By Emanuel Pastreich, Thunti | Op-Ed
(Ifoto: I-guilherme jofili / Flickr)
Ukubamba umgca ngokuchasene neNtlango iKubuchi
Ikhulu labafundi bekholeji yaseKorea bakhubeka kuloliwe eBaotou, Inner Mongolia, beqhwanyaza kukukhanya kwelanga. Ukuhamba ngololiwe iiyure ezili-14 ukusuka eBeijing, eBaotou ayisiyondawo idumileyo yolutsha lwaseSeoul, kodwa ke olu asilohambo lokuthenga.
Indoda emfutshane, esele ikhulile enxibe ibhatyi eluhlaza eqaqambileyo ikhokelela abafundi kwinginginya yesikhululo, ikhawuleza inika imiyalelo kwiqela. Ngokwahlukileyo kubafundi, akabonakali ediniwe kwaphela; uncumo lwakhe aluphazanyiswa luhambo. Igama lakhe nguKwon Byung-Hyun, unozakuzaku weRiphabhlikhi yaseKorea eTshayina ukusuka ngo-1998 ukuya ku-2001. Nangona ipotifoliyo yakhe yakha yagubungela yonke into ukusuka kurhwebo kunye nokhenketho ukuya kwimicimbi yasemkhosini kunye noMntla Korea, uMthunywa uKwon uye wafumana isizathu esitsha. oko kufuna ingqalelo yakhe epheleleyo. Kwiminyaka engama-74 ubudala, akanaxesha lokubona oogxa bakhe abaxakekileyo bedlala igalufa okanye bezonwabisa. Unozakuzaku u-Kwon use-ofisini yakhe encinci eSeoul emnxebeni kwaye ubhala iileta ukwakha impendulo yamazwe ngamazwe malunga nokusasazeka kweentlango e-China - okanye ulapha, utyala imithi.
U-Kwon uthetha ngendlela ekhululekileyo nefikelelekayo, kodwa akayonto ilula. Nangona kumthatha iintsuku ezimbini ukusuka kwikhaya lakhe kwiinduli ezingasentla kweSeoul ukuya kumgca ongaphambili wentlango yaseKubuchi njengoko isenza indlela yayo engenakulinganiswa emazantsi-mpuma, uqhuba uhambo rhoqo, nangomdla.
Intlango yaseKubuchi iye yanda kangangokuba ikwiikhilomitha ezingama-450 ngasentshona yeBeijing kwaye, njengentlango ekufutshane neKorea, ngoyena mthombo wothuli olutyheli olugaleleka eKorea, luvuthuzwe ngumoya omkhulu. U-Kwon waseka i-NGO Future Forest kwi-2001 ukulwa nokunyuka kwentlango ngokubambisana neChina. Uhlanganisa abantu baseKorea abancinci kunye namaTshayina kunye ukuze batyale imithi ekuphenduleni le ntlekele yokusingqongileyo kwimanyano yezizwe ngezizwe yolutsha, urhulumente kunye neshishini.
Ukuqala kweMishini kaKwon
UKwon ubalisa indlela owaqala ngayo umsebenzi wakhe wokumisa iintlango:
“Umzamo wam wokunqanda ukusasazeka kweentlango e-China uqale kumava ahluke kakhulu. Ukufika kwam eBeijing ngowe-1998 ndize kukhonza njengonozakuzaku eTshayina, ndabuliswa luthuli oluluthuthu. Imiyezo eyazisa intlabathi nothuli yayinamandla kakhulu, kwaye yayingengomothuko umncinci ukubona isibhakabhaka saseBeijing simnyama ngaphambili. Ndafumana umnxeba ovela kwintombi yam ngosuku olulandelayo, yaye yandixelela ukuba isibhakabhaka saseSeoul sasigqunywe sisiphango sesanti esavuthuza sivela eTshayina. Ndaqonda ukuba wayethetha ngesaqhwithi endandisandul’ ukusibona. Loo fowuni yandivusela engxakini. Ndabona okokuqala ukuba sonke sijongene nengxaki efanayo edlula imida yesizwe. Ndabona kakuhle ukuba ingxaki yothuli olumthubi endandilubona eBeijing yingxaki yam, nengxaki yosapho lwam. Yayingeyongxaki nje ukuba amaTshayina ayisombulule.”
U-Kwon kunye namalungu e-Future Forest bakhwela ibhasi ukukhwela iyure baze banqumle kwilali encinci apho amafama, iinkomo kunye neebhokhwe zijonge ezi ndwendwe zingaqhelekanga. Emva kokuhamba ngeekhilomitha ezi-3 kumhlaba weefama ze-bucolic, nangona kunjalo, indawo inikezela ngendlela eyoyikisayo: isanti engapheliyo eyolulela elundini ngaphandle komkhondo wobomi.
Ulutsha lwaseKorea ludityaniswa ngoontanga baseTshayina yaye kungekudala lusebenza nzima lugrumba kwizinto eziseleyo zomhlaba ongaphezulu ukuze lutyale izithole oluze nalo. Bajoyina inani elandayo lolutsha eKorea, eChina, eJapan nakwezinye iindawo eziziphosa kumngeni wewaka leminyaka: ukunciphisa ukusasazeka kweentlango.
Iintlango ezifana neKubuchi ziyimveliso yokunciphisa imvula yonyaka, ukusetyenziswa kakubi komhlaba kunye nomzamo onzima wamafama ahluphekileyo kwimimandla ekhulayo njenge-Inner Mongolia ukufumana imali encinci ngokugawula imithi kunye namatyholo, abambe umhlaba kwaye aphule umoya. , ukwenzela iinkuni.
Xa wayebuzwa ngocelomngeni lokusabela kwezi ntlango, unozakuzaku uKwon waphendula ngokufutshane, “Ezi ntlango, nokutshintsha kwemozulu ngokwayo, kusisisongelo esikhulu kubo bonke abantu, kodwa asikaqalisi kwaukuyitshintsha imiba yethu yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali xa ifika. kukhuseleko.”
