nguJeffrey St. Clair – Alexander Cockburn, ngoDisemba 8, 2017, IsiCwangciso soPhakamiso.
Inyaniso engenamfiliba yeyokuba ukuphononongwa ngononophelo kwemisebenzi yeCIA kunye nemibutho ephuma kuyo ibonakalisa ukuzixakekisa kakhulu kuphuhliso lweendlela zolawulo lokuziphatha, ukuhlanjululwa kwengqondo, kunye novavanyo olufihlakeleyo lwezonyango kunye nolwengqondo kwizifundo ezingaziwayo ezibandakanya amahlelo enkolo, ubuhlanga. abantu abambalwa, amabanjwa, abagula ngengqondo, amajoni kunye nabagulela ukufa. Ingqiqo yemisebenzi enjalo, ubuchule kunye nezifundo zabantu ezikhethiweyo zibonisa ukufana okumangalisayo kunye nokubandayo kwimifuniselo yamaNazi.
Oku kufana akumangalisi xa silandela iinzame ezizimiseleyo nezihlala ziyimpumelelo zamagosa ezobuntlola zase-US zokufumana iirekhodi zovavanyo lwamaNazi, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi ukugaya abaphandi bamaNazi ngokwabo kwaye bababeke emsebenzini, ukudlulisa iilabhoratri zaseDachau, eKaiser. Wilhelm Institute, Auschwitz and Buchenwald to Edgewood Arsenal, Fort Detrick, Huntsville Air Force Base, Ohio State, kunye neYunivesithi yaseWashington.
Njengoko imikhosi eManyeneyo yawela i-English Channel ngexesha lohlaselo lwe-D-Day ngoJuni ka-1944, malunga ne-10,000 yamagosa ezobuntlola ezaziwa ngokuba zii-T-Forces zazisemva kweemfazwe zangaphambili. Umsebenzi wabo: ukubamba iingcali zezixhobo zemfazwe, amagcisa, izazinzulu zaseJamani kunye nezixhobo zabo zophando, kunye noosonzululwazi baseFransi ababesebenzisana namaNazi. Kungekudala intaphane yezo nzululwazi yathatyathwa yaza yafakwa kwinkampu yamabanjwa eyaziwa ngokuba yiDustbin. Kucwangciso lwantlandlolo lwemishini eyona nto yayiyimbono yokuba izixhobo zasemkhosini zaseJamani - iitanki, iijethi, iirokethi njalo njalo - zaziphezulu ngokobuchwephesha kwaye izazinzulu ezithimbileyo, amagcisa kunye neenjineli zinokuchazwa ngokukhawuleza kwiinzame zeAllies zokubamba. phezulu.
Kwandula ke, ngoDisemba 1944, uBill Donovan, intloko yeOSS, noAllen Dulles, intloko yezobuntlola yeOSS eYurophu esebenza ephuma eSwitzerland, babongoza ngokungqongqo iFDR ukuba ivume isicwangciso esivumela amagosa ezobuntlola amaNazi, izazinzulu noosomashishini ukuba “banikwe imvume. ukuze bangene eUnited States emva kwemfazwe baze babeke umvuzo wabo kwidiphozithi kwibhanki yaseMerika nezinye izinto ezinjalo.” I-FDR yakhawuleza yasikhaba esi siphakamiso, isithi, “Silindele ukuba inani lamaJamani axhalabele ukusindisa ulusu kunye nepropathi yawo linyuke ngokukhawuleza. Phakathi kwabo kusenokubakho abathile abafanele bagwetywe ngokufanelekileyo kulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, okanye ubuncinane babanjwe ngenxa yokuthatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwimisebenzi yamaNazi. Nokuba unolawulo oluyimfuneko olukhankanyayo, andikulungelanga ukugunyazisa ukunikezelwa kweziqinisekiso.”
Kodwa le veto kamongameli yayiyileta efileyo nanjengoko yayisenziwa. I-Operation Overcast ngokuqinisekileyo yayiqhubeka ngoJulayi 1945, evunyiweyo yiNkosana yaBasebenzi eManyeneyo ukuba izise e-US 350 izazinzulu zaseJamani, kuquka u-Werner Von Braun kunye neqela lakhe le-rocket le-V2, abaqulunqi bezixhobo zekhemikhali, kunye neenjineli ze-artillery kunye ne-submarine. Kwakukho ukuvalwa kwethiyori malunga nokungeniswa kwamaNazi kwamanye amazwe, kodwa oku kwakungenanto njengomyalelo we-FDR. Ukuthunyelwa kwe-Overcast kwakuquka amagosa amaNazi namaSS awayedume kakubi njengoVon Braun, uGqr. Herbert Axster, uGqr. Arthur Rudolph noGeorg Richkey.
Iqela likaVon Braun lalisebenzise umsebenzi wamakhoboka kwinkampu yoxinaniso yaseDora kwaye lasebenza amabanjwa de afa eMittelwerk complex: abangaphezu kwama-20,000 babulawa kukudinwa nayindlala. Umphathi wekhoboka elongameleyo yayinguRichkey. Ukuziphindezela ngokuchasene nokonakaliswa kwesixhobo somjukujelwa – amabanjwa aye achamela izixhobo zombane, nto leyo ebangela ukungasebenzi kakuhle okumangalisayo – uRichkey wayeza kubaxhoma abalishumi elinambini ngaxeshanye kwiikhreyini zasefektri, ngeentonga zomthi ezityholwa emilonyeni yabo ukuze bavale isikhalo sabo. Kwinkampu yaseDora ngokwakhe wayebajonga abantwana njengemilomo engenamsebenzi waza wayalela abalindi beSS ukuba bababhubhise baze bafe, nto leyo abayenzayo.
Le rekhodi ayizange ithintele ukudluliselwa kukaRichkey eUnited States ngokukhawuleza, apho wathunyelwa eWright Field, isiseko se-Army Air Corps kufuphi ne-Dayton, eOhio. U-Richkey waya emsebenzini wongamela ukhuseleko kwamanye amaNazi amaninzi ngoku aqhuba uphando lwabo e-United States. Kwakhona wanikwa umsebenzi wokuguqulela zonke iirekhodi kumzi-mveliso waseMittelwerk. Ngaloo ndlela waba nethuba, awalisebenzisa kangangoko, lokutshabalalisa naziphi na izinto eziphathekayo ezilalanisa koogxa bakhe nakuye ngokwakhe.
Ngo-1947 kwakukho ukuphazamiseka okwaneleyo koluntu, okwakhuthazwa ngumbhali wemihlathi u-Drew Pearson, ukuba afune ukuxoxwa kwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho lwe-pro forma ye-Richkey kunye nabanye abambalwa. U-Richkey wabuyiselwa eNtshona Jamani kwaye wafaka ityala eliyimfihlo elilawulwa yi-Army yase-US, eyayinesizathu sonke sokuyicima i-Richkey kuba ukugwetywa kuya kubhengeza ukuba lonke iqela laseMittelwerk ngoku e-US liye lasebenzisana ekusebenziseni ubukhoboka kunye nokuhlushwa. nokubulawa kwamabanjwa emfazwe, kwaye njalo babenetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe. Umkhosi ke ngoko wamosha ityala lika-Richkey ngokubamba iirekhodi ngoku e-US kunye nokuthintela nakuphi na ukuncinwa kukaVon Braun kunye nabanye base-Dayton: u-Richkey wakhululwa. Ngenxa yokuba ezinye zezixhobo zovavanyo zibandakanya uRudolph, uVon Braun kunye noWalter Dornberger, nangona kunjalo, yonke irekhodi yahlelwa kwaye yagcinwa imfihlo iminyaka engamashumi amane, ngaloo ndlela ifihla ubungqina obunokuthumela lonke iqela le-rocket kwi-gallow.
