NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Oktobha 7, 2022
Ndiye ndafunda nje Ukukhangela iiMonsters ukutshabalalisa nguChristopher J. Coyne. Ipapashwe yi-Independent Institute (ebonakala izinikele ekutsaleni izityebi, ukutshabalalisa isoshiyali, njalo njalo). Incwadi iqala ngokucaphula njengeempembelelo kubameli boxolo kunye nabezoqoqosho abalungileyo.
Ukuba bekufuneka ndibeke izizathu zokuba ndifuna ukuphelisa imfazwe, eyokuqala iya kukuphepha imbubhiso yenyukliya, kwaye eyesibini iya kutyala imali kwi-socialism endaweni yoko. Ukubuyisela kwakhona iqhezu lenkcitho yemfazwe kwiimfuno zabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo kuya kusindisa ubomi obuninzi ngaphezu kwazo zonke iimfazwe ezithathiweyo, ukuphucula ubomi obuninzi kunokuba zonke iimfazwe ziye zanda, kwaye ziququzelele intsebenziswano yehlabathi ngokucinezela iingxaki ezingezizo ezokuzikhethela (imozulu, indawo, izifo , ukungabi namakhaya, ubuhlwempu) ukuba imfazwe iye yathintela.
UCoyne ugxeka umatshini wemfazwe ngokubulala kunye nokulimala kwawo, iindleko zawo, urhwaphilizo, ukutshatyalaliswa kwenkululeko yoluntu, ukudilika kwawo ukuzilawula, njl., kwaye ndiyavumelana kwaye ndiyayixabisa yonke loo nto. Kodwa uCoyne ubonakala ecinga ukuba nantoni na eyenziwa ngurhulumente (ukhathalelo lwempilo, imfundo, njl. njl.) ibandakanya ububi obufanayo kuphela kwinqanaba elincitshisiweyo:
“Abathandabuzayo abaninzi ngeenkqubo zikarhulumente wasekhaya (umz., iinkqubo zentlalo, ukhathalelo lwempilo, imfundo, njalo njalo) kunye namandla ezoqoqosho nezopolitiko akwindawo esembindini aphethwe ngabantu babucala kunye nemibutho (umzekelo, intlalontle yenkampani, ukubanjwa ngokusemthethweni, amandla olawulo) bakhululekile ngokupheleleyo ukwamkela. iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezinkulu ukuba ziwela phantsi kwenjongo 'yokhuseleko lwesizwe' kunye 'nokhuselo.' Nangona kunjalo, umahluko phakathi kweenkqubo zorhulumente wasekhaya kunye nobukhosi ukwinqanaba kunokuba nobubele. ”
UCoyne, ndiyarhana ukuba, ebeya kuvumelana nam ukuba urhulumente ebeya kuba nokonakala kangako yaye akanakonakala ukuba inkxaso-mali yomkhosi ibinokusiwa kwiimfuno zoluntu. Kodwa ukuba ufana nayo yonke i-libertarian endakha ndambuza yona, uya kwala ukuxhasa nokuba imeko yokulalanisa yokubeka inxalenye yenkcitho yemfazwe ekucuthweni kwerhafu kwii-gazillionaires kunye nenxalenye yayo, yithi, kukhathalelo lwezempilo. Njengomthetho-siseko, akanakukwazi ukuxhasa inkcitho karhulumente nokuba ibingaphantsi kwenkcitho embi kurhulumente, nokuba emva kwayo yonke le minyaka yamava abhaliweyo ubungendawo bokunika abantu inkathalo yezempilo khange buvunywe, nokuba urhwaphilizo. kunye nenkcitho yeenkampani zeinshorensi yezempilo zase-US zilodlula kude urhwaphilizo kunye nenkcitho yeenkqubo zomrhumo omnye kumazwe amaninzi. Njengakwimiba emininzi, ukufumana umsebenzi kwithiyori into ekudala iphumelele ekusebenzeni kusenguwona mqobo uphambili kwizifundiswa zase-US.
