I-Okinawa, kwakhona-Umkhosi Womoya wase-US kunye nee-US Marines Zityhefe Amanzi kunye neNtlanzi yase-Okinawa ngokukhutshwa okukhulu kwe-PFAS. Ngoku lithuba loMkhosi.

NguPat Elder, World BEYOND War, UJuni 23, 2021

Umbala obomvu "X" ubonakalisa "iindawo apho amanzi okulwa umlilo aqukethe i-organo-fluorine compounds (PFAS) kukholelwa ukuba iye yaphuma. ” Indawo ephawulwe ngoonobumba abane ngasentla yi "Tengan Pier."

Nge-10 kaJuni, ngo-2021, iilitha ezingama-2,400 “zamanzi okulwa umlilo” aqukethe i-PFAS (nganye-kunye ne-poly fluoroalkyl izinto) zikhutshwe ngengozi kwiziko lokugcina ioyile yomkhosi wase-US e-Uruma City nakwezinye iindawo ezikufuphi, ngokwe Ryukyu Shimpo iarhente yeendaba zaseOkinawan. Iziko lezoKhuseleko lase-Okinawa lithe izixhobo ezinetyhefu ziphuma ngaphandle kwesiseko ngenxa yemvula enkulu. Uxinzelelo lwe-PFAS kukhululo alwaziwa ngelixa umkhosi ungekho. Ukuchitheka kukholelwa ekubeni kuye kwachitheka uMlambo iTengan kunye nolwandle.

Ngexesha lophando oludlulileyo olwenziwe sisithili, uMlambo iTengan ufunyaniswe unezinga eliphezulu le-PFAS. Ukukhutshwa okunetyhefu kweekhemikhali eziyityhefu ngumkhosi wase-US kuyinto eqhelekileyo eOkinawa.

Cinga ngendlela okuchithwe ngayo oku kutshanje kumaphephandaba e-Okinawan:

“Ngorhatya lomhla we-11 kuJuni, iZiko lezoKhuselo laxela esi sehlo kurhulumente wengingqi, e-Uruma City, eKanatake Town, nakwimibutho yabalobi echaphazelekayo, laza lacela icala lase-US ukuba liqinisekise ngolawulo lokhuseleko, ukuthintela ukuphinda-phinda, lize lisibike kwangoko eso sehlo. UMphathiswa Wezangaphandle udlulise ukuzisola kwakhe kwicala laseMelika ngoJuni 11. ICandelo lezoKhuselo, urhulumente wesixeko, kunye namapolisa angaphambili basiqinisekisile esi siza. URyuko Shimpo ubuzile malunga nesehlo kumkhosi wase-US, kodwa ukusukela nge-10 PM ngoJuni11, akukho mpendulo. ”

Ukuba umkhosi uphendula, siyayazi into abanokuyithetha. Baza kuthi baxhalabile ngempilo kunye nokhuseleko lwabantu baseOkinawans kwaye bazibophelele ekuqinisekiseni ulawulo lokhuseleko kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho kuphinda kwenzeke. Iya kuba sisiphelo sebali. Jongana nayo, iOkinawa.

Abantu baseOkinawa ngabemi baseJapan abakumgangatho wesibini. Urhulumente waseJapan ubonakalise kaninzi ukuba akayikhathalelanga impilo kunye nokukhuseleka kwabantu baseOkinawans ebusweni bokukhutshwa okuphindaphindiweyo okunetyhefu kwiziseko zase-US. Nangona isiqithi esincinci saseOkinawa sine-0.6% yomhlaba waseJapan, i-70% yomhlaba waseJapan okhethekileyo kwimikhosi yase-US ikho. IOkinawa imalunga nesithathu sobukhulu beLong Island, eNew York, kwaye ineendawo zemikhosi zaseMelika ezingama-32.

Abantu baseOkinawa batya iintlanzi ezininzi ezingcoliswe ngamanqanaba aphezulu e-PFOS, iindidi ezithile ezibulalayo zePFAS ezingena emanzini aphuma kwiziseko zaseMelika. Yintlekele kwesi siqithi, ngenxa yoxinaniso oluphezulu lofakelo lomkhosi waseMelika. Ukutya ukutya kwaselwandle ngowona mthombo uphambili wokungenisa kwabantu i-PFAS.