Amagosa aphezulu oMkhosi wase-US ayeyazi inyaniso. Ekuqaleni ukuqeshwa kwabaphuli-mthetho baseJamani kwakuthetheleleka njengoko kuyimfuneko kwimfazwe eqhubekayo nxamnye neJapan. Kamva, ukuthetheleleka ngokokuziphatha kwathabatha uhlobo lokucela “ukulungiswa kobukrelekrele” okanye njengoko iiNtloko zaBasebenzi eziManyeneyo zatshoyo, “njengendlela yokuxhaphaza iingqondo ezikhethiweyo ezinqabileyo esinqwenela ukuzisebenzisa imveliso yazo yobukrelekrele.” Ukuqinisekiswa kwesi sikhundla siphuma kwiqela leZiko leSizwe leSayensi, elamkela isikhundla sokuba izazinzulu zaseJamani ziye zaluphepha ngandlel’ ithile ukosulelo lwamaNazi ngokuba “sisiqithi sokungahambelani nombutho wezopolitiko wamaNazified,” ingxelo ethi Von Braun, U-Richkey kunye nabanye abaqhubi bekhoboka kufuneka babenombulelo kakhulu.
Ngowe-1946 ingqiqo esekelwe kwiqhinga leMfazwe Yomlomo yayisibaluleka ngakumbi. AmaNazi ayefuneka kumlo ochasene nobuKomanisi, yaye amandla awo ngokuqinisekileyo kwafuneka athintelwe kwiiSoviet. NgoSeptemba 1946 uMongameli uHarry Truman wavuma iprojekthi ye-Dulles-inspired Paperclip, injongo yayo yayikukuzisa izazinzulu ezingamaNazi ezingekho ngaphantsi kwe-1,000 eMelika. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho uninzi lwezona zaphuli-mthetho zemfazwe: kwakukho oogqirha abasuka kwinkampu yoxinaniso yaseDachau ababebulele amabanjwa ngokuwavavanya ngomgangatho ophakamileyo, ababekhenkceza amaxhoba abo baze bawanika iidosi ezinkulu zamanzi anetyuwa ukuba benze uphando ngenkqubo yokurhaxwa. . Kwakukho iinjineli zezixhobo zekhemikhali ezinjengoKurt Blome, owayevavanye igesi yemithambo-luvo yeSarin kumabanjwa eAuschwitz. Kwakukho oogqirha abaphembelela ukwenzakala edabini ngokuthabatha abafazi bababanjwa eRavensbrück baze bazalise amanxeba abo ngezifo ezivuthulukayo, uthuli lwamaplanga, irhasi yemostade, neglasi, emva koko bathunge baze banyange abanye ngeedosi zesulfa ngelixa abanye bebeka ixesha lokubona ukuba kuthatha ixesha elingakanani. ukuze baphuhlise iimeko ezibulalayo zesilonda esibhinqileyo.
Phakathi kwezinto ekujoliswe kuzo kwinkqubo yokuqesha iPaperclip yayinguHermann Becker-Freyseng kunye noKonrad Schaeffer, ababhali bophononongo oluthi "Unxano kunye nokuCima kwiiMeko eziNgxamisekileyo eLwandle." Uphononongo lwenzelwe ukuyila iindlela zokwandisa ukusinda kwabaqhubi beenqwelomoya abathotywe phezu kwamanzi. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku izazinzulu zibini zacela uHeinrich Himmler “ngezifundo ezingamashumi amane zovavanyo olusempilweni” kuthungelwano lwentloko ye-SS yeenkampu zoxinaniso, ekuphela kwengxoxo phakathi koosonzululwazi kukuba ingaba amaxhoba ophando kufuneka abe ngamaYuda, amaGypsy okanye amaKomanisi. Olu vavanyo lwenzeka eDachau. La mabanjwa, uninzi lwawo amaYuda, amanzi anetyuwa anyanzeliswa emqaleni ngeetyhubhu. Abanye babetofwa amanzi anetyuwa ngokuthe ngqo emithanjeni yabo. Isiqingatha sezifundo sanikwa ichiza elibizwa ngokuba yiberkatit, ekwakufanele ukuba lenze amanzi anetyuwa abe nencasa ngakumbi, nangona izazinzulu zombini zirhanela ukuba iberkatit ngokwayo yayiza kuba netyhefu ebulalayo kwiiveki ezimbini. Babenyanisile. Ngexesha lovavanyo oogqirha basebenzisa iinaliti ezinde ukukhupha izicubu zesibindi. Akuzange kunikwe i-anesthetic. Zonke izifundo zophando zafa. Bobabini u-Becker-Freyseng kunye no-Schaeffer bafumana izivumelwano zexesha elide phantsi kwe-Paperclip; USchaeffer waphelela eTexas, apho waqhubeka nophando lwakhe “ngonxano kunye nokukhutshwa kwetyuwa kumanzi anetyuwa.”
U-Becker-Freyseng wanikwa uxanduva lokuhlela uMkhosi woMoya wase-US indawo enkulu yokugcina uphando ngeenqwelomoya olwenziwa ngamanye amaNazi. Ngeli xesha wayesele efunyenwe waza wasiwa ematyaleni eNuremberg. Umsebenzi omninzi, onesihloko esithi German Aviation Medicine: World War II, ekugqibeleni wapapashwa nguMkhosi woMoya wase-US, ugqibezele ngentshayelelo ebhalwe ngu-Becker-Freyseng evela kwisisele sakhe sentolongo yaseNuremberg. Lo msebenzi wakutyeshela ukukhankanya amaxhoba angabantu ophando, waza wancoma izazinzulu zamaNazi njengamadoda anyanisekileyo nahloniphekileyo “anabantu abakhululekileyo nabafundayo” abasebenza phantsi kwemiqobo yeThird Reich.
Omnye woogxa babo abadumileyo yayinguGqr. Sigmund Rascher, naye owathunyelwa eDachau. Ngo-1941 uRascher wazisa u-Himmler ngesidingo esibalulekileyo sokwenza uvavanyo oluphezulu kwizifundo zabantu. URascher, owakha igumbi elikhethekileyo elinoxinzelelo oluphantsi ngexesha lakhe eKaiser Wilhelm Institute, wacela imvume ku-Himmler ukuba anikele eluvalelweni lwakhe “izaphuli-mthetho ezimbini okanye ezintathu,” intelekelelo yamaNazi kumaYuda, amabanjwa emfazwe aseRashiya kunye namalungu. yokuxhathisa phantsi komhlaba ePoland. U-Himmler wavuma ngokukhawuleza yaye uhlolisiso lukaRascher lwaqhubeka kwisithuba esingangenyanga.