Sekunjalo, zininzi izinto eninokuvumelana ngazo kunye namagama ambalwa ngokuphawulekayo eninokungavumelani nawo kule ncwadi, nokuba inkuthazo esemva kwayo iphantse ibe andiqondakali kum. U-Coyne ubambe ukungenelela kwe-US kwi-Latin America ukuba abaphumelelanga ukunyanzelisa uqoqosho lwase-US kwaye ngokwenene bayinike igama elibi. Ngamanye amazwi, baye basilela ngokwemiqathango yabo. Inyani yokuba ezo ayizizo imiqathango yam, kwaye ndiyavuya ukuba ziye zasilela, ayikuthumisi ukugxekwa.
Ngelixa uCoyne ekhankanya ukubulawa kunye nokufuduswa kwabantu ngeemfazwe, ugxininisa ngakumbi kwiindleko zemali - ngaphandle, ngokuqinisekileyo, ebonisa ukuba yintoni enokwenziwa ukuphucula ihlabathi kunye naloo mali. Kulungile kum njengoko ihamba. Kodwa emva koko ubanga ukuba amagosa karhulumente afuna ukuchaphazela uqoqosho aya kuthanda ukuba ngamageza anamandla. Oku kubonakala kukungahoyi indlela abanoxolo ngayo oorhulumente boqoqosho olulawulwa kakhulu ngurhulumente kune-US. UCoyne ukhankanya akukho bungqina bokuchasa oko kubonakala kuyinyani ecacileyo.
Nantsi i-Coyne malunga nokuxhaphaka "kwelizwe elikhuselayo": "[T] imisebenzi yelizwe lokukhusela impembelelo kwaye ichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi basekhaya-ezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko kunye nezentlalo. Ngokwendlela efanelekileyo, urhulumente omncinci okhuselayo uya kunyanzelisa iikhontrakthi kuphela, abonelele ngokhuseleko lwangaphakathi ukukhusela amalungelo, kunye nokubonelela ngokhuselo lwelizwe ngokuchasene nezoyikiso zangaphandle. " Kodwa oko alumkisa ngako kubonakala kutsalwa kumbhalo wenkulungwane ye-18 ngaphandle kokujonga iinkulungwane zamava. Akukho lunxibelelwano lwehlabathi lokwenyani phakathi kobusoshiyali kunye nobuzwilakhe okanye phakathi kobusoshiyali kunye nemfazwe. Nangona kunjalo, uCoyne uchanekile ngokugqibeleleyo malunga nomkhosi otshabalalisa inkululeko yoluntu. Ubonelela ngeakhawunti enkulu yokusilela okugqithisileyo kwemfazwe yase-US kwiziyobisi e-Afghanistan. Ukwabandakanya nesahluko esilungileyo malunga neengozi zeedrones ezibulalayo. Ndavuya kakhulu ukubona oko, njengoko izinto ziye zaqheleka kwaye zalityalwa.
Ngayo yonke incwadi echasene nemfazwe, ndizama ukufumana naziphi na iingcebiso malunga nokuba umbhali uthanda ukupheliswa okanye uhlengahlengiso lwemfazwe. Ekuqaleni, uCoyne ubonakala ethanda kuphela ukubeka phambili, kungekhona ukupheliswa: "[T] ubona ukuba impiriyali yomkhosi yeyona ndlela iphambili yokubandakanya ubudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe kufuneka isuswe kwisiseko sayo sangoku." Ngoko kufuneka ibe yindlela yesibini?
UCoyne naye akabonakali ngathi wenza isicwangciso sokwenyani sobomi ngaphandle kwemfazwe. Uthanda uhlobo oluthile loxolo lwehlabathi, kodwa akakhankanywa ngokwenza umthetho wehlabathi okanye ukwabelana ngobutyebi behlabathi-enyanisweni, kukubhiyozelwa kuphela kwezizwe ezithatha isigqibo ngezinto ezingenalawulo lwehlabathi. UCoyne ufuna oko akubiza ngokuba yi "polycentric" ukukhusela. Oku kubonakala kusisikali esincinci, esimiselwe ekuhlaleni, esixhobileyo, ukhuselo lobundlobongela oluchazwe kwijagoni yesikolo soshishino, kodwa alucwangciswanga ukhuselo olungaxhomekanga:
“Ngexesha lentshukumo yamalungelo oluntu, abaphembeleli base-Afrika baseMelika abanakulindela ngokuthembekileyo ukhuselo olunikezelwe ngurhulumente ukubakhusela kubundlobongela bobuhlanga. Ukuphendula, oosomashishini kuluntu lwase-Afrika yaseMelika baququzelela ukuzikhusela okuxhobileyo ukukhusela abaphembeleli kubundlobongela.