UKwon ucebisa ukuba kunokwenzeka utshintsho olusisiseko kwiingqikelelo zethu ezisisiseko malunga nokhuseleko. Ngoku sityelelwa ngabangaphambili benguqu yemozulu, nokuba imililo yasendle eyoyikekayo eyatshayela iUnited States ngehlobo lika-2012 okanye ingozi kwisizwe esizikayo saseTuvalu, kwaye siyazi ukuba kufuneka inyathelo eliqatha. Kodwa sichitha ngaphezulu kwetriliyoni yeedola ngonyaka kwimijukujelwa, iitanki, imipu, iidrone kunye neekhompyuter ezinkulu - izixhobo ezisebenza ngempumelelo ekunqandeni ukusasazeka kwentlango njengesilingi sichasene netanki. Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba akufuneki sitsibe kwitekhnoloji, kodwa endaweni yoko sitsibe ingqikelelo kwigama lokhuseleko: ukwenza impendulo kutshintsho lwemozulu ibe yeyona njongo iphambili yaloo majoni axhaswa ngemali kakuhle.
Ngaba kukurhaxwa yintlango okanye kukurhaxwa lulwandle?
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuye kwazala amawele amabini afihlakeleyo athi ngokunyoluka aqwenge ubutyebi bomhlaba olungileyo: iintlango ezisakhulayo kunye neelwandlekazi ezikhulayo. Njengoko intlango iKubuchi igxalathelana ngasempuma isiya ngaseBeijing, idibana nezandla nezinye iintlango ezinyukayo kwimimandla eyomileyo kwiAsia, Afrika nakwihlabathi liphela. Kwangaxeshanye, iilwandle zehlabathi ziyenyuka, zikhula zibe neasidi ngakumbi kwaye zigubungele unxweme lweziqithi namazwekazi. Phakathi kwezi zoyikiso zimbini, akukho mda ungako ebantwini-kwaye akuyi kubakho xesha lokuphumla leentelekelelo ezingekude ngeemfazwe kumazwekazi amabini.
Ukufudumala komhlaba, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamanzi nomhlaba, nemigaqo-nkqubo yezolimo engekho mgangathweni egqala umhlaba njengento etyiwayo kunokuba ibe yinkqubo yokulondoloza ubomi, ziye zafak’ isandla ekuwohlokeni okuyintlekele komhlaba wokulima.
IZizwe eziManyeneyo zaseka iNgqungquthela yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yokuNqanda ubuntlango (i-UNCCD) ngowe-1994 ukudibanisa abachaphazelekayo abavela kwihlabathi lonke ukuba basabele ekusasazeni kweentlango. Ubuncinane abantu abaliwaka lezigidi bajamelene nesisongelo esingqalileyo sokusasazeka kweentlango. Ngaphezu koko, nanjengoko ukulima nokuhla kwemvula kuphazamisana nemekobume yendalo yomhlaba owomileyo, ikhaya labantu abazibhiliyoni ezimbini ezongezelelweyo, ifuthe lehlabathi kwimveliso yokutya kunye nokubandezeleka kwabantu abagxothiweyo kuya kuba nkulu kakhulu.
Kunzima gqitha ukuvela kweentlango kulo lonke ilizwekazi kangangokuba iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zamisela eli shumi leminyaka “njengeShumi Leminyaka Iintlango Nokulwa Nokutshatyalaliswa Kweentlango” zaza zavakalisa ukusasazeka kweentlango “lolona celomngeni lukhulu lwemekobume kwixesha lethu.”
Unobhala olawulayo we-UNCCD ngelo xesha, uLuc Gnacadja, watsho ngokucacileyo ukuba “Ezona sentimitha ezingama-20 eziphezulu zomhlaba zizo zonke ezimiyo phakathi kwethu kunye nokuphela.
UDavid Montgomery uye wachaza ubuzaza besi sisongelo kwincwadi yakhe ethi Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations. UMontgomery ugxininisa ukuba umhlaba, osoloko ugxothwa “njengokungcola,” sisixhobo esinobuchule, esixabiseke ngaphezu kwe-oyile okanye amanzi. IMontgomery iphawula ukuba ama-38 ekhulwini omhlaba wezityalo aye wonakala ngokunzulu ukususela ngowe-1945 yaye umlinganiselo wokukhukuliseka komhlaba wezityalo ngoku ukhawuleza ngokuphindwe kayi-100 kunokwakheka kwawo. Lo mkhwa udityaniswe nokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kunye nokuncipha kwemvula ukwenza imimandla esentshona “yesonka sebhaskithi” yaseMelika ibe ngumda kwezolimo kwaye ixhomekeke kukhukuliseko olwandayo olubangelwa ziimvula ezinkulu. Ngamafutshane, kwaneendawo ezisembindini wesonka saseMelika, kunye nehlabathi, zisendleleni eya ekubeni yintlango.