Amaxhoba kaRascher ayevaleleke ngaphakathi kwigumbi lakhe elinoxinzelelo oluphantsi, elilinganisa ukuphakama ukuya kuthi ga kwi-68,000 yeenyawo. Iihagu ezingamashumi asibhozo zabantu ziye zafa emva kokuba zigcinwe ngaphakathi kangangesiqingatha seyure ngaphandle kweoksijini. Uninzi lwabanye lutsalwe lungekho zingqondweni lusuka kwigumbi kwaye ngoko nangoko lwarhaxwa kumanzi omkhenkce. URascher wakhawuleza waqhekeza iintloko zabo ukuze bajonge ukuba mingaphi na imithambo yegazi ebuchotsheni egqabhukileyo ngenxa ye-embolism yomoya. URascher wafota olu vavanyo kunye ne-autopsies, ethumela umfanekiso kunye namanqaku akhe abukhali abuyela ku-Himmler. “Ezinye iimvavanyo zanika amadoda uxinzelelo olunjalo ezintlokweni zawo kangangokuba ayakuphambana aze akhuphe iinwele ezizindlalifa kumzamo wokuphelisa uxinzelelo,” wabhala uRascher. Babedla ngokukrazula iintloko nobuso ngezandla zabo baze bakhale ngelinge lokuthomalalisa uxinezeleko kwiindlebe zabo.” Iirekhodi zikaRascher zachongwa ziiarhente zobuntlola zase-US zaza zasiwa kuMkhosi woMoya.
Amagosa ezobuntlola e-US ajonge ukugxekwa kwabantu abanjengoDrew Pearson ngokudelela. U-Bosquet Wev, intloko ye-JOIA, wayichitha ixesha elidlulileyo lezazinzulu lamaNazi “njengeenkcukacha zepicayune”; ukuqhubeka nokubagweba ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo kaHitler noHimmler ‘yayikukubetha ihashe elifileyo. Edlala ngoloyiko lwaseMelika malunga neenjongo zikaStalin eYurophu, u-Wev wathi ukushiya izazinzulu zamaNazi eJamani “kubonisa isoyikiso sokhuseleko esikhulu kweli lizwe kunalo naluphi na umanyano lwangaphambili lwamaNazi abasenokuba babenalo okanye naluphi na uvelwano lwamaNazi abasenokuba basenalo.”
Ipragmatism efanayo yachazwa ngomnye wabalingane be-Wev, uColonel Montie Cone, intloko yecandelo lokuxhaphaza le-G-2. “Ngokwembono yasemkhosini, besisazi ukuba aba bantu baxabiseke kakhulu kuthi,” utshilo uCone. "Cinga nje into esinayo kuphando lwabo - zonke iisathelayithi zethu, iinqwelomoya, iirokethi, phantse yonke enye into."
Iiarhente zezobuntlola zase-US zazichukumiseke kakhulu kuthumo lwazo kangangokuba ziye zaya kubude obungaqhelekanga ukukhusela abantu babo kubaphandi bolwaphulo-mthetho kwiSebe lezoBulungisa laseMelika. Elinye lawona matyala acekisekayo lelo lomphandi ngenqwelo-moya wamaNazi uEmil Salmon, owathi ebudeni bemfazwe wancedisa ekutshiseni indlu yesikhungu eyayizaliswe ngabafazi nabantwana abangamaYuda. I-Salmon yakhuselwa ngamagosa aseMelika kwi-Wright Air Force Base e-Ohio emva kokuba egwetywe ngolwaphulo-mthetho yinkundla ye-denazification eJamani.
AmaNazi yayingezizo kuphela izazinzulu ezazifunwa ziiarhente zobuntlola zase-US emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. EJapan uMkhosi waseUnited States wahlawula uGqr. Shiro Ishii, intloko yecandelo lebiowarfare kuMkhosi Wobukhosi baseJapan. UGqr. Ishii uye wathumela uluhlu olubanzi lwee-agent zebhayoloji kunye neekhemikhali ngokuchasene nemikhosi yaseTshayina kunye ne-Allied, kwaye wayesebenzisa iziko elikhulu lophando eManchuria, apho wayeqhuba khona iimfuniselo ze-bio-weapons kumabanjwa emfazwe aseTshayina, aseRashiya naseMelika. UIshii wosulela amabanjwa ngetetanus; wabanika iitumato ezinetyphoid; kwavela iintakumba ezosulelwe sisibetho; abafazi abosulelekileyo ngegcushuwa; kwaye kwaqhushumba iibhombu zentsholongwane ngaphezulu kwee-POWs ezininzi ezibotshelelwe kwizibonda. Phakathi kwezinye izenzo zenkohlakalo, iingxelo zikaIshii zibonisa ukuba wayedla ngokwenza “uhlolisiso lwesidumbu” kumaxhoba aphilayo. Kwisivumelwano esaqanjwa nguNjengele uDouglas MacArthur, uIshii watyhila ngaphezulu kwamaphepha ali-10,000 “eziphumo zophando” kuMkhosi wase-US, wakuphepha ukutshutshiswa ngolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe kwaye wamenywa ukuba afundise eFt. Detrick, iziko lophando lwezixhobo zomkhosi wase-US kufutshane naseFrederick, eMaryland.
Phantsi kwemiqathango yePaperclip bekukho ukhuphiswano oluqatha hayi kuphela phakathi kwamahlakani exesha lemfazwe kodwa naphakathi kweenkonzo ezahlukeneyo zase-US – esoloko ilolona hlobo lokulwa lukhohlakeleyo. UCurtis LeMay wabona uMkhosi wakhe omtsha woMoya wase-US uqinisekile ukuba uza kubangela ukuphela komkhosi waselwandle kwaye wacinga ukuba le nkqubo iya kukhawuleziswa ukuba wayekwazi ukufumana izazinzulu ezininzi kunye neenjineli zaseJamani kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Kwelakhe icala, uMkhosi waManzi wase-US nawo wawukulangazelela ngokulinganayo ukubambisa abaphuli-mthetho bemfazwe. Omnye wamadoda okuqala awathatyathwa ngumkhosi waselwandle yayiyinzululwazi yamaNazi egama linguTheordore Benzinger. UBenzinger wayeyingcaphephe kumanxeba ethafa ledabi, ubuchule awabufumana ngovavanyo oluqhumayo olwenziwe kwimixholo yabantu ngexesha lokuwohloka kweMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. UBenzinger waphela enesivumelwano sikarhulumente esinengeniso esebenza njengomphandi kwisibhedlele saseBethesda Naval eMaryland.
NgoBugcisa bawo boBuchwephesha eYurophu, umkhosi waselwandle wawushushu kumkhondo wophando lwangoku lwamaNazi kubuchule bokuncina. Amagosa ezobuntlola oMkhosi woMkhosi kamsinya adibana namaphepha ophando amaNazi kwiiserum zenyaniso, olu phando lwenziwe kwinkampu yoxinaniso yaseDachau nguGqr. Kurt Plotner. U-Plotner wayenike amabanjwa angamaYuda namaRashiya iidosi eziphezulu ze-mescalin kwaye wayewabukele ebonisa ukuziphatha kwe-schizophrenic. Amabanjwa aqala ukuthetha ngokuphandle ngentiyo yawo ngabathimbi bawo baseJamani, kwaye enze iinkcazo zokuvuma izono malunga nokwakheka kwawo ngokwasengqondweni.
