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Ngasekupheleni kukaMatshi walo nyaka, uninzi lwamazwe ehlabathi luya kudibana kwikomkhulu leZizwe eziManyeneyo kwisiXeko saseNew York ukuze luqalise uthethathethwano ngomnqophiso wokuvalwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya. Iya kuba sisiganeko esibalulekileyo kwimbali yamazwe ngamazwe. Akunjalo nje kuphela uthethwano olunjalo aluzange lubanjwe ngaphambili-izixhobo zenyukliya zihlala ziyiklasi kuphela yezixhobo zokutshabalalisa (WMD) ezingathintelwanga ngokucacileyo ngumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe-inkqubo ngokwayo iphinda ibonise ukuguquka kwi-diplomacy yamazwe ngamazwe.
Ivela njengenxalenye “yomgangatho wempucuko” yaseYurophu ngenkulungwane ye-19, imithetho yemfazwe yayijoliswe, ngokuyinxenye, ukuba kwahlula "iphucuke" iYurophu ukusuka kwihlabathi "elingaphucukanga". Njengoko iindaba ezilungileyo nabavangeli basemazweni babesasazeka kwiindawo ezisemagqagaleni zehlabathi, uphawu lwesithethe lwaseYurophu lweNgqobhoko aluzange lube nalo. Kwimiqathango ye-Hegelian, ukuphuhliswa kwemithetho yemfazwe kwenza ukuba amagunya amadala aseYurophu agcine isazisi esifanayo ngokugatya "Okunye" okungaphucukanga.
Abantu ababonwa bengakwazi okanye abafuni ukuthobela imithetho yaseYurophu kunye namasiko emfazwe baye babhengezwa njengabangaphucukanga ngokungagqibekanga. Ukuhlelwa njengabangaphucukanga, kwathetha ukuba umnyango wobulungu obupheleleyo boluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe wavalwa; iipolitiki ezingaphucukanga azikwazanga ukwenza umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe okanye ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkomfa zozakuzo ngokulinganayo nezizwe eziphucukileyo. Ngaphezu koko, amazwe angaphucukanga ayenokoyiswa okanye asetyenziswe kakubi ngabantu baseNtshona abaziphethe kakuhle. Kwaye abantu abangaphucukanga, ngaphezu koko, babenjalo akatyala umgangatho ofanayo wokuziphatha njengabaphucukileyo. Oku kuqonda ubukhulu becala kwahlala kuthe cwaka, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha bekuxoxwa kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke. KwiNkomfa yaseHague ngowe-1899, umzekelo, amagunya obukoloniyali kuxoxwa ngazo nokuba kufakwe ikhowudi ukuvalwa kokusetyenziswa kokwandisa iimbumbulu ngokuchasene namajoni ezizwe "eziphucukileyo" ngelixa ugcina ukuqhubeka nokusetyenziswa kwezo zixhobo ngokuchasene "nezigebenga". Kumazwe amaninzi kuMzantsi weGlobal, ilifa lenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba lelinye elihlangeneyo ukuthotywa kunye neentloni.
Konke oku akuthethi ukuba akukho mithetho yemfazwe imiyalelo emihle yokuziphatha. Ius kwi belloImithetho esisiseko “yokungakhuseleki ekulweni”, ulungelelwaniso phakathi kweziphelo kunye neendlela, kunye nokuphepha ukwenzakala okugqithileyo kunokukhuselwa ngokuqinisekileyo njengemiyalelo eneenqobo ezisesikweni (kodwa iphinde yacenga. umngeni). Ngokuhamba kwexesha, ngaphezu koko, imvelaphi ethe kratya ngokobuhlanga yemithetho yemfazwe yanikezela kumxholo wayo wendalo iphela. Ngapha koko, eyona migaqo yokulawula ubutshaba ayiboni ngokupheleleyo ukuba ngawaphi amaqela alwayo kwanokuba netyala lokuqhambuka kongquzulwano.