UMontgomery ucebisa ukuba imimandla efana ne-Inner Mongolia ethwaxwa yintlango namhlanje “isebenza njenge canary kumgodi wamalahle osehlabathini xa kuthelekiswa nomhlaba.” Ezo ntlango zandayo zifanele zibe sisilumkiso malunga nezinto eziza kusifikela. Kambe ke, kwikhaya lam, eSeattle, usenokuyinciphisa imvula ngeeintshi ezimbalwa ngonyaka uze unyuse iqondo lobushushu ngeqondo elinye ube usenamahlathi ahlala eluhlaza. Kodwa ukuba uthatha indawo enengca ebharhileyo kwaye unciphise imvula ngee-intshi ezimbalwa ngonyaka – ibisele ingafumani mvula ingako. Ukuhla kohlaza, ukhukuliseko olubangelwa ngumoya kunye nesiphumo sokuphela komhlaba yiloo nto sithetha ngayo ngokuba yintlango. Kodwa ndingathanda ukugxininisa ukuba sibona ukuthotywa komhlaba kwihlabathi liphela, kodwa sibona kuphela imbonakalo ecacileyo kule mimandla isesichengeni. ”
Ngeli xesha, ukunyibilika komkhenkce we-polar kuqhuba ukunyuka kwamaqondo olwandle okuya kusongela abahlali baselunxwemeni njengoko unxweme lunyamalala kunye neziganeko zemozulu ezinzima ezifana neNkanyamba iSandy ziba ziziganeko eziqhelekileyo. I-Akhademi yeSizwe yeeNzululwazi ikhuphe ingxelo enesihloko esithi "Ukunyuka koMgangatho woLwandle kuNxweme lwaseCalifornia, eOregon, naseWashington: Edlulileyo, Ngoku, nakwixesha elizayo" ngoJuni ka-2012, iqikelela ukuba amazinga olwandle ehlabathi jikelele aya kunyuka nge-8 ukuya kwi-23 yeesentimitha ngo-2030, xa kuthelekiswa nenqanaba lika-2000, i-18 ukuya kwi-48 yeesentimitha ngo-2050, kunye ne-50 ukuya kwi-140 yeesentimitha ngo-2100. Uqikelelo lwengxelo lwe-2100 luphezulu kakhulu kunePhaneli yoRhulumente weZizwe eziManyeneyo kwingqikelelo yoTshintsho lweMozulu ye-18 kunye neengcaphephe ezininzi, i-59 yeesentimitha ukuya kwi-XNUMX. lindela imeko embi ngakumbi. Loo ntlekele iya kubakho kubomi babantwana nabazukulwana bethu.
UJanet Redman, umlawuli weNethiwekhi yaMandla azinzileyo kunye noQoqosho kwiZiko leZifundo zoMgaqo-nkqubo eWashington, DC, uye wabukela umgaqo-nkqubo wemozulu ukusuka kwinqanaba le-40,000-foot leengqungquthela zemozulu. Utsalela ingqalelo kwindlela iNkanyamba uSandy eye yazisa ngayo iziphumo ezipheleleyo zokutshintsha kwemozulu: “Inkanyamba uSandy iye yanceda ukwenza isoyikiso sokutshintsha kwemozulu sibe yinyani. Imozulu embi ngolo hlobo yinto abantu abaqhelekileyo abanokuyiva. Irhuluneli yaseNew York, uAndrew Cuomo, uthi le nkanyamba yaba ngumphumo ‘wokutshintsha kwemozulu,’ kwaye ungumntu oqhelekileyo.”
Ngapha koko, xa irhuluneli yaseNew Jersey uChris Christie wacela imali ye-Federal ukwakha unxweme lolwandle, uSodolophu weSixeko saseNew York uMichael Bloomberg waya phambili. USodolophu uBloomberg uthe kufuneka sisebenzise imali yomdibaniso ukuqalisa ukwakha kwakhona isiXeko saseNew York. "Watsho ngokucacileyo ukuba amanqanaba olwandle ayenyuka, kwaye kufuneka senze isixeko esizinzileyo ngoku," ukhumbula uRedman. “IBloomberg ibhengeze ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu lulapha. Wade wafikelela ekucebiseni ukuba kufuneka sibuyisele imigxobhozo ejikeleze isiXeko saseNew York ukuze sikwazi ukufunxa ezi ntlobo zezaqhwithi. Ngamanye amazwi, sifuna iqhinga lokuziqhelanisa. Ke indibaniselwano yesiganeko semozulu esibi kakhulu kunye nengxoxo enamandla evela kwipolitiki eqhelekileyo kunye nokubonakala okuphezulu koluntu/kweendaba kunceda ukutshintsha incoko. I-Bloomberg ayikho i-Al Gore; akangommeli weFriends of the Earth.”
Ixhala le-ambient isenokuba yimbono entsha kwingcaciso yokhuseleko. URobert Bishop, owayesakuba yi-CEO ye-Silicon Graphics Inc., waseka i-International Centre for Earth Simulation njengendlela yokwenza utshintsho lwemozulu namhlanje luqondakala kubenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo kunye noshishino. Umbhishophu uphawula ukuba iNkanyamba uSandy iya kuxabisa into efana ne-60 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi, kwaye iindleko zizonke zikaKatrina noWilma, kunye neendleko zokugqibela zokucocwa kwe-oyile ye-Deep Water Horizon, iya kuxabisa malunga ne-100 yeebhiliyoni zeedola.
“Sithetha ngeentlekele zendalo ezinobunzima obufikelela kwi-100 lamawaka ezigidi zeedola.” Uyaphawula, "Ezo ntlobo zeentlekele ziya kuqala ukutshintsha iimbono kwiPentagon - kuba zibeka ngokucacileyo isizwe sonke emngciphekweni. Ukongeza, ukunyuka komphakamo wolwandle kunye ne-United States' Eastern Seaboard kusongela ukudala iindleko ezinkulu zexesha elizayo. Kungekudala kuza kufuneka imali eninzi yokukhusela izixeko eziselunxwemeni. Ngokomzekelo, iNorfolk, eVirginia, likhaya lekuphela kwesiseko esithwala iinqwelo-moya zenyukliya kuNxweme oluseMpuma, yaye eso sixeko sele sinengxaki enkulu yezikhukula.”
UBhishophu uhlabela mgama echaza ukuba isiXeko saseNew York, iBoston neLos Angeles, “amaziko angundoqo empucuko” eUnited States, zonke zikwindawo ezisengozini yelizwe kwaye akukho nto ingako yenziweyo ukubakhusela kwisisongelo. ingeyiyo eyemikhosi yasemzini okanye imijukujelwa, kodwa eyolwandle olunyukayo.
Kutheni utshintsho lwemozulu lungajongwa "njengengozi"
Bekungayi kuba yinyani ukuthi akukho nto siyenzayo ukulungisa ingxaki yokusingqongileyo, kodwa ukuba siluhlobo olujongene nokutshabalala, akukho nto ingako siyenzayo.