Amagosa ezobuntlola zaseMelika athatha umdla wobuchule kwiingxelo zikaGqr Plotner. I-OSS, iNgcali yezobuNgcali kunye nabasebenzi bezokhuseleko kwiProjekthi yaseManhattan kudala besenza olwabo uphando kwinto eyayisaziwa ngokuba yiTD, okanye “iziyobisi eziyinyani.” Njengoko kuya kukhunjulwa kwinkcazo kwiSahluko se-5 segosa le-OSS uGeorge Hunter White wokusetyenziswa kwe-THC kwi-Mafioso Augusto Del Gracio, baye bazama i-TDs ukususela ngo-1942. Ezinye zezifundo zokuqala zazingabantu abasebenza kwiProjekthi yaseManhattan. Iidosi ze-THC zalawulwa kwiithagethi kwiProjekthi yeManhattan ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kunye nesisombululo esilulwelo se-THC sitofwa ekutyeni naseziselo, okanye sihluthiswe kwithishu yephepha. "I-TD ibonakala ikhulula zonke izithintelo kwaye ibulala iindawo zobuchopho ezilawula ukuqonda kunye nesilumkiso somntu" iqela lokhuseleko laseManhattan linike ingxelo ngochulumanco kwimemo yangaphakathi. "Igxininisa iimvakalelo kwaye ibonakalisa naluphi na uphawu oluqinileyo lomntu."
Kodwa kwakukho ingxaki. Iidosi ze-THC zenza ukuba abantu baphose phezulu kwaye abo babebabuza ngemibuzo abanakuze bafumane izazinzulu ukuba zichaze naluphi na ulwazi, nokuba kugxininiswe okongezelelekileyo kwechiza.
Ukufunda iingxelo zikaGqr. Plotner amagosa oBukrelekrele boLwandle lwase-US afumanisa ukuba uye walinga impumelelo ethile kwi-mescalin njengeyeza elibangela intetho kunye nenyaniso, nto leyo eyenza ukuba abancintisi bakhuphe “kwaneyona mfihlelo inzulu kulo mbandela xa imibuzo yayibuzwa ngobuchule.” U-Plotner uphinde wachaza uphando kwi-mescalin enokubakho njenge-arhente yokuguqulwa kokuziphatha okanye ukulawula ingqondo.
Olu lwazi lwalunomdla okhethekileyo ku-Boris Pash, omnye wamanani akhohlakeleyo kwiCIA yabalinganiswa abakwinqanaba lokuqala. UPash wayengumphambukeli waseRussia owaya eUnited States owayedlule kwiminyaka yenguquko ekuzalweni kweSoviet Union. KwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II wagqiba ukusebenzela i-OSS ekongamela ukhuseleko kwiProjekthi yaseManhattan, apho, phakathi kwezinye izinto, wayelawula uphando kuRobert Oppenheimer kwaye wayengumncini ophambili wesazinzulu seathom esaziwayo xa lo mva wayerhanelwa ngokunceda iimfihlo ezivuzayo. kwiSoviet Union.
Kwisikhundla sakhe njengentloko yezokhuseleko uPash wayebeke iliso kwigosa le-OSS uGeorge Hunter White ekusebenziseni iTHC kwiProjekthi yeManhattan izazinzulu. Ngo-1944 uPash wachongwa nguDonovan ukuba aqhubele phambili into eyayibizwa ngokuba yi-Alsos Mission, eyenzelwe ukuqokelela izazinzulu zaseJamani ezazibandakanyeka kuphando lwezixhobo zeathom, zekhemikhali kunye nebhayoloji. UPash waseka ivenkile kwindlu yomhlobo wakudala wangaphambi kwemfazwe, uGqr. Eugene von Haagen, unjingalwazi kwiYunivesithi yaseStrasburg, apho izazinzulu ezininzi zamaNazi zazingamalungu efakhalthi. UPash wadibana no-von Haagen xa ugqirha wayephumle kwiDyunivesithi yaseRockefeller eNew York, ephanda ngeentsholongwane zetropikhi. Xa u-von Haagen wabuyela eJamani ekupheleni koo-1930 yena noKurt Blome baba ziintloko ezidibeneyo zecandelo lezixhobo zebhayoloji zamaNazi. UVon Haagen wachitha ixesha elininzi lemfazwe esulela amabanjwa angamaYuda kwinkampu yoxinaniso yaseNatzweiler ngezifo ezibandakanya umkhuhlane obonakalayo. Engaphazanyiswa yimisebenzi yexesha lemfazwe yomhlobo wakhe wakudala, uPash ngoko nangoko wafaka u-von Haagen kwinkqubo yePaperclip, apho wayesebenzela urhulumente wase-US iminyaka emihlanu ebonelela ngobuchule kuphando lwezixhobo zentsholongwane.
UVon Haagen wadibanisa uPash nogxa wakhe wangaphambili uBlome, naye owabhaliswa ngokukhawuleza kwinkqubo yePaperclip. Kwakukho i-hiatus engathandekiyo xa uBlome wabanjwa kwaye wazama eNuremberg kulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe yezonyango, kubandakanywa ukosulela ngamabom amakhulu amabanjwa asuka phantsi komhlaba wasePoland nge-TB kunye nesibetho se-bubonic. Kodwa ngethamsanqa indoda yenzululwazi yamaNazi, i-US Army Intelligence kunye ne-OSS baye bababamba amaxwebhu abatyholayo ababewafumene ngokuncinwa kwabo. Ubungqina abuzange bubonise ubutyala bukaBlome kuphela kodwa kunye nendima yakhe yokongamela ekwakhiweni kwelebhu yaseJamani ye-CBW ukuvavanya izixhobo zekhemikhali kunye nebhayoloji ukuze zisetyenziswe kwimikhosi eManyeneyo. Wehla uBlome.
Ngo-1954, kwiinyanga ezimbini emva kokukhululwa kukaBlome, amagosa ezobuntlola e-US ahamba esiya eJamani ukuya kudliwano-ndlebe naye. Kwingxelo awayibhalela abaphathi bakhe, uHW Batchelor wachaza injongo yolu hambo ngezonqulo: “Sinabahlobo eJamani, abahlobo benzululwazi, yaye eli lithuba lokunandipha ukudibana nabo ukuze sixubushe ngeengxaki zethu ezahlukahlukeneyo.” Kwiseshini uBlome wanika uBatchelor uluhlu lwabaphandi bezixhobo zebhayoloji ababemsebenzele ngexesha lemfazwe kwaye baxoxa ngeendlela ezintsha zophando kwizixhobo zokutshabalalisa. Kungekudala uBlome watyikitywa kwisivumelwano esitsha sePaperclip se-$6,000 ngonyaka kwaye wabhabha waya eUnited States, apho waqala khona umsebenzi wakhe eCamp King, isiseko somkhosi ngaphandle kweWashington, DC Ngo-1951 u-von Haagen wathathwa ngabasemagunyeni baseFransi. Ngaphandle kwemigudu engadinwayo yabakhuseli bakhe kubuntlola base-US, ugqirha wabanjwa enetyala lemfazwe waza wagwetywa iminyaka engamashumi amabini entolongweni.
