiqithi. Isiqingatha sabemi base-Okinawa ngaphambi kwemfazwe yangaphambili ye-300,000 yatshatyalaliswa, ilingana nenani labantu ababuleweyo emkhosini kumacala omabini.
Emva kwedabi lase-Okinawa, i-US yaqhubeka ithatha esi siqithi de kwaba ngoo-1970, apho yaseka iziseko zomkhosi ezininzi. Utat'omkhulu ka-Oyakawa, osandul' ukusweleka, wabuyela kwidolophu yakowabo ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1940 waza wafumana umhlaba wosapho lwakhe ubiyelwe njengenxalenye yeziko loqeqesho.
“Uphulukene nayo yonke into emfazweni kwaye ngoku umhlaba wakhe uthathiwe ngaphandle kokucela enye imfazwe,” utshilo u-Oyakawa. Oko kwakunzima kuye. Kwaye okwangoku asikazi ukuba umhlaba wakhe uya kubuyiselwa nini kwintsapho yethu.
Ukunciphisa, kungekhona ukufuduka, iziseko zomkhosi
Isikhululo somoya sase-Futenma Marine sibizwa ngokuba "sesona sikhululo somoya siyingozi emhlabeni" ngenxa yendawo esikuyo kwisixeko esixineneyo saseGinowan. Bamalunga nama-3,000 abantu Hlala e yintoni ekufuneka ibe yindawo ecacileyo ejikeleze isiseko. Izikolo, izibhedlele kunye nezakhiwo zokuhlala zigcwele indawo engqongileyo.
Ukufudusa i-Futenma kwindawo engaselunxwemeni engaselunxwemeni lwase-Henoko Bay kuya kunika abahlali isiqabu, kodwa uninzi lwabantu base-Okinawa bafuna ubukho bomkhosi wase-US buncitshiswe, hayi nje ukusasazwa kwakhona.
Emva koko kukho impembelelo yokusingqongileyo yokulungiswa komhlaba kwisiseko esitsha: ukugalela phezu kweehektare zekorale kunye nengca yolwandle elikhaya leentlobo ezingaphezu kwama-5,000 zezilwanyana zaselwandle, kubandakanywa nedugong esengozini yokuphela (I-Dugong dugong), edweliswe njengento ebalulekileyo yenkcubeko yesizwe phantsi komthetho waseJapan kwaye nayo ibe ngumxholo we-17 yeminyaka yedabi lomthetho phakathi kwamaqela okusingqongileyo kunye neSebe lezoKhuselo lase-US (DOD).
Isimangalo esithatha ixesha elide, esityhola ukuba i-DOD ayiphumelelanga ukuthobela uMthetho weSizwe woLondolozo lweMbali ofuna ukuba i-US iphephe okanye inciphise umonakalo kwiindawo okanye kwizinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko kwelinye ilizwe, ekugqibeleni. ifikelele esiphelweni kunyaka ophelileyo ngokuthanda iDOD. Nangona yasilela, abaphembeleli bathi yamisela umzekelo obalulekileyo.
"Kwakungesihlandlo sokuqala ukuba uluntu lwase-Okinawa lukwazi ukufaka ityala kwiinkundla zase-US phantsi kwesi senzo," u-Hideki Yoshikawa, umlawuli wamazwe ngamazwe we-Save the Dugong, i-NGO yaseJapan yendalo, utshele Mongabay. "Ngoku singawusebenzisa lo mthetho kwaye siwusebenzise kwezinye iziseko, ezingahambelaniyo noHenoko."
Umzekelo, uYoshikawa uthe, ingingqi yaseYanbaru kumantla e-Okinawa, enendawo yokugqibela kunye neyona ndawo inkulu yasindayo kumahlathi ashinyeneyo e-Asiya. zidweliswe mva nje njengeNdawo yeLifa leMveli ye-UNESCO. Yanbaru likhaya ku amawaka eentlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana, kwakunye neziko eliziihektare ezingama-3,500 (iihektare eziyi-8,600) eziqeqeshelwa imfazwe yasehlathini laseUnited States elineenqwelo-moya ezikhupha ingxolo enkulu, eziphazamisa ihlathi, zize zingcolise umhlaba ngezinto ezilahliweyo.
I-Henoko kunye ne-Yanbaru yimizekelo nje emibini yobukho bemikhosi yase-US enzima kunye nexhaphakileyo e-Okinawa. Emva koko udlwengulo luka-1995 yentombazana yesikolo yase-Okinawa ngabasebenzi base-US, ibiza ukuba "kuthotywe umthwalo" weziseko zesiqithi zanda kakhulu. Ngaphantsi koxinzelelo lwasekhaya kunye nehlabathi, oorhulumente base-US kunye noorhulumente baseJapan icetywe ukubuya Izahlulo ezili-11 zomhlaba osisiseko ebantwini.