Mhlawumbi inxalenye yengxaki lixesha elimiselweyo. Umkhosi udla ngokucinga ngokhuseleko ngentshukumo ekhawulezileyo: Ungasikhusela njani isikhululo seenqwelomoya kwiiyure ezimbalwa, okanye uqhushumbise into ekujoliswe kuyo esanda kufunyanwa ngaphakathi kwethiyetha yokusebenza kwimizuzu embalwa? Lo mkhwa wenziwa mandundu kukwanda kwesantya somjikelo wokuqokelela ubukrelekrele kunye nohlalutyo ngokubanzi. Kufuneka sikwazi ukuphendula uhlaselo lwenethiwekhi esekelwe kwiWebhu okanye ukuqaliswa kwemijukujelwa ngoko nangoko. Nangona ukukhawuleza kwempendulo kune-aura ethile yokusebenza, imfuno yengqondo yempendulo ekhawulezayo ayinanto yakwenza nokhuseleko lokwenyani.
Kuthekani ukuba esona sisongelo sokhuseleko besinokulinganiswa kumakhulu eminyaka? Kubonakala ngathi akukho nkqubo ikhoyo kumkhosi nokhuseleko loluntu lokuqubisana neengxaki kwixesha elinjalo. UDavid Montgomery ucebisa ukuba le ngxaki yenye yezona zinto zinzima olujongene nazo uluntu namhlanje. Ngokomzekelo, ilahleko yomhlaba ongaphezulu kwihlabathi yinto ehambelana nepesenti ye-1 ngonyaka, okwenza kube yinguqu engabonakaliyo kwizikrini ze-radar zomgaqo-nkqubo eWashington DC. Kodwa loo nto iya kuba yintlekele kuluntu lonke kwisithuba esingaphantsi kwenkulungwane, njengoko kuthatha amakhulu eminyaka ukudala umhlaba ongaphezulu. Ukulahlekelwa ngumhlaba olimekayo, kudityaniswa nokwanda ngokukhawuleza kwabemi ehlabathini lonke, ngokungathandabuzekiyo sesinye sezona zoyikiso zinkulu zokhuseleko esijongene nazo. Kwaye bambalwa kuluntu lokhuseleko abagxile kulo mba.
UJanet Redman ucebisa ukuba simele sifumane uhlobo oluthile lwengcaciso yexesha elide yonqabiseko olunokwamkelwa kwimibutho yokhuseleko: “Ekugqibeleni, kufuneka siqale ukucinga ngonqabiseko ngokwengqiqo yezizukulwana, njengoko kunokubizwa ngokuba ‘kubudlelwane phakathi kwezizukulwana. ukhuseleko lwesizukulwana.' Oko kukuthi, okwenzayo namhlanje kuya kuba nefuthe kwikamva, kuya kuba nefuthe kubantwana bakho, abazukulwana bakho nangaphaya kwethu. ” Ngapha koko, uRedman ucebisa, utshintsho lwemozulu luyoyikeka kakhulu kubantu abaninzi. “Ukuba ngokwenene ingxaki iqatha ngolo hlobo, inokuyiphelisa ngokupheleleyo yonke into ebesiyixabisa; litshabalalise ihlabathi njengoko silazi. Kuya kufuneka sitshintshe indlela esibuphila ngayo ubomi bethu. Ukusuka kwizithuthi ukuya ekutyeni ukuya kwimisebenzi, usapho; yonke into kufuneka itshintshe. "
UJared Diamond kwincwadi yakhe ethi Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Survive ucebisa ukuba uluntu ngamaxesha athile luye lwajamelana nokhetho olungqwabalala phakathi kweengenelo zexeshana elifutshane kubalawuli bangoku ngemikhwa yabo etofotofo kunye nomdla wexesha elide wezizukulwana ezizayo, nokuba kunqabile ukuba babe nazo. ubonise ukuqonda “kobulungisa bezizukulwana”. Idayimani iqhubeleka nokuxoxa ukuba okukhona utshintsho olufunwayo luchasene neengcinga ezingundoqo zenkcubeko kunye neengcamango, kokukhona uluntu lunokubuyela umva ekukhanyeni okukhulu. Ukuba umthombo wesongelo yingcinga yethu eyimfama yokuba ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphathekayo kubandakanya inkululeko kunye nokuziqonda, umzekelo, sinokuba sisendleleni efanayo nempucuko ye-Easter Island.
Mhlawumbi ukunyanzeliswa kwangoku ngobugrogrisi kunye nokwandiswa komkhosi okungapheliyo luhlobo lokukhanyela kwengqondo apho siphazamisa iingqondo zethu ekutshintsheni kwemozulu ngokulandela ingxaki enzima kakhulu. Isongelo sokutshintsha kwemozulu sikhulu kakhulu kwaye sisoyikisa kangangokuba sifuna ukuba siphinde sicinge ukuba singoobani kunye nento esiyenzayo, ukuba sizibuze ukuba ingaba yonke i-cafe latte okanye iholide yaseHawaii iyinxalenye yengxaki. Kulula kakhulu ukugxila kutshaba oluphaya kwiintaba zaseAfghanistan.
UJohn Feffer, umlawuli wePolisi yezangaphandle kuJoliso kunye nomgxeki kabukhali wento ayibiza ngokuba “yingxaki yokutyeba kwePentagon,” ushwankathela ngokucacileyo eyona ngqondo isisiseko:
“Nantsi ke, sivaleleke phakathi kwentlabathi enwenwayo namanzi anyukayo, yaye ngandlel’ ithile asinakukwazi ukugubungela iingqondo zethu kule ngxaki, singasathethi ke ngokufumana isisombululo.
“Ingathi sime embindini wamadlelo aseAfrika. Kwelinye icala indlovu ehlaselayo iyasihlasela. Kwelinye icala, ingonyama iza kugqabhuka. Kwaye senza ntoni? Sigxile kwizoyikiso ezincinci, njenge al-Qaeda. Sigxile kwimbovane ethe yarhubuluza kwiinzwane zethu yatshonisa iindawana zayo kulusu lwethu. Kubuhlungu, ngokuqinisekileyo, kodwa asiyiyo ingxaki enkulu. Sixakeke kakhulu sijonge phantsi kwinzwane yethu kangangokuba asisayiboni indlovu nengonyama.”