Ukusuka kwisabelo sePaperclip, uPash, ngoku kwiCIA esanda kuzalwa, uye waba yintloko yeCandelo leNkqubo/7, apho umdla wakhe oqhubekayo kwiindlela zokuxilonga wanikwa umsebenzi owaneleyo. Imishini yeCandelo leNkqubo/7, eyathi yavela kuphela kudliwano-ndlebe lukaSenator uFrank Church ngo-1976, yayiluxanduva lokuxhwilwa kweCIA, ukugocagoca kunye nokubulawa kwabantu abarhanelwa ukuba zii-arhente ezimbini zeCIA. U-Pash uphonononge umsebenzi woogqirha bamaNazi eDachau ukuze bafumane izikhokelo eziluncedo kwezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokukhupha ulwazi, kubandakanya iziyobisi ezibangela intetho, ukothuka kwe-electro, ukulalisa ingqondo kunye notyando lwengqondo. Ngexesha uPash eqhubela phambili kwi-PB / 7 i-CIA yaqala ukugalela imali kwiProjekthi yeBluebird, umzamo wokuphindaphinda kunye nokwandisa uphando lweDachau. Kodwa endaweni ye-mescalin i-CIA yaguqukela kwi-LSD, eyayiphuhliswe ngusokhemisti waseSwitzerland u-Albert Hoffman.
Uvavanyo lokuqala lwe-CIA Bluebird lwe-LSD lwaqhutywa kwizifundo ezilishumi elinesibini, uninzi lwazo zazimnyama, kwaye, njengoko iCIA yengqondo-emulators yoogqirha bamaNazi eDachau yaphawula, "ezingaphakamisi kakhulu ingqondo." Izifundo zaxelelwa ukuba zinikwa iyeza elitsha. Ngamazwi e-CIA Bluebird memo, oogqirha be-CIA, besazi kakuhle ukuba iimvavanyo ze-LSD ziye zabangela isifo sengqondo, babaqinisekisa ukuba "akukho nto inzulu" okanye iyingozi eya kwenzeka kubo. Oogqirha be-CIA banike i-micrograms ze-LSD ezilishumi elinambini ze-LSD kwaye emva koko babafaka kwimibuzo ekhohlakeleyo.
Emva kokuba olu vavanyo luqhuba, i-CIA kunye noMkhosi wase-US baqalisa uvavanyo olubanzi kwi-Edgewood Chemical Arsenal eMaryland ukususela ngo-1949 kwaye yanda kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo. Ngaphezu kwama-7,000 amajoni ase-US ayeziizinto ezingaziwayo zolu vavanyo lwezonyango. Amadoda ayalelwa ukuba akhwele imijikelezo yokuzivocavoca kunye neemaski ze-oksijini ebusweni babo, apho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeziyobisi ze-hallucinogenic ziye zafafazwa, kuquka i-LSD, i-mescalin, i-BZ (i-hallucinogen) kunye ne-SNA (sernyl, isihlobo se-PCP, eyaziwa ngenye indlela isitrato njengothuli lwengelosi). Enye yeenjongo zolu phando yayikukuphembelela imeko yeamnesia epheleleyo. Le njongo yaphunyezwa kwimixholo emininzi. Ngaphezu kwewaka lamajoni abhalise kuvavanyo avele eneengxaki ezinzulu ngokwasengqondweni kunye nokuxhuzula: uninzi lwazama ukuzibulala.
Omnye wabo yayinguLloyd Gamble, indoda emnyama eyayibhalisele ukuya emkhosini. Ngo-1957 Gamble wahendelwa ukuba athathe inxaxheba kwiSebe lezoKhuselo/CIA inkqubo yovavanyo lweziyobisi. UGamble wakhokelela ekubeni akholelwe ukuba wayevavanya impahla entsha yasemkhosini. Njengomkhuthazi wokuthatha inxaxheba kule nkqubo wanikwa ikhefu elongeziweyo, indawo yokuhlala yabucala kunye nokutyelelwa rhoqo. Kangangeeveki ezintathu uGamble wanxiba kwaye wakhulula iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeyunifomu kwaye suku ngalunye phakathi kokusebenza okunjalo wanikwa, ekukhumbuleni kwakhe, iiglasi ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu zolwelo olufana namanzi, enyanisweni yayiyi-LSD. UGamble waba nemibono eyoyikekayo waza wazama ukuzibulala. Wafunda inyaniso kwiminyaka elishumi elinesithoba kamva xa iingxoxo zeCawa zabhengeza ubukho benkqubo. Kwangoko iSebe lezoKhuselo lakhanyela ukuba uGamble wayebandakanyekile, kwaye ukufihlakala kwawa kuphela xa ifoto yakudala yeSebe lezoKhuselo yavela, ngebhongo inoGamble kunye nabanye abalishumi elinambini "njengamavolontiya kwinkqubo ekumgangatho ophezulu wokhuseleko lwelizwe. .”
Imizekelo embalwa yokulungela kwee-arhente zobuntlola zase-US ukwenza imifuniselo kwizifundo ezingazaziyo icace ngakumbi kunokufakwa kwenkqubo yokhuseleko lwesizwe kuphando ngeziphumo zokuvezwa ngemitha. Kwakukho iintlobo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zovavanyo. Enye ibandakanye amawaka amajoni aseMelika kunye nabemi abathe bachanabeka ngokuthe ngqo kwi-radioactive fallout kuvavanyo lwenyukliya lwase-US kuMzantsi-ntshona waseMelika nakuMzantsi Pasifiki. Abaninzi baye beva ngamadoda amnyama awayengamaxhoba ezifundo ezixhaswa ngemali ngurhulumente wegcushuwa yamashumi amane eminyaka apho amanye amaxhoba anikwa i-placebos ukuze oogqirha babe nokubeka iliso kwinkqubela yesi sifo. Kwimeko yeMarshall Islanders, izazinzulu zase-US zaqala ukwenza uvavanyo lwe-H-iwaka eliphindaphindwe amandla ebhombu yaseHiroshima - emva koko basilela ukulumkisa abemi bendawo ekufutshane yaseRongelap ngeengozi zemitha kwaye emva koko, ngokuchanekileyo. ukulingana kwezazinzulu zamaNazi (akumangalisi, kuba amagqala amaNazi ovavanyo lwemitha yaseJamani ahlangulwe ligosa leCIA u-Boris Pash ngoku akwiqela lase-US), wabona indlela aqhuba ngayo.
Ekuqaleni abemi beSiqithi saseMarshall babevunyelwa ukuba bahlale kwindawo ababehlala kuyo kangangeentsuku ezimbini, bechanabeke kwimitha. Emva koko bafuduswa. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva uGqr. G. Faill, usihlalo wekomiti yeAtomic Energy Commission kwibhayoloji namayeza, wacela ukuba abemi beSiqithi saseRongelap babuyiselwe kwindawo ababehlala kuyo “ukuze kwenziwe uphando oluluncedo lwemfuza ngemiphumo yaba bantu.” Isicelo sakhe samkelwa. Ngo-1953 i-Central Intelligence Agency kunye neSebe lezoKhuselo batyikitya umyalelo owenza urhulumente wase-US athobele ikhowudi yaseNuremberg yophando lwezonyango. Kodwa loo myalelo wahlelwa njengemfihlo ephezulu, kwaye ubukho bawo bagcinwa buyimfihlo kubaphandi, izifundo kunye nabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo iminyaka engamashumi amabini anesibini. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo washwankathelwa ngokufutshane nguColonel OG Haywood weKomishoni yaMandla eAthom, owathi wawenza ngokusesikweni umyalelo wakhe ngolu hlobo: “Kunqweneleka ukuba kungabikho xwebhu lukhutshwayo olubhekiselele kulingo lwabantu. Oku kunokuba neziphumo ezibi eluntwini okanye kukhokhelele kwizimangalo zomthetho. Amaxwebhu agubungela loo msebenzi wasentsimini afanele athiwe thaca njengemfihlelo.”
