NguDavid Swanson
Incwadi entsha kaDaniel Ellsberg ngu Umshini weDoodday Day: Ukuvuma kweNyukliya yeMfazwe yeNyukliya. Ndiyazile umbhali iminyaka, ndinebhongo kunakuqala. Senze imicimbi yokuthetha kunye nodliwanondlebe kunye nabezindaba. Siye sabanjwa kunye kunye nokuqhankqalaza iimfazwe. Sixoxe esidlangalaleni ngezopolitiko. Sixoxisane ngasese malunga nobulungisa beMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi. (UDan uyakuvuma ukungena kwe-US kwiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, kwaye kubonakala ngathi kuyimfazwe yaseKorea, nangona engenanto ngaphandle kokugweba ukuqhushumisa kwabahlali abenza okuninzi okwenziwe yi-US kwezo mfazwe.) ' Uxabisile uluvo lwakhe kwaye endaweni yoko ngokungacacanga ubuze olwam kuzo zonke iintlobo zemibuzo. Kodwa le ncwadi isandifundise into eninzi ebendingayazi ngoDaniel Ellsberg kunye nehlabathi.
Ngelixa u-Ellsberg avuma ukuba ubambe iinkolelo eziyingozi nezinxaxhileyo angasenazo, ekusebenzeni kwiziko eliceba ubuhlanga, ukuthatha amanyathelo afanelekileyo njengendawo yokugcina ngaphakathi, nokuba amagama abengavumelani nawo, funda kule ncwadi ukuba wenze ngempumelelo kwaye ngokubonakalayo waqhubela urhulumente wase-US kwicala lomgaqo-nkqubo ongenankathalo kunye nowoyikisayo kwakude kudala ngaphandle kokurhoxa kwaye waba ngumhlophe. Kwaye xa efutha impempe, wayenecebo elikhulu ngayo kunokuba ubani esazi.
U-Ellsberg akazange akope kwaye asuse amaphepha angama-7,000 ezinto ezaba ziiPentagon Papers. Wakhuphela wasusa amaphepha ali-15,000 XNUMX. Amanye amaphepha ayejolise kwimigaqo-nkqubo yemfazwe yenyukliya. Waceba ukubenza uthotho lwamabali eendaba kamva, emva kokukhanyisa kuqala kwimfazwe yaseVietnam. Amaphepha alahlekile, kwaye oku akuzange kwenzeke, kwaye ndiyazibuza ukuba ingaba nefuthe lini kwisizathu sokupheliswa kweebhombu zenyukliya. Ndiyazibuza nokuba kutheni le ncwadi ikude kangaka ukuza, ayikuko ukuba u-Ellsberg akayigcwalisanga iminyaka engenelelayo ngomsebenzi ongaxabisekanga. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ngoku sinencwadi etsala inkumbulo ka-Ellsberg, amaxwebhu abhengezwe esidlangalaleni kule minyaka ingamashumi, eqhubela phambili ukuqonda kwezesayensi, umsebenzi wabanye ababetha impempe kunye nabaphandi, ukuvuma kwabacwangcisi bemfazwe yenyukliya, kunye nophuhliso olongezelelekileyo lwesizukulwana esidlulileyo. okanye njalo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba le ncwadi ifundwa ngokubanzi, kwaye esinye sezifundo ezithathiweyo kuso sisidingo sokuba iintlobo zabantu zikhule ngokuzithoba. Apha sifunda iakhawunti esondeleyo ngaphakathi kwi-White House kunye ne-Pentagon yeqela labantu abenza izicwangciso zeemfazwe zenyukliya ngokusekwe kwingcinga engeyonyani malunga neebhombu zenyukliya eziya kwenza (ukushiya iziphumo zomlilo kunye nomsi kubalo lwengozi, kwaye isilela kwawona mbono wobusika benyukliya), kwaye isekwe kwiakhawunti eyenzekileyo ngokupheleleyo yento eyayisenziwa yiSoviet Union (ikholelwa ukuba yayicinga ukona xa yayicinga ukuzikhusela, ikholelwa ukuba yayinemijukujelwa ye-ballistic ye-intercontinental xa yayine), kwaye isekwe kukuqonda okungachanekanga okwenziwa ngabanye kurhulumente wase-US uqobo (ngamanqanaba okufihla aphika ulwazi oluyinyani nolungelulo kuluntu nakuninzi lukarhulumente). Le yingxelo yokungakhathalelwa okugqithisileyo kobomi bomntu, ukodlula oko kwabadali kunye nabavavanyi bebhombu yeatom, ababeke ukubheja malunga nokuba kungawutshisa umoya ojikeleze umhlaba kwaye utshise umhlaba. Oogxa baka-Ellsberg babeqhutywa kukungqubana kwezomthetho kunye nentiyo yezimvo yokuba baya kuthandana okanye baphikise imijukujelwa engaphezulu komhlaba ukuba iyanceda uMkhosi Womoya okanye yenzakalise uMkhosi wamanzi, kwaye bayakucwangcisa nakuphi na ukulwa neRashiya kwangoko kufuna intshabalalo yenyukliya. Isixeko ngasinye eRashiya nase China (naseYurophu ngeSoviet imijukujelwa ekumgangatho ophakathi kunye neebhombu kunye nokusondela ekuweni kwe-US yenyukliya kumhlaba weSoviet bloc). Hlanganisa lo mfanekiso weenkokheli zethu ezithandekayo kunye nenani lokuphoswa kukungaqondani kunye nengozi esiyifundileyo kule minyaka idlulileyo, kwaye into ephawulekayo ayisiyiyo into yokuba isidenge esihlala e-White House namhlanje sisongela umlilo nobushushu, nge Ukuva ikomiti ye-DRM esidlangalaleni ngathi akukho nto inokwenziwa ukuthintela i-apocalypse ebangelwe nguTrump. Into emangazayo kukuba ubuntu buselapha.