Enye into kukunqongophala kwentelekelelo kwabaqulunqi bemigaqo-nkqubo kunye nabo bayila amajelo osasazo asazisayo. Abantu abaninzi abanakukwazi ukucinga ngeyona ntlekele yendalo imbi kakhulu. Badla ngokucinga ukuba ingomso liya kufana nanamhlanje, ukuba ukuqhubela phambili kuya kuhlala kuhambelana, kwaye uvavanyo lokugqibela lwako nakuphi na uqikelelo lwekamva ngamava ethu obuqu. Ngenxa yezi zizathu, utshintsho lwemozulu oluyintlekele alunakucingelwa - ngokoqobo.
Ukuba inzulu kangako, ngaba kufuneka sijike kukhetho lomkhosi?
Ibe ngumgca oqhelekileyo wokuba abezopolitiko badumise umkhosi wase-US njengowona mkhulu emhlabeni. Kodwa ukuba umkhosi awukawulungeli kwaphela umceli mngeni wokusasaza iintlango kunye nomhlaba onyamalalayo, ikamva lethu linokufana nelomlawuli olityelweyo ovela kumbongo kaPercy Bysshe Shelley "Ozymandias," umfanekiso wakhe omkhulu, owonakalisiweyo unombhalo:
Khangelani izenzo zam, magorha, nincame!
Akukho nto ngaphandle kokusalayo. Ukujikeleza ukubola
Kuloo ntlekele inkulu, ayinamda kwaye ingenanto
Intlabathi eyodwa kunye nemigangatho yolulela kude.
Ukulwa nokusasazeka kweentlango kunye nokunyuka kweelwandle kuya kuthatha izixhobo ezinkulu kunye nabo bonke ubulumko bethu obudibeneyo. Impendulo ayibandakanyi nje ukuhlengahlengisa urhulumente noqoqosho lwethu luphela, kodwa kwanokuhlaziya impucuko yethu. Ukanti umbuzo usamile: Ngaba impendulo kukuhlenga-hlengiswa kwezinto eziphambili nezikhuthazayo, okanye ngaba esi sisongelo siyafana nemfazwe, oko kukuthi, “imfazwe iyonke,” yahlukile kuphela kubume bempendulo kunye “notshaba”? Ngaba sijonge kwintlekele yobomi nokufa efuna ukuhlanganiswa kwabantu abaninzi, uqoqosho olulawulwayo nolwahlulo kunye nesicwangciso sobuchule esikhulu sexesha elifutshane nelide? Ngaba le ngxaki ifuna, ngokufutshane, uqoqosho lwemfazwe kunye nokucinga ngokutsha kwenkqubo yomkhosi?
Kukho imingcipheko emikhulu ebandakanyekayo ekuceleni impendulo yasemkhosini, ngakumbi kwixesha apho ingqondo yobundlobongela ingena kuluntu lwethu. Ngokuqinisekileyo ukuvula umnyango wabaphangi baseBeltway ukumisa ishishini kwitempile yokutshintsha kwemozulu kuya kuba yintlekele. Kuthekani ukuba i-Pentagon ibinokuthi ibambe utshintsho lwemozulu ukuze ithethelele inkcitho yasemkhosini engaphezulu kwiiprojekthi ngokusebenza okuncinci okanye kungabikho nto kwesoyikiso? Siyazi ukuba kwiinkalo ezininzi zokhuseleko lwemveli olu tyekelo sele kuyingxaki enkulu.
Ngokuqinisekileyo kukho ingozi yokuba inkcubeko yomkhosi kunye neengcinga ziya kusetyenziswa ngendlela engafanelekanga kumbandela wokutshintsha kwemozulu, isongelo ekugqibeleni lilungiswe kakuhle ngokuguqulwa kwenkcubeko. Njengoko i-United States ineengxaki ezinzulu zokubuyisela umnqweno wayo wokusebenzisa ukhetho lomkhosi njengesisombululo malunga nayo yonke into, sifuna, ukuba kukho nantoni na, ukubuyisela emkhosini, kungekhona ukuwuqhubela phambili.
Kodwa ngokumalunga nokutshintsha kwemozulu, imeko yahlukile. Ukubuyisela kwakhona umkhosi ngenjongo yokulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu kuyimfuneko, ukuba kuyingozi, inyathelo, kwaye loo nkqubo inokuguqula ngokusisiseko inkcubeko, i-mission, kunye nezinto eziphambili kuyo yonke inkqubo yokhuseleko. Akukho nto sinokuyenza ngaphandle kokubandakanyeka kwingxoxo-mpikiswano nomkhosi.
Ngaphandle kokuba iinkxalabo zokwenyani zokhuseleko zibanjiwe, ukusuka kwintlango kunye nokunyuka kweelwandle ukuya ekunqongopheni kokutya kunye nokwaluphala kwabantu, kunokuba nzima ukufumana uyilo lokhuseleko oludibeneyo oluya kuvumela intsebenziswano enzulu phakathi kwemikhosi yehlabathi. Ngapha koko, nokuba umkhosi wase-US unokurhoxa okanye urhoxe kwindima yawo yobupolisa behlabathi, imeko yokhuseleko iyonke inokuba yingozi ngakumbi. Ngaphandle kokuba sinokufumana indawo yentsebenziswano phakathi kwemikhosi engafuni utshaba olufanayo olunokubakho, akunakwenzeka ukuba sinciphise imingcipheko eyoyikekayo esijongene nayo ngoku.