Phakathi komsebenzi onjalo ochazwe njengemfihlo yayimifuniselo emihlanu eyahlukeneyo eyonganyelwe yiCIA, iKomishoni yaMandla eAtom kunye neSebe lezoKhuselo ebandakanya inaliti ye-plutonium ubuncinane kubantu abalishumi elinesibhozo, ingakumbi abamnyama nabangamahlwempu, ngaphandle kwemvume enolwazi. Kwakukho ukukhutshwa ngabom kwemathiriyeli ye-radioactive ngaphezulu kwe-US kunye nezixeko zaseCanada phakathi ko-1948 kunye no-1952 ukufunda iipateni zokuwa kunye nokubola kwamasuntswana e-radioactive. Kwakukho imifuniselo emininzi exhaswa ngemali yiCIA kunye neKomishoni yaMandla eAtom, ehlala iqhutywa zizazinzulu e-UC Berkeley, iYunivesithi yaseChicago, iVanderbilt kunye neMIT, eveze abantu abangaphezu kwama-2,000 abangaziyo kwi-radiation scans.
Imeko ka-Elmer Allen iqhelekile. Ngowe-1947 lo msebenzi kaloliwe umnyama oneminyaka engama-36 ubudala waya kwisibhedlele saseChicago eqaqanjelwa yimilenze. Oogqirha bafumanisa ukuba isigulo sakhe sisifo somhlaza wamathambo. Bamtofa umlenze wasekhohlo ngeedosi ezinkulu zeplutonium kwiintsuku ezimbini ezilandelayo. Ngosuku lwesithathu, oogqirha bawuqhawula umlenze wakhe bawuthumela kwiPhysiologist yeAtomic Energy Commission ukuba iye kuphanda ukuba iplutonium isasazeke njani na kwithishu. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini anesithandathu emva koko, ngo-1973, babuyisela uAllen kwiLebhu yeSizwe yaseArgonne ngaphandle kwaseChicago, apho bamnika khona iskena esipheleleyo somzimba, emva koko bathatha umchamo, iisampulu zelindle kunye negazi ukuvavanya intsalela yeplutonium emzimbeni wakhe ukusuka ngo-1947. umfuniselo.
Ngowe-1994 uPatricia Durbin, owayesebenza kwiilebhu zikaLawrence Livermore kuvavanyo lweplutonium, ukhumbula oku, “Sasisoloko sijonge umntu onesifo esithile esinganyangekiyo owayeza kunqunyulwa ilungu lomzimba. Ezi zinto zazingenzelwanga ukuthwaxa abantu okanye ukubenza bagule okanye babe lusizi. Babengenzelwanga ukubulala abantu. Zenzelwe ukufumana ulwazi olunokuba luncedo. Inyani yokuba zitofwe kwaye zibonelelwe ngale datha ixabisekileyo kufuneka phantse ibe sisikhumbuzo endaweni yokuba ibe neentloni ngayo. Ayindikhathazi into yokuthetha ngezitofu ze<em>plutonium ngenxa yexabiso lenkcazelo abayinikileyo.” Ingxaki kuphela yale akhawunti ye-misty-eyed kukuba u-Elmer Allen ubonakala engenanto ephosakeleyo ngaye xa waya esibhedlele ngentlungu yomlenze kwaye akazange axelelwe ngophando olwenziwe emzimbeni wakhe.
Ngowe-1949 abazali bamakhwenkwe angasebenzi kakuhle ngengqondo kwiSikolo iFernald eMassachusetts bacelwa ukuba banike imvume yokuba abantwana babo bathelele “iqela lenzululwazi” lesikolo. Loo makhwenkwe athe azimanya neqela ayeziizinto zokulinga apho iKomishoni yaMandla eAtomiki ngokubambisana nenkampani yeQuaker Oats yabanika i-oatmeal eneradioactive. Abaphandi bebefuna ukubona ukuba izinto ezigcina imichiza kwi-cereal ziwuthintele na umzimba ekufunxeni iivithamini kunye neeminerali, kunye nemathiriyeli ye-radioactive esebenza njengetracers. Bakwafuna ukuvavanya ifuthe lemathiriyeli ye-radioactive ebantwaneni.
Esebenzisa iindlela zamaNazi, uvavanyo olufihlakeleyo lukarhulumente wase-US lwafuna abona bantu basesichengeni nabathinjwa bezifundo: abakhubazekileyo ngengqondo, abagulela ukufa, kwaye, ngokumangalisayo, amabanjwa. Ngo-1963 amabanjwa e-133 e-Oregon naseWashington ayene-scrotum kunye namasende evezwe kwii-roentgens ze-600 ze-radiation. Omnye wezifundo yayinguHarold Bibeau. Ngezi ntsuku ungumzobi oneminyaka engama-55 ubudala ohlala eTroutdale, eOregon. Ukususela ngo-1994 uBibeau uye walwa imfazwe yomntu omnye ngokumelene neSebe lezaMandla lase-US, iSebe le-Oregon loLungiso, i-Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs kunye ne-Oregon Health Sciences University. Ngenxa yokuba engumntu owayesakuba ngumkhohlisi akakazange, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, afumane ulwaneliseko olukhulu.
Ngowe-1963 uBibeau wafunyanwa enetyala lokubulala indoda eyayizama ukuyixhaphaza ngokwesini. UBibeau ufumene iminyaka elishumi elinesibini ngokubulala ngokuzithandela. Ngoxa wayesentolongweni elinye ibanjwa lamxelela ngendlela awayenokufumana ngayo ixesha lokuphelisa isigwebo aze enze imalana encinane. I-Bibeau inokukwenza oku ngokujoyina iprojekthi yophando lwezonyango ekucingelwa ukuba ilawulwa yiYunivesithi ye-Oregon Health Sciences, isikolo sezonyango sikarhulumente. UBibeau uthi nangona watyikitya isivumelwano sokuba yinxalenye yeprojekthi yophando, akazange axelelwe ukuba kunokubakho iziphumo eziyingozi kwimpilo yakhe. Uvavanyo lwaseBibeau namanye amabanjwa (konke kuxeliwe, amabanjwa ali-133 eOregon naseWashington) abonakalise ukonakalisa ngokugqithisileyo.
Uphando lubandakanya uphononongo lweempembelelo zemitha kwi-sperm yomntu kunye nophuhliso lweeseli ze-gonadal.
UBibeau kunye noogxa bakhe bagalelwe imisebe yemitha engama-650. Eli lithamo elinzima kakhulu. Isifuba esinye seX-reyi namhlanje sibandakanya malunga ne-1 rad. Kodwa oku akuphelelanga apho. Kwiminyaka embalwa elandelayo entolongweni uBibeau uthi watofwa kaninzi kwezinye iziyobisi, uhlobo awayengalwazi. Wayene-biopsies kunye nolunye utyando. Uthi emva kokuba ephumile entolongweni akazange aphinde adityaniswe naye ukuze abekwe iliso.