Kodwa nanjengoko "ukubuya" kwenzekile, u-Iwama uthe, oorhulumente babini bebesakha iziseko zokhuselo ezitsha kwenye indawo, kwaye benyusa imisebenzi kumhlaba oseleyo osisiseko.
“Umkhosi ufana nekomityi yamanzi, kufuneka uwujonge ngokomthamo,” utshilo. "Imisebenzi ihlala, iinqwelomoya zihlala, abantu bahlala. Kungenxa yokuba indawo yesiseko iyancipha, ayithethi kakhulu malunga nefuthe lemihla ngemihla. [Umsebenzi] oseleyo ugxile kumhlaba oseleyo.”
Ulwandle 'luthambile njengemayonesi' lunokuphazamisa izicwangciso zokwakha
Umsebenzi wokubuyisela waqala eHenoko ekupheleni kwe2018 kwaye uyaqhubeka namhlanje. Inkcaso ekrakra eyayifana novoto nokuhlaliswa kwabantu imihla ngemihla ayizange ikwazi ukuyiphelisa, kodwa “ethambileyo njengemayonesi” phantsi kolwandle.
Umgangatho oethe-ethe wolwandle weHenoko ufuna iintsika ezixineneyo ezingaphezu kwama-70,000 ukuze zibe yatshona elwandle ukuqinisa umhlaba nangaphambi kokwakhiwa. Iindleko eziqikelelweyo zesiseko baye baphakama ukuya ubuncinane 8.4 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi, malunga ne-2.7 amaxesha oqikelelo lokuqala lukarhulumente ophakathi, kwaye iingcali ziya zibona isicwangciso njengento engenakwenzeka.
Iinguqu kwisicwangciso sokuqala sokwakha nazo zifune ulwamkelo olutsha, obelunjalo kutshanje yaliwe ngurhulumente wesithili saseOkinawa. Ngoku isicelo sikarhulumente ophakathi saliwe, "ayinakuqhubeka nolwakhiwo olusisiseko, kodwa inokuthi ifake amatyala," utshilo uYoshikawa.
'Ikhwelo lenzelwe ukuzimela kancinci'
Ukuba ukufuduka kweHenoko kuyingxaki kakhulu, kwaye ukuba ukwakhiwa kwesiseko esitsha kuye kwadibana nenkcaso eninzi, kutheni urhulumente egxininisa kuyo?
Iingcali zokhuseleko eTokyo zicaphula Indawo yobuchule ye-Okinawa kunye neenkxalabo malunga nomgaqo-nkqubo wase-Beijing wokwandisa ulwandle, abathi benza ukuba kubaluleke kakhulu ukufuduka i-Futenma endaweni yokuvala isiseko kunye nokunciphisa ubukho bomkhosi wase-US kwisiqithi. Kodwa kubantu basekhaya, ukugxilwa kweziseko akukona nje ukuphazamiseka kwemihla ngemihla, kodwa kunye nesikhumbuzo esichukumisayo seMfazwe yase-Okinawa kunye nedini labo elidlulileyo.
“Asinakusebenzisa umhlaba wethu ngokwethu,” utshilo u-Oyakawa. “Sisoloko sincama abantu bethu, umhlaba wethu. Sihlala sijongana nemingcipheko yemfazwe kunye nokubamba iziseko zomkhosi ... Ndiyibiza ngokuba yikoloniyalizim kabini, ngurhulumente waseJapan nowaseMelika.
Nangona abantu base-Okinawa ubukhulu becala baye badityaniswa kwinkcubeko yaseJapan, kwaye abaphembeleli abanjengo-Oyakawa abacela ukuzimela ngokupheleleyo bayinto engaqhelekanga, "nawuphi na umgca wezopolitiko okhoyo e-Okinawa, umnxeba ungowokuzimela ngakumbi," utshilo u-Iwama.
Kwi-referendum ye-2019, i-72% yabavoti e-Okinawa chasene Ukufuduswa kweHenoko. Urhulumente oyintloko wazikhaba ngawo omane iziphumo.
“Nakwinqanaba elisezantsi, kukho ukwaliwa kwedemokhrasi kubantu base-Okinawa apha abaququzelelayo,” utshilo u-Iwama. “Kwelinye icala, iJapan [nehlabathi] ijonga iOkinawa njengelinye nje ilungu lesithili lentsapho yaseJapan. Kodwa kwelinye icala, okuxakayo, kufana nokuba akukho nalinye kumalungelo afanayo anikwe abantu baseOkinawa. ”