Ezi ndidi zine zidweliswe apha ngasentla (ukusuka phezulu kuye ezantsi) zii-swordtail, pearl danio, guppy, kunye ne-tilapia. (1 i-nanogram ngegrama, ng / g = iinxalenye ezili-1,000 102,000 ngetriliyoni (ppt), ngoko ke ikrele laliqulethe i-XNUMX pptI-EPA icebisa ukunciphisa i-PFAS emanzini okusela ukuya kwi-70 ppt.

Futenma

Ngo-2020, inkqubo yokunciphisa umlilo kwi-hangar yeenqwelo-moya kwiSitishi soMoya saseMarine Futenma ikhuphe umthamo omkhulu we-foam yokulwa nomlilo. Amagwebu amagwebu agalelwe emlanjeni wengingqi kunye namafu afana neefowusi abonwa edada ngaphezulu kweenyawo ezilikhulu ngaphezulu komhlaba kwaye ezinze kwiindawo zokudlala ezihlala abantu nasekuhlaleni.

IiMarines zazonwabela i ibarbecue  kwirandi enkulu enesixokelelwano sokucinezela amagwebu esiye sakhutshwa xa kwafunyanwa umsi kunye nobushushu. Urhuluneli wase-Okinawan u-Denny Tamaki wathi, "Andinawo amazwi okwenyani," xa wafumanisa ukuba ibheyiji yayingunobangela wokukhululwa.

Kwaye ingaba yintoni impendulo efanelekileyo evela kwiRhuluneli ngoku? Unokuthi, umzekelo, "Abantu baseMelika bayasityhefa ngelixa urhulumente wase-Japan uzimisele ukuncama ubomi buka-Okinawan ngenxa yobukho obungapheliyo base-US. Ngo-1945 kwakukudala kakhulu kwaye besingamaxhoba ukusukela ngoko. Coca ubumdaka bakho, Imikhosi yaseUnited States eJapan, uze uphume. ”

Ukukhukhumeza okukhulu kwe-carcinogenic foam kuhlala kwiindawo zokuhlala kufutshane nesiseko seFutenma Marine Corps eOkinawa.

Xa wayexinekile ukuba aphawule, uDavid Steele, umphathi weFutenma Air Base, wabelana ngamazwi akhe obulumko noluntu lwaseOkinawan. Uye wabaxelela ukuba "ukuba kuyanetha, izakudamba." Kuyabonakala ukuba, wayebhekisa kumaqamza, hayi ukutyeba kwegwebu lokugulisa abantu. Ingozi efanayo yenzeke kwisiseko esinye ngo-Disemba ka-2019 xa inkqubo yokucinezela umlilo ngempazamo yakhupha i-carcinogenic foam.

Kwasekuqaleni kwe-2021, urhulumente wase-Okinawan wabhengeza amanzi aphantsi komhlaba kwindawo ejikeleze isiseko seMarine Corps esine-2,000 ppt ye-PFAS. Amanye amazwe ase-US anemimiselo endaweni ethintela amanzi omhlaba ekuqulathe ngaphezulu kwe-20 ppt ye-PFAS, kodwa oku kuhlala e-Okinawa.

Ingxelo yeOkinawa Defense Bureau yathi i-foam ikhupha eFutenma

“Ayinampembelelo ebantwini.” Okwangoku, URyukyo Shimpo Iphephandaba lasampula amanzi omlambo kufutshane nesiseko seFutenma kwaye yafumana i-247.2 ppt. I-PFOS / PFOA kuMlambo i-Uchidomari (iboniswe ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.) Amanzi olwandle avela kwizibuko lokuloba laseMakiminato (ngasentla ngasekhohlo) aqukethe i-41.0 ng / l yeetyhefu. Umlambo wawuneentlobo ezili-13 ze-PFAS eziqulethwe ngumkhosi wamanzi owenza ifilimu (AFFF).