Imifuniselo ye-Oregon yenzelwe iKhomishoni yaMandla e-Atomic, kunye neCIA njenge-arhente esebenzisanayo. Umphathi weemvavanyo zeOregon nguDkt. Carl Heller. Kodwa ezona X-reyi zaseBibeau nakwamanye amabanjwa zazisenziwa ngabantu abangafanelanga kwaphela, ngokohlobo lwamanye amabanjwa. U-Bibeau akazange afumane xesha kwisigwebo sakhe kwaye wayehlawulwa i-$ 5 ngenyanga kunye ne-$ 25 nge-biopsy nganye eyenziwa kumasende akhe. Uninzi lwamabanjwa kuvavanyo kwintolongo ye-Oregon kunye neWashington state anikwa i-vasectomies okanye athenwa ngotyando. Ugqirha owenza utyando lokuvala inzala waxelela amabanjwa ukuba ukuvalwa kokuvalwa kwentsholongwane kwakuyimfuneko “ukuze kuthintelwe ukosulela uluntu ngokubanzi ngezinto eziguquguqukayo ezibangelwa yimitha.”
Ethethelela amalinge okuvala inzala, uGqr. Victor Bond, ugqirha kwilebhu yenyukliya yaseBrookhaven, uthe, “Kuluncedo ukwazi ukuba leliphi ithamo lemitha ebulala iintsholongwane. Kuluncedo ukwazi ukuba iidosi ezahlukeneyo zemitha ziya kwenza ntoni ebantwini. ” Omnye wabo wayesebenza noBond, uGqr. Joseph Hamilton weUniversity of California Medical School eSan Francisco, wathetha ngokuphandle ngakumbi ukuba imifuniselo yemitha (aye wancedisa ukongamela) “yayichaphazela kancinane iBuchenwald.”
Ukusukela ngo-1960 ukuya ku-1971 uGqr. Eugene Sanger kunye noogxa bakhe kwiYunivesithi yaseCincinnati benza “uvavanyo lokusasazeka kwemitha yomzimba wonke” kwizifundo ezingama-88 ezazimnyama, amahlwempu nabagula ngumhlaza nezinye izifo. Izifundo zavezwa kwi-100 rads ye-radiation - elilingana ne-7,500 ye-X-ray yesifuba. Olu vavanyo luhlala lubangela iintlungu eziqatha, ukugabha nokopha ngeempumlo neendlebe. Bonke abaguli bafa ngaphandle kwesinye. Phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1970 ikomiti yenkongolo yafumanisa ukuba uSanger wenze iifomu zemvume yolu vavanyo.
Phakathi kwe-1946 kunye ne-1963 ngaphezu kwe-200,000 yamajoni ase-US anyanzeliswa ukuba ajonge, kuluhlu olusondeleyo oluyingozi, iimvavanyo zebhombu yenyukliya yasemoyeni kwiPasifiki naseNevada. Omnye onjalo, uMkhosi wabucala wase-US ogama linguJim O'Connor, wakhumbula ngo-1994, “Kwakukho umfana owayenenkangeleko yemannikin, ekubonakala ukuba wayekhasa emva kwebhedi. Ezingalweni zakhe kwakuncanyathiselwe into efana neengcingo, ubuso bakhe bunegazi. Ndava ivumba elibi ngathi yinyama etshayo. Ikhamera ejikelezayo endiyibonileyo izakusondeza kwaye umfana waqhubeka ezama ukuphakama. " U-O'Connor ngokwakhe wabaleka kwindawo yoqhushumbo kodwa wathathwa yiKomishoni yaMandla eAtomic ababejikeleza kwaye wanikwa uvavanyo olude lokulinganisa ukuvezwa kwakhe. U-O'Connor wathi ngo-1994 okoko kuvavanyo waye wafumana iingxaki ezininzi zempilo.
Phezulu kwiphondo laseWashington, kwindawo yogcino lwenyukliya eHanford, iKomishoni yaMandla eAtom yabandakanyeka elona phulo lukhulu lokukhutshwa kweekhemikhali ezineradioactive ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ngoDisemba 1949. Olu vavanyo aluzange lubandakanye uqhushumbo lwenyukliya kodwa ukukhutshwa kwamawaka eecuries zeradioactive. I-iodine kwiplamu eyandiswe kumakhulu eekhilomitha emazantsi nasentshona ukuya kuthi xhaxhe ngeSeattle, Portland kunye nomda weCalifornia-Oregon, isasaza amakhulu amawaka abantu. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ukuba baxelelwe ngovavanyo ngelo xesha, abemi bafunda ngayo ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1970, nangona bekukho ukukrokrelana okuzingileyo ngenxa yeqela le-cancer ye-thyroid eyenzeka phakathi koluntu.
Ngo-1997 iNational Cancer Institute yafumanisa ukuba izigidi zabantwana baseMelika baye bavezwa kumanqanaba aphezulu e-iodine ye-radioactive eyaziwayo ukuba ibangele umhlaza we-thyroid. Uninzi lolu tyhileko lubangelwe kukusela ubisi olungcoliseke ngokuwa kuvavanyo lwenyukliya olungaphezulu komhlaba olwaqhutywa phakathi kuka-1951 no-1962. Eli ziko liqikelele ngokucokisekileyo ukuba le mitha yemitha eyaneleyo yokudala i-50,000 yomhlaza wedlala lengqula. Itotali yokukhutshwa kwemitha yemitha kuqikelelwa ukuba inkulu ngokuphindwe kalishumi kunezo zakhutshwa kugqabhuko-dubulo lwaseSoviet Chernobyl reactor ngowe-1986.
Ikhomishini kamongameli ngo-1995 yaqalisa ukujonga amalinge emitha ebantwini yaza yacela iCIA ukuba iguqule zonke iirekhodi zayo. I-Arhente yaphendula ngebango elicacileyo lokuba "yayingenazo zirekhodi okanye ezinye iinkcukacha malunga novavanyo olunjalo." Esinye isizathu sokuba i-CIA inokuba yaziva inentembelo kolu donga lukhohlakeleyo kukuba ngo-1973, umlawuli weCIA uRichard Helms wasebenzisa ixesha lokugqibela ngaphambi kokuba athathe umhlala-phantsi ukuyalela ukuba zonke iirekhodi zovavanyo lweCIA ebantwini zitshatyalaliswe. Ingxelo yowe-1963 evela kuMhloli Jikelele weCIA ibonisa ukuba ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi ngaphambili i-Arhente ibizixakekise kuphando nophuhliso lwemathiriyeli yekhemikhali, yebhayoloji neyeradiyoloji ekwaziyo ukuqeshwa kwimisebenzi yangasese ukulawula ukuziphatha komntu. Ingxelo ye-1963 yaqhubeka yathi umlawuli we-CIA u-Allen Dulles uye wavuma iindlela ezahlukeneyo zovavanyo lomntu "njengeendlela zokulawula ukuziphatha kwabantu" kuquka "i-radiation, i-electroshock, imimandla eyahlukeneyo yengqondo, i-sociology kunye ne-anthropology, i-graphology, izifundo zokuxhatshazwa kunye ne-paramilitary. izixhobo kunye nezixhobo.”