UJames Baldwin wabhala: “Asiyiyo yonke into ejongene nayo enokuguqulwa, kodwa akukho nto inokuguqulwa ukuba akujongwanga.” Ukuze sinqwenele ukuba umkhosi ube yinto eyahlukileyo ngokwawo awufezi nto. Kufuneka senze imephu yendlela eya kwinguqu kwaye emva koko sicinezele kwaye sikhuthaze umkhosi ukuba uthathe indima entsha. Ke ingxabano echasene nokubandakanyeka emkhosini iyasebenza, kodwa inyani yeyokuba umkhosi awusoze uvume ukuncitshiswa okunzulu kwebhajethi yasemkhosini ukuxhasa inkcitho yokujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu ngokusebenzisa ezinye iiarhente. Kunoko, ingozi yokutshintsha kwemozulu kufuneka ibonakale ngaphakathi emkhosini. Ngaphaya koko, ukungeniswa kozinzo njengomgaqo ongundoqo womkhosi unokuya kude ekulungiseni impi kunye nengqondo yobundlobongela obuthwaxa uluntu lwaseMelika ngokusasaza amandla omkhosi ekuphiliseni inkqubo yendalo.
Kuyinyani yomkhosi ukuba ihlala ilungiselela ukulwa imfazwe yokugqibela. Enoba ziinkosi zaseAfrika ezazisilwa namathanga aseYurophu ngamakhubalo nemikhonto, iinjengele zeMfazwe Yamakhaya zaziwathanda kakhulu amahashe awayejongela phantsi iindlela zikaloliwe ezimdaka, okanye iinjengele zeMfazwe Yehlabathi I ezathumela amajoni ahamba ngeenyawo adubula ngemipu ngokungathi ayesilwa neFranco-Prussian. Imfazwe, umkhosi uthambekele ekucingeni ukuba ungquzulwano olulandelayo luya kuba yinguqulelo nje eyonyusiweyo yeyokugqibela.
Ukuba umkhosi, endaweni yokuthumela izoyikiso zomkhosi eIran okanye eSyria, uthatha unxibelelwano notshintsho lwemozulu njengomsebenzi wawo ophambili, uya kuzisa iqela elitsha labafana nabasetyhini abanetalente, kwaye indima yomkhosi iya kutshintsha. Njengoko i-United States iqala ukwabela kwakhona inkcitho yayo yasemkhosini, ziya kuba njalo nezinye izizwe zehlabathi. Isiphumo sinokuba yinkqubo yomkhosi ephantsi kakhulu kunye nokuba nokwenzeka kwemfuneko entsha yentsebenziswano yehlabathi.
Kodwa lo mbono awunamsebenzi ukuba asikwazi ukufumana indlela yokukhokelela emkhosini wase-US kwicala elifanelekileyo. Njengoko kunjalo, sichitha ubutyebi obuxabisekileyo kwiinkqubo zezixhobo ezingafezekisiyo iimfuno zomkhosi, singasathethi ke ngokunikezela nasiphi na isicelo kwiingxaki zokutshintsha kwemozulu. UJohn Feffer ucebisa ukuba inertia yaseburhulumenteni kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali olukhuphisanayo sesona sizathu siphambili sibonakala singenakukhetha ngaphandle kokulandela izixhobo ezingenasicelo esicacileyo: "Amaqela ahlukeneyo omkhosi akhuphisana omnye nomnye ngeqhekeza lepayi yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali, kwaye bayakhuphisana. abafuni ukubona uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwabo lulonke lusehla.” UFeffer ubonisa ukuba iingxoxo ezithile ziyaphindwa de zibonakale ngathi zeVangeli: “Kufuneka sibambelele kwizixhobo zethu ezizithathu zenyukliya; kufuneka sibe nenani elincinci labalwi bejethi; kufuneka sibe noMkhosi waseLwandle olungele igunya lehlabathi. "
Isinyanzeliso sokuqhubeka nokwakha ngaphezulu okufanayo sinecandelo lengingqi nezopolitiko. Imisebenzi eyayanyaniswa nezi zixhobo ithe saa kulo lonke ilizwe. “Asikho isithili seCongress esingadityaniswanga ngandlela ithile ekwenziweni kwezixhobo zezixhobo,” utshilo uFeffer. “Kwaye ukwenziwa kwezo zixhobo kuthetha imisebenzi, ngamanye amaxesha ikuphela kwemisebenzi yokuvelisa eseleyo. Abezobupolitika abanakuwatyeshela loo mazwi. Ummeli uBarney Frank waseMassachusetts wayenenkalipho yokubiza uhlaziyo lwasemkhosini, kodwa xa i-injini yokugcina inqwelomoya yokulwa i-F-35 eyayivezwe kwilizwe lakhe yayiza kuvotelwa, kwafuneka ayivotele - nangona uMkhosi woMoya. yachaza ukuba akuyomfuneko.”
Kukho abanye eWashington DC abaqale ukuphuhlisa inkcazo ebanzi yomdla wesizwe kunye nokhuseleko. Enye yezona zinto zithembisayo linyathelo leSicwangciso seSmart kwiNew America Foundation. Phantsi kolwalathiso lukaPatrick Doherty, “iQhinga eliKhulu” liyakhula elitsalela ingqalelo kwimiba emine ebalulekileyo ephuma kuluntu nakwihlabathi. Imiba ephathwayo “kwiQhinga Elizukileyo” “kukuqukana kwezoqoqosho,” ukungena kwabantu abazibhiliyoni ezi-3 kudidi oluphakathi lwehlabathi kwiminyaka engama-20 ezayo kunye nefuthe lolo tshintsho kuqoqosho nakwimekobume; “ukuphela komxokomelwano wokuphilisana kwezidalwa,” impembelelo yezinto ezenziwa ngabantu kwindalo esingqongileyo kunye neziphumo zayo kuthi; “uxinezeleko,” imeko yezoqoqosho ekhoyo ngoku ebonisa imfuneko ephantsi kunye nemilinganiselo engqongqo yobungqongqo; kunye “nentsilelo yokuqina,” ubuthathaka beziseko ezingundoqo zethu kunye nenkqubo yoqoqosho ngokubanzi. I-Smart Strategy Initiative ayithethi malunga nokwenza umkhosi ube luhlaza ngakumbi, kodwa malunga nokusetha kwakhona izinto eziphambili kwisizwe siphela, kubandakanya nomkhosi. UDoherty ucinga ukuba umkhosi kufuneka ubambelele kwindima yawo yantlandlolo kwaye ungoluleli kwiinkalo ezingaphaya kobuchule bawo.