Amanzi amphunga aphuma kwimibhobho yogutyulo (ebomvu x) esuka eLwandle Isikhululo soMoya Futenma. Umgaqo weenqwelo-moya uboniswa ngasekunene. Umlambo i-Uchidomari (ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) uthwala ityhefu ukuya eMakiminato kuLwandle lwase China lwase Mpuma.

Ke, kuthetha ntoni ukuba amanzi aneenxalenye ezingama-247.2 ngeetriliyoni zePFAS? Kuthetha ukuba abantu bayagula. ISebe lezeMithombo yeNdalo laseWisconsin lithi amanqanaba omhlaba angaphezulu athi dlula i-2 ppt zibeka emngciphekweni impilo yabantu. I-PFOS kumagwebu asendle acoceke kubomi bamanzi. Eyona ndlela iphambili abantu abazisebenzisa ngayo ezi khemikhali kukutya iintlanzi. I-Wisconsin isandula ukupapasha idatha yeentlanzi kufutshane neTruax Air Force Base ebonisa amanqanaba e-PFAS ngokusondeleyo kufutshane nokugxila okuxelwe e-Okinawa.

Oku malunga nempilo yabantu kunye nendlela abantu abatyhefwa ngayo ngeentlanzi abazityayo.

Ngo-2013, enye ingozi eKadena Air Base yasasaza iilitha ezingama-2,270 zokucima umlilo kwi-hangar evulekileyo nakwimvula yesiphango. Ulwandle olunxilileyo lwenza ukuba inkqubo yoxinzelelo icinywe. Ingozi yomkhosi yakutshanje ikhutshiwe 2,400 ilitha amagwebu anetyhefu.

I-foam egxunyekwe yi-PFAS igcwalisa iKadena Air Force Base, eOkinawa kwi2013. Isipuni setispuni sogwebu kwesi sithombe sinetyhefu kwidolophu yonke yokusela.

Kwasekuqaleni kwe-2021 urhulumente wase-Okinawan uxele ukuba amanzi aphantsi komhlaba ngaphandle kwesiseko aqulathiwe 3,000 ppt. zePFAS.  Amanzi aphantsi komhlaba athululela emanzini angaphezulu, athi ke aye elwandle. Le nto ayipheli nje. Iyaqhubeka ukuphuma kwisiseko kwaye iintlanzi zinetyhefu.

Umkhosi weKin Wan Petroleum, ioyile kunye neLubricant yokugcina indawo eUruma City ikufuphi nangoko nepier, esetyenziselwa ukufumana iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezixhobo kunye neembumbulu. Ngokomlawuli weFleet Operations Okinawa, “iTengan Pier yindawo ethandwayo yabantu abasebenza emanzini nabadadayo. Ifumaneka eTengan Bay kunxweme loLwandlekazi lwePasifiki iOkinawa, le ndawo inezona ndawo ziphambili zolwandle ezifumaneka naphi na kulo mmandla. ”

Kukudumba nje oko. Ingxaki enye: Imikhosi yase-US isongela impilo eqhubekayo yobo bomi baselwandle, kunye nobomi baselwandle. Ngapha koko, ukwakhiwa kwesiseko esitsha e-Henoko kusongela inkqubo yezinto eziphilayo ze-coral reefs, i-ecosystem yokuqala yezinto eziphilayo. Izixhobo zenyukliya zinokugcinwa kwakhona eHenoko, ukuba isiseko sinokugqitywa.

Umphathi weeFleet Activities eOkinawa

Umkhosi wamanzi usongele ngokutshutshisa
Iityhefu zomkhosi wokusebenzisa ii-insignias zolwandle.

I-Kin Wan ifumana, igcina, kwaye ikhuphe yonke ipetroli yokuhamba ngenqwelomoya, ipetroli yemoto kunye nedizili esetyenziswa yi-United States Forces e-Okinawa. Isebenza kwaye igcina inkqubo yemibhobho yepetroleum ye-100 yeemayile efikelela kwisikhululo somoya iFutenma Marine Corps emazantsi esiqithi, ngeKadena Air Base, ukuya eKin Wan.

Le yi-aorta yentliziyo yobukho bemikhosi yaseMelika e-Okinawa.