Ingxelo yoMhloli Jikelele yavela kwiingxoxo zenkongolo ngo-1975 ngendlela ehlelwe kakhulu. Ihleli ihleliwe kude kube namhlanje. Ngowe-1976 iCIA yaxelela ikomiti yeCawa ukuba ayizange isebenzise imitha. Kodwa eli bango lacuthwa ngo-1991 xa amaxwebhu afunyanwa kwi-Arhente
Inkqubo ye-ARTICHOKE. Isishwankathelo se-CIA se-ARTICHOKE sithi "ukongeza kwi-hypnosis, uphando lwekhemikhali kunye nolwengqondo, le mimandla ilandelayo iye yaphononongwa ...
Ikhomishini kamongameli ka-1994, eyasekwa ngunobhala weSebe lezaMandla u-Hazel O'Leary, yalandela lo mzila wobungqina kwaye yafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba i-CIA iye yahlola ukusasazeka kwemitha njengento enokwenzeka yokukhusela kunye nokusetyenziswa okukhubekisayo kokuhlamba ingqondo kunye nezinye iindlela zokugocagoca. Ingxelo yokugqibela yekhomishini ikhankanya iirekhodi ze-CIA ezibonisa ukuba i-Arhente ixhasa ngemali ngokufihlakeleyo ukwakhiwa kwephiko leSibhedlele seYunivesithi yaseGeorgetown kwiminyaka yoo-1950. Oku yayiza kuba yindawo yophando oluxhaswe yiCIA kwiinkqubo zeekhemikhali nezebhayoloji. Imali ye-CIA yale nto yahamba nge-pass-through kuDkt. Charles F. Geschickter, owayeqhuba i-Geschickter Fund yoPhando lwezoNyango. Ugqirha wayengumphandi womhlaza waseGeorgetown owenza igama lakhe lizama iidosi eziphezulu zemitha. Ngo-1977 uGqr Geschickter wangqina ukuba i-CIA ihlawule ilebhu yakhe ye-radio-isotope kunye nezixhobo kwaye ibeke iliso elibukhali uphando lwakhe.
I-CIA yayingumdlali ophambili kulo lonke uthotho lweepaneli zorhulumente phakathi kwamaziko okulinga abantu. Umzekelo, amagosa amathathu eCIA asebenza kwikomiti yeSebe lezoKhuselo kwisayensi yezonyango kwaye la magosa ayekwangamalungu aphambili kwiphaneli edibeneyo kwimiba yezonyango yemfazwe yeathom. Le yikomiti karhulumente eyacwangcisa, yaxhasa ngemali kwaye yaphonononga uninzi lwemifuniselo yokusasazeka ngemitha yabantu, kuquka nokubekwa kwemikhosi yase-US kufutshane novavanyo lwenyukliya olwaqhutywa ngeminyaka yoo-1940 noo-1950.
I-CIA yayiyinxalenye yombutho oxhobileyo wobukrelekrele bezonyango, eyadalwa ngo-1948, apho i-Arhente yabekwa ukuba ilawule "ubukrelekrele bangaphandle, beathom, bebhayoloji, kunye neekhemikhali, ngokwembono yesayensi yezonyango. Phakathi kwezahluko ezingaqhelekanga kulo msebenzi kukuthunyelwa kweqela leearhente ukuba lizibandakanye kuhlobo lokuxhwila umzimba, njengoko babezama ukuqokelela izicubu kunye neesampulu zamathambo kwizidumbu ukumisela amanqanaba okuwa emva kovavanyo lwenyukliya. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku banqumle inyama kwimizimba emalunga ne-1,500 - ngaphandle kolwazi okanye imvume yezalamane zomfi. Obunye ubungqina bendima engundoqo ye-Arhente yaba yinxalenye yayo ekhokelayo kwiKomiti yobuntlola eHlangeneyo yeAtomic Energy, indlu yokucoca kubuntlola kwiinkqubo zenyukliya zangaphandle. I-CIA ibambe iKomiti yeNzululwazi yeNzululwazi kunye ne-subsidiary yayo, iKomiti yezobuNgcali yezoNyango edibeneyo. Omabini la maqumrhu acebe utshiso lwemitha kunye novavanyo lwabantu lweSebe lezoKhuselo.
Oku kwakungengomlinganiselo opheleleyo wendima ye-Arhente ekulingeni abantu abaphilayo. Njengoko kuphawuliwe, ngowe-1973 uRichard Helms wawuyeka ngokusemthethweni umsebenzi onjalo weArhente waza wayalela ukuba zitshatyalaliswe zonke iirekhodi, esithi wayengafuni ukuba “bahlazeke” amahlakani eArhente kulo msebenzi. Ngaloo ndlela kwapheliswa ngokusemthethweni ukwandiswa kweArhente yoBuntlola yase-US yemisebenzi “yezazinzulu” zamaNazi ezinjengoBecker-Freyseng noBlome.
imithombo
Ibali lokuqeshwa kwezazinzulu zamaNazi kunye namagcisa emfazwe yiPentagon kunye neCentral Intelligence Agency lixelwa kwiincwadi ezimbini ezibalaseleyo kodwa ezingahoywanga ngokungekho sikweni: Tom Bower's Iyelenqe lePaperclip: Ukuzingela iiNzululwazi zamaNazi kunye noLinda Hunt I-Ajenda eyimfihlo. Ingxelo kaHunt, ngokukodwa, lizinga lokuqala. Esebenzisa uMthetho weNkululeko yoLwazi, uye wavula amawaka amaphepha amaxwebhu avela kwi-Pentagon, iSebe likaRhulumente kunye ne-CIA ekufuneka igcine abaphandi bahlala kwiminyaka ezayo. Imbali yovavanyo loogqirha bamaNazi ivela ikakhulu kwirekhodi yetyala lamatyala onyango kwinkundla yaseNuremberg, uAlexander Mitscherlich kunye noFred Mielke. OoGqirha beNtuthuko, kunye ne-akhawunti eyoyikisayo kaRobert Proctor kwi Ucoceko ngokobuhlanga. Uphando lukarhulumente wase-US kwimfazwe yebhayoloji lubonakaliswe ngokuncomekayo kwincwadi kaJeanne McDermott, Imimoya Ebulalayo.
Eyona akhawunti ibalaseleyo yendima karhulumente wase-US ekuphuhliseni nasekuthumeleni iiarhente zemfazwe yeekhemikhali ihlala iyincwadi kaSeymour Hersh. Imfazwe yeMichiza kunye neBiological ukusuka ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1960. Ngelinge lokukhangela unobangela weGulf War Syndrome, uSenator uJay Rockefeller uye wabamba uthotho lweendibano ezimangalisayo zokuvavanywa kwabantu ngurhulumente waseUS. Ingxelo yokuva ibonelele ngolwazi oluninzi kumacandelo esi sahluko ajongana nokulinga ngokungaziyo kubemi base-US yiCIA kunye noMkhosi wase-US. Ulwazi ngovavanyo lwemitha yabantu yiKomishoni yaMandla e-Atomic kunye nee-arhente ezisebenzisanayo (kubandakanywa neCIA) zivela ubukhulu becala kwizifundo ezininzi ze-GAO, kwingxelo enkulu eyaqulunqwa liSebe lezaMandla ngo-1994 kunye nodliwano-ndlebe lombhali kunye namaxhoba amane e-plutonium kunye. imifuniselo yokuvala inzala.
Esi sincoko sithatyathwe kwisahluko esikuWhiteout: iCIA, iziyobisi kunye noShicilelo.