Ukuba ubungazi ukuba intshukumo yamaLungelo oLuntu yayiyimpumelelo yoosomashishini abanobundlobongela, ubufunda ntoni?
UCoyne uphosela ngokukhululekileyo umbhiyozo wokuthenga imipu - ngaphandle kwenani elinye, isifundo, umbhalo osemazantsi, uthelekiso lweziphumo phakathi kwabanini bemipu nabangengabo abanini, okanye ukuthelekisa phakathi kwezizwe.
Kodwa ke - umonde uyahlawula-ekupheleni kwencwadi, wongeza kwisenzo esingenabugorha njengendlela enye "yokukhusela i-polycentric." Kwaye apha uyakwazi ukucaphula ubungqina bokwenene. Kwaye apha kufanelekile ukucaphula:
"Umbono wesenzo esingenabundlobongela njengendlela yokuzikhusela unokubonakala ungekho ngqiqweni kwaye unothando, kodwa le mbono iya kungqubana nerekhodi lobungqina. Njengoko [iGene] Sharp yaphawulayo, ‘Inkoliso yabantu ayazi ukuba . . . Iindlela ezingenabundlobongela zomzabalazo nazo ziye zasetyenziswa njengeyona ndlela iphambili yokuzikhusela kubahlaseli bamanye amazwe okanye abaqweqwedisi bangaphakathi.’ (54) Baye baqeshwa kwakhona ngamaqela ahlelelekileyo ukukhusela nokwandisa amalungelo abo kunye nenkululeko. Kwiminyaka emininzi edlulileyo, umntu unokubona imizekelo yezenzo ezinkulu ezingenabundlobongela kwiBaltics, Burma, Egypt, Ukraine, kunye neArab Spring. Inqaku lika-2012 kwi Financial Times iqaqambise 'ukusasazeka komlilo wasendle kovukelo olungenabundlobongela' kwihlabathi jikelele, iphawula ukuba oku 'kutyala kakhulu iqhinga lokucinga lika-Gene Sharp, isifundiswa saseMelika esinendlela yokubhukuqa-incwadi yobuzwilakhe, Ukusukela kubuzwilakhe ukuya kulawulo lobuzwilakhe Idemokhrasi, yibhayibhile yamatsha ntliziyo ukusuka eBelgrade ukuya eRangoon.'(55) U-Audrius Butkevičius, owayesakuba ngumphathiswa wezokhuselo waseLithuania, ngokufutshane uthabatha amandla kunye nokubakho kokungahoywa kobundlobongela njengendlela yokuzikhusela kubemi xa wathi, 'Ndingathanda le ncwadi [incwadi kaGene Sharp ethi, Civilian-Based Defense] kunebhombu yenyukliya.’”
UCoyne uyaqhubeka nokuxoxa ngezinga eliphezulu lempumelelo yokungaxhatshazwa ngobundlobongela. Ke ngoku yintoni ubundlobongela obuqhubeka kule ncwadi? Kwaye kuthekani ngorhulumente ofana neLithuania esenza izicwangciso zelizwe zokhuselo olungaxhobekiyo - oko konakalise imiphefumlo yabo yongxowankulu ngaphaya kokuhlengwa? Ngaba ifanele ukwenziwa kuphela kwinqanaba lommelwane iyenza ibe buthathaka ngakumbi? Okanye ngaba ukhuselo lwesizwe olungaxhomekanga linyathelo elicacileyo lokuququzelela eyona ndlela inempumelelo esinayo? Nokuba kunjalo, amaphepha okuqukumbela kaCoyne acebisa inyathelo lokuphelisa imfazwe. Ngeso sizathu, ndiquka le ncwadi kolu luhlu lulandelayo.
UKUBHALA KWEMPAHLA YOKUBHALA:
Ukukhangela izilo emazitshatyalaliswe nguChristopher J. Coyne, ngo-2022.
Obona bubi bukhulu yiMfazwe, nguChris Hedges, ngo-2022.