Xa ebuzwa malunga nempendulo ngokubanzi yePentagon kumbuzo wokutshintsha kwemozulu, wachaza iinkampu ezine ezahlukeneyo. Okokuqala, kukho abo bahlala begxile kwiinkxalabo zokhuseleko zemveli kwaye bathathela ingqalelo utshintsho lwemozulu ekubaleni kwabo. Emva koko kukho abo babona utshintsho lwemozulu njengenye isongelo ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo kwisicwangciso sokhuseleko lwendabuko kodwa njengento engaphezulu kwento yangaphandle kunomba ophambili. Bavakalisa inkxalabo malunga neziseko zomkhosi wamanzi eziya kuba ngaphantsi kwamanzi okanye iimpembelelo zeendlela ezintsha zolwandle phezu kweepali, kodwa ukucinga kwabo okusisiseko akukatshintshi. Kukwakho nabo bakhuthaza ukusebenzisa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali olukhulu lokhuselo ukuze kunyuswe utshintsho lwentengiso ngeliso elibhekiselele ekuphembeleleni ukusetyenziswa kwamandla omkhosi kunye noluntu.
Okokugqibela, kukho abo basemkhosini abaye bafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba utshintsho lwemozulu lufuna isicwangciso esitsha sikazwelonke esithatha umgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya kunye nowangaphandle kwaye babandakanyeka kwingxoxo ebanzi kunye nabachaphazelekayo abahlukeneyo malunga nokuba yintoni indlela eya phambili.
Ezinye iingcamango malunga nendlela yokubuyisela umkhosi, kodwa ngokukhawuleza!
Kufuneka sibeke isicwangciso somkhosi onikezela ngeepesenti ezingama-60 okanye ngaphezulu kwebhajethi yayo ekuphuhliseni itekhnoloji, iziseko zophuhliso kunye nezenzo zokunqanda ukusasazeka kweentlango, ukuvuselela iilwandlekazi kunye nokuguqula iinkqubo zoshishino ezonakalisayo zanamhlanje zibe kuqoqosho olutsha, oluzinzileyo. . Ngaba umkhosi owawuthatha njengenjongo yawo ephambili yokunciphisa ungcoliseko, ukubeka iliso kokusingqongileyo, ukulungiswa komonakalo wokusingqongileyo kunye nokuziqhelanisa nemingeni emitsha kujongeka njani? Ngaba sinokucinga ngomkhosi omsebenzi wawo ophambili ingekokubulala nokutshabalalisa, kodwa kukugcina nokukhusela?
Sihlaba ikhwelo kumkhosi ukuba wenze into engekamiselwa ngoku. Kodwa kuyo yonke imbali, imikhosi ibisoloko ifuneka ukuba iphinde izenzele ngokutsha ukuze ihlangabezane nezoyikiso zangoku. Ngaphezu koko, utshintsho lwemozulu lucelomngeni olungafaniyo nayo nantoni na impucuko yethu eyakha yadibana nayo. Ukuxhobisa kwakhona umkhosi kwimingeni yokusingqongileyo yenye nje yeenguqu ezininzi ezisisiseko esiya kuzibona.
Ukwabelwa ngokutsha okucwangcisiweyo kwayo yonke indawo yenkqubo yangoku yokhuseleko lwasemkhosini iya kuba linyathelo lokuqala lokuhamba ukusuka kwiqhekeza ukuya kumanyano olusisiseko. Umkhosi wamanzi unokujongana ngokuyintloko nokukhusela nokubuyisela iilwandlekazi; uMkhosi woMoya uya kuthwala uxanduva lwe-atmosfera, ukubeka iliso kwizinto ezikhutshwayo kunye nokuphuhlisa izicwangciso zokunciphisa ungcoliseko lomoya; ngelixa uMkhosi wawunokusingatha ulondolozo lomhlaba kunye nemiba yamanzi. Onke amasebe aya kuba noxanduva lokusabela kwiintlekele zendalo. Iinkonzo zethu zobuntlola ziya kuthatha uxanduva lokubeka iliso kwi-biosphere kunye nabangcolisi bayo, ukuvavanya isimo sayo kunye nokwenza izindululo zexesha elide zokulungisa kunye nokuziqhelanisa.
Utshintsho olunjalo lwesalathiso lunika iingenelo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Ngaphezu kwako konke, yayiza kubuyisela injongo kunye nembeko kuMkhosi oxhobileyo. Imikhosi exhobileyo yayikhe yaba lubizo lwezona nkokeli zaseMelika zibalaseleyo neziqaqambileyo, ezivelisa iinkokeli ezifana noGeorge Marshall kunye noDwight Eisenhower, kunokuba babe ngabavukeli bezopolitiko kunye nee-prima donnas ezifana noDavid Petraeus. Ukuba imfuneko yokutshintsha komkhosi, iya kuphinda ifumane ukuma kwayo kwezentlalo kuluntu lwaseMelika kwaye amagosa ayo aya kuphinda akwazi ukudlala indima ephambili ekufakeni igalelo kumgaqo-nkqubo wesizwe kwaye angajongi iingalo zawo zibotshelelwe njengoko iinkqubo zezixhobo zilandelwa ukuze kuxhamle abantu. iilobbyists kunye nabaxhasi babo beenkampani.
I-United States ijongene nesigqibo esiyimbali: Singalandela ngokuthe ngcembe indlela engenakuthintelwa eya emfazweni kunye nokwehla kobukhosi, okanye siguqule ngokugqibeleleyo indawo ekhoyo yomkhosi-mveliso ibe yimodeli yentsebenziswano yehlabathi ngokwenene ukulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Le ndlela yokugqibela isinika ithuba lokulungisa amakhondo angalunganga eMelika kwaye sihambe siye kwicala elinokukhokelela ekuhambeni kwexesha ekuziqhelaniseni nasekuphileni.