Umahluko phakathi kwamazwe aphucukileyo kunye namazwe angaphucukanga uhlala kwiingxoxo zomthetho zamazwe ngamazwe. I Ummiselo weNkundla yoBulungisa yaMazwe ngaMazwe—eyona nto isondeleyo umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe wanamhlanje kumgaqo-siseko—oyichaza njengemithombo yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kungekuphela nje izivumelwano nezithethe, kodwa “nemigaqo eqhelekileyo yomthetho evunyiweyo ngamazwe aphucukileyo.” Ekuqaleni ibhekisa ngokuthe ngqo aseYurophu uluntu lwamazwe, iimbekiselo “kwizizwe eziphucukileyo” namhlanje zithathwa ukuze kubizwe “uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe” ngokubanzi. Eli lokugqibela licandelo elibandakanyayo kunelo laseYurophu, kodwa ayikagqibi kuwo onke amazwe. Amazwe acingelwa ukuba akhona ngaphandle koluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe-uluhlu oludla ngokuziswa ngokuba nomnqweno wokwenene okanye otyholwayo wokuphuhlisa i-WMD-idla ngokubizwa ngokuthi "rouge" okanye "bandit" ithi. (Ngokuxelela, ukulahlwa kweWMD kaColonel Gaddafi ngo-2003 kwabangela ukuba uTony Blair abhengeze ukuba iLibya ngoku inelungelo "ukujoyina kwakhona uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe”.) Amaphulo okuvalwa kwezixhobo zembumbulu ezingamaqela, izigcayiseli, izixhobo ezitshisayo, izirhintyelo zebhombu, irhasi yetyhefu, izixhobo zebhayoloji zonke zasebenzisa amaqela abantu abaphucukileyo/abangaphucukanga nabanoxanduva/abangenaluxanduva ukuzisa umyalezo wabo.
Iphulo eliqhubekayo lokuvala izixhobo zenyukliya lisebenzisa ulwimi olufanayo. Kodwa umlinganiswa okhethekileyo wentshukumo eqhubekayo yokuvala izixhobo zenyukliya ayizozimvo eziphiliswa ngazo, kodwa zizazisi zabadali bazo. Ngelixa onke amaphulo akhankanyiweyo ngasentla aye aphuhliswa okanye ubuncinane exhaswa ngamazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, intshukumo yesivumelwano sokuvalwa kwenyukliya iphawula okokuqala isixhobo somthetho wobuntu wamazwe ngamazwe sinyanzelwa ukuba sibekho ngokuchasene nokukhaba kunye nokukhala okungundoqo waseYurophu. Umsebenzi wempucuko wokubekwa amabala okuqhelekileyo uthatyathwe ngabo bebesamkelekile ngaphambili.
Kulo nyaka, uchaswa ngamandla luninzi lwehlabathi elizizityebi, laseNtshona, isivumelwano sothintelo lwenyukliya siya kuthetha-thethwana nabo babefudula bengama-“vages” kunye “noobharbhari” beGlobal South. (Kuyavunywa ukuba, iprojekthi yesivumelwano sokuvalwa umlomo ixhaswa ngamazwe aseYurophu angathathi hlangothi afana neOstriya, iIreland, neSweden. Kanti uninzi lwabaxhasi besithintelo ngamaphondo aseAfrika, eLatin America, naseAsia–Pacific). Bathi ukuba nezixhobo zenyukliya nokusetyenziswa kwazo akunakulungelelaniswa nemigaqo yemithetho yemfazwe. Phantse nakuphi na ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya kunokubulala abantu abaninzi kuze kubangele umonakalo omkhulu kwindalo esingqongileyo. Ukusetyenziswa nokuba nezixhobo zenyukliya, ngokufutshane, akuphucukanga kwaye kufanele kubhengezwe njengento engekho mthethweni.
Isivumelwano sokuvalwa umlomo, ukuba samkelwe, ngokuqinisekileyo siya kwenziwa sisicatshulwa esifutshane esibhengeza ukusetyenziswa, ukubakho, kunye nokudluliselwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya ngokungekho mthethweni. Isithintelo kutyalo-mali kwiinkampani ezibandakanyekayo kuphuhliso lwezixhobo zenyukliya sinokubakho kwisicatshulwa. Kodwa izibonelelo ezineenkcukacha zokuchithwa ngokwasemzimbeni kweentloko zenyukliya kunye namaqonga okuhanjiswa kwempahla kuya kufuneka ashiywe kumhla osemva. Ukuthethathethana ngezibonelelo ezilolo hlobo kuya kufuna ukuzimasa kunye nenkxaso yamazwe axhobe ngenyukliya, kwaye, ngoku, hayi kunokwenzeka.