Ukuphelisa ubuNdlobongela beLizwe: Ihlabathi eliNgaphaya kweebhombu, imida, kunye neeCages nguRay Acheson, ngo-2022.
Ngokuchasene neMfazwe: Ukwakha iNkcubeko yoXolo nguPope Francis, ngo-2022.
Iinqobo zokuziphatha, uKhuseleko, kunye noMtshini weMfazwe: Iindleko eziyiNyaniso zoMkhosi nguNed Dobos, ngo-2020.
Ukuqonda ishishini leMfazwe nguChristian Sorensen, ngo-2020.
Akusekho Mfazwe kaDan Kovalik, ngo-2020.
Ukomelela ngoXolo: Indlela ukugxothwa komkhosi okukhokelele ngayo kuXolo nakulonwabo eCosta Rica, kunye nento enokufundwa lihlabathi liphela kwiSizwe esiNcinci seTropiki, nguJudith Eve Lipton noDavid P. Barash, ngo-2019.
Ukhuselo lweNtlalo nguJørgen Johansen kunye noBrian Martin, ngo-2019.
Ukubulala okuBandakanyiweyo: Incwadi yesiBini: Ixesha lokuzonwabisa elithandwayo laseMelika nguMumia Abu Jamal kunye noStephen Vittoria, ngo-2018.
Iindlela zoXolo: Abasindileyo baseHiroshima kunye neNagasaki baThetha nguMelinda Clarke, ngo-2018.
Ukuthintela iMfazwe kunye nokukhuthaza uxolo: Isikhokelo sabaSebenzi bezeMpilo ehlelwe nguWilliam Wiist kunye noShelley White, ngo-2017.
ISicwangciso seShishini soXolo: Ukwakha iHlabathi ngaphandle kweMfazwe nguScilla Elworthy, ngo-2017.
Imfazwe Ayinakuze Kuphela nguDavid Swanson, ngo-2016.
Inkqubo yoKhuseleko lweHlabathi: Enye indlela yokuya eMfazweni World Beyond War, 2015, 2016, 2017.
Ityala elinamandla elichasene neMfazwe: Yintoni ephoswe yiMelika kwiKlasi yeMbali yase-US kunye nento esinokuyenza (sonke) ngoku nguKathy Beckwith, ngo-2015.
Imfazwe: Ulwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene noBuntu nguRoberto Vivo, ngo-2014.
Ubunyani bamaKatolika kunye nokupheliswa kweMfazwe nguDavid Carroll Cochran, ngo-2014.
Ukuqhuba Uxolo: I-Global Adventures ye-Activist yoBomi bonke nguDavid Hartsough, ngo-2014.
Imfazwe kunye nokukhohlisa: Uvavanyo olubalulekileyo nguLaurie Calhoun, ngo-2013.
Shift: Ukuqala kweMfazwe, Ukuphela kweMfazwe nguJudith Hand, ngo-2013.
Imfazwe ayisekho: Ityala lokupheliswa nguDavid Swanson, ngo-2013.
Ukuphela kweMfazwe nguJohn Horgan, ngo-2012.
Ukutshintshela kuXolo nguRussell Faure-Brac, ngo-2012.
Ukusuka eMfazweni ukuya kuXolo: Isikhokelo kwiMinyaka eyikhulu elandelayo nguKent Shifferd, ngo-2011.
Imfazwe Bubuxoki nguDavid Swanson, ngo-2010, ngo-2016.
Ngaphaya kweMfazwe: Amandla oLuntu oXolo nguDouglas Fry, ngo-2009.
Ukuphila ngaphaya kweMfazwe nguWinslow Myers, ngo-2009.
Ukuchithwa kwegazi okwaneleyo: Izisombululo ze-101 zoBundlobongela, uBugrogrisi, kunye neMfazwe nguMary-Wynne Ashford kunye noGuy Dauncey, i-2006.
IPlanethi yoMhlaba: Isixhobo samva nje seMfazwe nguRosalie Bertell, ngo-2001.
Amakhwenkwe aya kuba ngamakhwenkwe: Ukwaphula ikhonkco phakathi koBudoda kunye noBundlobongela nguMyriam Miedzian, 1991.