Masiqale ngePacific Pivot
UJohn Feffer ucebisa ukuba olu tshintsho lungaqala ngeMpuma ye-Asia kwaye luthathe uhlobo lokwandiswa kwe-“Pacific pivot” yoLawulo luka-Obama. Feffer ucebisa oku: “IPasifiki Pivot isenokuba sisiseko somanyano olukhulu ngakumbi olumisela imekobume njengomxholo oyintloko wentsebenziswano yokhuseleko phakathi kweUnited States, iTshayina, iJapan, iKorea, iKorea namanye amazwe aseMpuma Asia, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswa umngcipheko wokungquzulana kunye nokhuseleko. ukuxhotyiswa kwakhona.” Ukuba sigxininisa kwizoyikiso zokwenyani, umzekelo, indlela uphuhliso loqoqosho olukhawulezayo - ngokuchasene nokukhula okuzinzileyo - lube negalelo ekusasazeni iintlango, ukuncipha konikezelo lwamanzi amatsha, kunye nenkcubeko yabathengi ekhuthaza ukusetyenziswa okungaboniyo, sinokunciphisa umngcipheko ukwakhiwa kweengalo kummandla. Njengoko indima ye-East Asia kuqoqosho lwehlabathi isanda kwaye iphawulwa kwihlabathi liphela, utshintsho lwengingqi kwingqikelelo yokhuseleko, kunye notshintsho oluhambelana nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lomkhosi, lunokuba nempembelelo enkulu kwihlabathi jikelele.
Abo bacinga ukuba "iMfazwe ebandayo" entsha idlakaza iMpuma ye-Asia idla ngokungayihoyi into yokuba malunga nokukhula ngokukhawuleza kwezoqoqosho, ukudityaniswa kwezoqoqosho kunye nobuzwe, ukufana okumangalisayo akukho phakathi kweMpuma ye-Asia namhlanje kunye ne-East Asia ngexesha leengcamango zeMfazwe yeCold. kodwa phakathi kweMpuma yeAsia namhlanje kunye neYurophu ngo-1914. Elo xesha libuhlungu labona iFransi, iJamani, i-Italiya kunye noBukhosi base-Austro-Hungarian, phakathi kokudityaniswa okungazange kubonwe ngaphambili kwezoqoqosho kwaye nangona iintetho kunye nethemba loxolo oluhlala luhleli, zisilela ukusombulula ixesha elide lembali. imiba kwaye ungene kwimfazwe yehlabathi etshabalalisayo. Ukucinga ukuba sijongana nenye "imfazwe ebandayo" kukungakhathaleli inqanaba apho ukwakhiwa komkhosi kuqhutywa yimiba yezoqoqosho yangaphakathi kwaye ayinanto yakwenza neengcinga.
Inkcitho yasemkhosini yaseTshayina yafikelela kwi-100 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2012 okokuqala, njengoko ukonyuka kwamanani aphindwe kabini kutyhala nabamelwane bayo ukuba banyuse uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lomkhosi. UMzantsi Korea uyandisa inkcitho yawo emkhosini, ngokunyuka kwepesenti ezi-5 kuqikelelwa ukuba ngowama-2012. Nangona iJapan iye yagcina inkcitho yayo yasemkhosini yaya kutsho kwisi-1 ekhulwini seGDP yayo, inkulumbuso esandul’ ukunyulwa, uAbe Shinzo, imemelela ukwanda okukhulu kweJapan phesheya kolwandle. imisebenzi yomkhosi njengentiyo ebhekiselele eTshayina ibetha ixesha elide.
Ngeli xesha, iPentagon ikhuthaza amahlakani ayo ukuba anyuse inkcitho yasemkhosini kwaye athenge izixhobo zase-US. Okumangalisayo kukuba, ukucuthwa okunokubakho kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwePentagon kuhlala kuboniswa njengamathuba ezinye izizwe zokunyusa inkcitho yasemkhosini ukuze zidlale indima eyongeziweyo.
isiphelo
I-Ambassador Kwon's Future Forest iphumelele kakhulu ekudibaniseni ulutsha lwaseKorea nolwaseTshayina ukuze lityale imithi kunye nokwakha “uDonga Olukhulu Oluluhlaza” ukuze luqulathe iNtlango yaseKubuchi. Ngokungafaniyo noDonga Olukhulu lwamandulo, olu donga alwenzelwe ukubamba intshaba yomntu, kodwa kunokudala umgca wemithi njengento yokukhusela indalo. Mhlawumbi oorhulumente baseMpuma ye-Asia kunye ne-United States banokufunda kumzekelo owenziwe ngaba bantwana kwaye bavuselele iiNtetho zeSix Party ezihlala zikhubazekile ngokwenza imo engqongileyo kunye nokulungelelanisa isihloko esiphambili kwingxoxo.
Amandla entsebenziswano phakathi komkhosi kunye nemibutho yasekuhlaleni ngokunxulumene nokusingqongileyo mkhulu kakhulu ukuba imiqathango yengxoxo iyandiswa. Ukuba sinokulungelelanisa abo bakhuphisanayo nommandla kwinjongo efanayo yasemkhosini engafuni "ilizwe lotshaba" lokuvala izikhundla, singakwazi ukuphepha enye yeengozi ezinkulu zanamhlanje. Isiphumo sokuthomalalisa imeko yokhuphiswano kunye nokwakhiwa komkhosi kuya kuba yinzuzo enkulu ngokwayo, eyahlukileyo kakhulu kwigalelo elenziwe ngumsebenzi wokusabela kwimozulu.
IiNtetho zeQela eliThandathu zinokuguquka zibe "kwiForam yePivot eluhlaza" evavanya izoyikiso zokusingqongileyo, ibeka izinto eziphambili phakathi kwabachaphazelekayo kwaye yabe izibonelelo ezifunekayo ukulwa neengxaki.