IBritane enkulu, kudala ingumthwali wemithetho yemfazwe, ichithe iminyaka embalwa edlulileyo izama ukudodobalisa inyathelo lesivumelwano sokuvalwa. Urhulumente waseBelgium, eDenmark, eFransi, eJamani, eHungary, eItali, eNorway, ePoland, ePortugal, eRashiya naseSpeyin uyayixhasa iBritani ekuchaseni ukwenza izixhobo zenyukliya zibe ngekho mthethweni, njengoko kunjalo ngeOstreliya, iKhanada neUnited States. Akukho namnye kubo ekulindeleke ukuba aye kolu thethwano. I-United Kingdom kunye namahlakani ayo aphikisa ngelithi izixhobo zenyukliya azifani nazo zonke ezinye izixhobo. Bathi, izixhobo zenyukliya azizozixhobo kwaphela kodwa “zisisithintelo”—izixhobo zenkqubo yobuchule boburhulumente obusengqiqweni nobunembopheleleko ngaphaya kwamandla omthetho. Ukanti ngokwembono yamazwe amaninzi kwihlabathi liphela, inkcaso yamazwe axhobe ngenyukliya kunye namahlakani awo ekuvalweni kwezixhobo zenyukliya ibonakala ihanahanisa kakhulu. Abaxhasi bokuvalwa umlomo bathi, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya akuyi kungqubana kuphela nomoya wemigaqo jikelele yemithetho yemfazwe, imiphumo yobuntu nemekobume yemfazwe yenyukliya ayinakuqukunjelwa yimida yelizwe.
Umbutho wokuvalwa kwesivumelwano ngandlel’ ithile ufana nemvukelo yaseHaiti yowe-1791. Lo mva yayisisihlandlo sokuqala ukuba abantu abangamakhoboka bavukele inkosi yabo ngenxa yemilinganiselo “yendalo iphela” ababesithi bayayixhasa amakhoboka—imvukelo yesithandi sobulumko. USlavoj Žižek uye ebizwa 'esinye sezona ziganeko zikhulu kwimbali yoluntu.' Ehamba esiya kwingoma yeMarseillaise, amakhoboka aseHaiti afuna ukuba amazwi athi inkululeko, ukulingana, yaye Fraternité kuthathwa ngokwexabiso lobuso. Amazwe akhuthaza isivumelwano sokuvalwa kwenyukliya, ngokuqinisekileyo, awakhotyokiswa njengabemi baseHaiti, kodwa omabini la matyala abelana ngegrama yokuziphatha efanayo: iseti yeenqobo ezisemgangathweni zeli lizwe okokuqala ngqa ukuba isetyenziswe ngokuchasene nabadali bayo.
Njengoguquko lwaseHaiti, olwathi lwathi cwaka ngabasemagunyeni baseFransi iminyaka ngaphambi kokuba uNapoleon ekugqibeleni athumele umkhosi ukuba awuphelise, intshukumo yesivumelwano sokuvalwa kwenyukliya ayizange ihoywe kwintetho yoluntu. Ekubeni inqaku lokuvinjelwa kukuhlazisa i-United Kingdom kunye nezinye izizwe ezixhobileyo zenyukliya ekunciphiseni kwaye ekugqibeleni ziphelise i-WMD yazo, intshukumo ecacileyo kaTheresa May kunye norhulumente wakhe kukuvumela ukuba iingxoxo zomnqongo wokuvalwa zidlule ngokuthula. Akukho ngqalelo, hayi shame. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, amajelo eendaba aseBritane enze umsebenzi worhulumente wase-UK walula.
Kusaza kubonakala ukuba iBritane kunye namanye amagunya enyukliya asekiweyo angalugatya ixesha elingakanani na uphuhliso oluqhubekayo kumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Kwakhona kusaza kubonakala ukuba isivumelwano sokuvalwa komsebenzi siya kuba nefuthe elibonakalayo kwiinzame zokunciphisa nokuphelisa izixhobo zenyukliya. Ngokuqinisekileyo kunokwenzeka ukuba isivumelwano sokuvala siya kuba nempembelelo encinane kunokuba abalandeli bawo bethemba. Kodwa ukutshintsha kwemeko yomthetho nangaliphi na izinga kubalulekile. Ibonisa ukuba iBritane ayisayonwabeli into Hedley Bull ichongiwe njengenxalenye engundoqo yesimo njengamandla amakhulu: 'amagunya amakhulu ngamagunya ziqondwa ngabanye ukuba ... namalungelo awodwa kunye nemisebenzi'. Ilungelo elikhethekileyo leBritane lokuba nezixhobo zenyukliya, elaqulunqwa yiNuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty ka-1968, ngoku liyarhoxiswa luluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe. I-Kipling-imbongi yobukumkani-iphuma engqondweni:
Ukuba, sinxile ngokubona amandla, siyakhululeka
Iilwimi ezingento yanto wena;
Kunjengoko ziqhayisa ngalo iintlanga;
Okanye iinzala ezincinci ngaphandle koMthetho—
Yehova, Thixo wemikhosi, yiba nathi;
Hleze silibale-hleze silibale!