Iindawo zokugcina ipetroli zomkhosi wase-US ezinje kwihlabathi liphela ziyaziwa ukuba zisebenzise uninzi lweekhemikhali ze-PFAS ukusukela kwii-1970s zokuqala. Iindawo zokugcina amafutha ezorhwebo ziyeke kakhulu ukusebenzisa amagwebu abulalayo, ukutshintshela kumagwebu angenawo fluorine alinganayo.

U-TAKAHASHI Toshio lishishini lezendalo elihlala kufutshane nesiseko seFutenma Marine Corps. Amava akhe okulwa ukulawula amanqanaba engxolo kwi-airbase ibonelela ngesifundo esibalulekileyo kwisidingo sokumelana nabantu baseMelika abonakalisa ilizwe lakhe.

Usebenza njengonobhala weqela le-Futenma US Air Base Bombing Lawsuit. Ukusukela ngo-2002, uncede ekutshutshiseni ityala laseklasini lokuphelisa ungcoliseko lwengxolo olubangelwa yinqwelomoya yomkhosi wase-US. Inkundla igwebe ngo-2010 kwaye kwakhona ngo-2020 ukuba ingxolo ebangelwe kukusebenza kweenqwelomoya zomkhosi wase-US ayikho semthethweni kwaye ingaphaya koko kuthathwa njengokunyamezelwa ngokusemthethweni, ukuba urhulumente wase-Japan ukwanoxanduva lomonakalo obangelwe ngabahlali kwaye kufuneka ahlawule abahlali ngemali .

Kuba urhulumente waseJapan engenalo igunya lokulawula ukusebenza kweenqwelomoya zomkhosi wase-US, isibheno sikaTakahashi "somyalelo wenqwelomoya" saliwa, kwaye nomonakalo obangelwe yingxolo yenqwelomoya uyaqhubeka ungapheliswa. Ityala lesithathu okwangoku lilindelwe kwiNkundla yeSithili saseOkinawa. Ityala lesenzo elikhulu leklasi elinabamangali abangaphezu kwama-5,000 XNUMX ababanga umonakalo.

"Emva kwesigameko seFutenma esinamagwebu ngo-Epreli ka-2020," utshilo uTakahashi,

urhulumente waseJapan (kunye norhulumente wengingqi nabahlali) abakwazanga ukuphanda ngesiganeko esenzeke ngaphakathi kwezomkhosi wase-US. Inkqubo ye-

 I-US-Japan Ubume beMvumelwano yeMikhosi, okanye i-SOFA  ibeka phambili imikhosi yase-US ebime eJapan kwaye ithintela urhulumente ukuba angaphandi ngendawo yongcoliseko lwe-PFAS kunye neemeko zengozi. ”

Kwimeko yamva nje yomkhosi kwisiXeko sase-Uruma, urhulumente wase-Japan (okt, urhulumente wase-Okinawa) naye akakwazi ukuphanda unobangela wongcoliseko.

UTakahashi ucacisile, "Kubonakalisiwe ukuba ungcoliseko lwePFAS lubanga umhlaza kwaye lunokuchaphazela ukukhula komntwana kwaye lubangele isifo ebantwaneni abancinci, ke ukuphanda unobangela kunye nokucoca ukungcola kubalulekile ukukhusela ubomi babahlali kwaye sizalisekise uxanduva lwethu kwikamva. kwizizukulwana. ”

UTakahashi uthi uvile ukuba inkqubela phambili iyenziwa e-US, apho umkhosi uye waphanda ukungcoliswa kwe-PFAS kwaye uthathe inqanaba loxanduva lokucoca. Uthi: "Ayisosigqeba semikhosi yase-US ebime phesheya kolwandle." "Imigangatho ephindwe kabini iyacalucalula kwaye ayinantlonipho kumazwe awamkelekileyo nakwimimandla apho imikhosi yama-US imi khona, kwaye ayinakunyamezelwa," utshilo.

Enkosi kuJoseph Essertier, uMququzeleli waseJapan nge World BEYOND War kunye noMncedisi uNjingalwazi kwiNagoya Institute of Technology. UJoseph wanceda ngokuguqulela kunye nezimvo zokuhlela.