“Impambano kubantu ngabanye yinto enqabileyo; kodwa ngamaqela, amaqela, amazwe, kunye namaxesha, ngumgaqo. ” -Friedrich Nietzsche, ocatshulwe nguDaniel Ellsberg.
Imemo ebhalelwe uMongameli uKennedy kuphela yokuphendula umbuzo wokuba bangaphi abantu abanokufa eRussia nase China kuhlaselo lwenyukliya lwase-US. U-Ellsberg wayewubuzile umbuzo kwaye wayevunyelwe ukuba afunde impendulo. Nangona ibiyimpendulo yokungazi kakuhle ubume benyukliya ebabulala bonke abantu, kwaye nangona isona sizathu sokufa, umlilo, nawo ushiyiwe, ingxelo yona ithi malunga ne1 / 3 yoluntu luzakufa. Eso yayisisicwangciso sokubulawa kwangoko emva kokuqala kwemfazwe neRussia. Izizathu zokunganyaniseki okunje kuhlala kukuzikhohlisa, kwaye ngabom ukukhohlisa uluntu.
U-Ellsberg ubhala athi: "Isindululo esisemthethweni senkqubo enjalo, ibisoloko iyimfuno yokuthintela-okanye ukuba kunyanzelekile ukuphendula-kuhlaselo lokuqala lwenyukliya e-United States. Isiseko esikholelwa ngokubanzi esidlangalaleni kukukhohlisa ngabom. Ukurhoxisa uhlaselo lwenyukliya olothusayo-okanye ukuphendula kuhlaselo olunjalo-khange ibe yiyo kuphela okanye eyona njongo iphambili yamalungiselelo ethu enyukliya namalungiselelo. Uhlobo, umlinganiso, kunye nokuma kwemikhosi yethu yenyukliya kuhlala kuyilwe ziimfuno zeenjongo ezahlukileyo: ukuzama ukunciphisa umda e-United States ukusuka eSoviet okanye eRussia ukuziphindezela kwisitrayikhi sokuqala sase-US ngokuchasene neUSSR okanye iRussia. Obu buchule, ngokukodwa, benzelwe ukomeleza ukuthembakala kwezisongelo zase-US zokuqalisa uhlaselo lwenyukliya olunqongopheleyo, okanye ukuzinyusa-izoyikiso zase-US 'zokusetyenziswa kokuqala'-ukuze ziphumelele kwingingqi, ekuqaleni ukungavisisani okungekho kwenyukliya okubandakanya imikhosi yaseSoviet okanye yaseRussia okanye amahlakani. ”
Kodwa i-United States ayizange yoyikise imfazwe yenyukliya kude kufike uTrump!
Uyayikholelwa loo nto?
U-Ellsberg usixelele ukuba, "oomongameli baseMelika, basebenzise izixhobo zethu zenyukliya amatyeli aliqela 'kwiingxaki,' ikakhulu emfihlakalweni kuluntu lwaseMelika (nangona ingengabo abachasi). Bazisebenzise ngendlela kanye esetyenziswa ngayo umpu xa ukhonjwe komnye umntu kwimpikiswano. ”
Oomongameli baseMelika abenze izoyikiso zasesidlangalaleni okanye ezifihlakeleyo kwezinye izizwe, esaziyo ngazo, kwaye njengoko zichaziwe nguEllsberg, zibandakanya uHarry Truman, uDwight Eisenhower, uRichard Nixon, uGeorge HW Bush, uBill Clinton noDonald Trump, ngelixa abanye , kubandakanya u-Barack Obama, bahlala bethetha izinto ezinje "Zonke iinketho zisetafileni" ngokunxulumene ne-Iran okanye elinye ilizwe.
Ewe, ubuncinci iqhosha lenyukliya lisezandleni zikamongameli yedwa, kwaye unokulisebenzisa kuphela ngentsebenziswano yejoni eliphethe "ibhola", kwaye kuphela ngokuthobela abalawuli abohlukeneyo ngaphakathi komkhosi wase-US.
Ingaba uzimisele?
Ayisiyiyo kuphela iCongress yokuva nje kuludwe lwamangqina athe umntu ngamnye akwabikho ndlela yokumisa uTrump okanye nawuphi na umongameli ekuqaliseni imfazwe yenyukliya (inikwe ukuba ukugwetywa kunye nokutshutshiswa akufuneki kukhankanywe ngokunxulumene nayo nayiphi na into engenamsebenzi njenge-apocalypse uthintelo). Kodwa akukaze kube njalo ukuba ngumongameli kuphela onokuyalela ukusetyenziswa kwee-nukes. Kwaye "ibhola lebhola" yinkqubo yeqonga. Abaphulaphuli luluntu lwaseMelika. U-Elaine Scarry Unyanga lweMonarchyum ichaza indlela amandla kamongameli asebukhosini athe abaleka ngayo evela kwinkolelo kwiqhosha lenyukliya elikhethekileyo likamongameli. Kodwa yinkolelo engeyonyani.
U-Ellsberg ubalisa ngendlela amanqanaba ahlukeneyo abaphathi abanikwe ngayo amandla okuphehlelela i-nukes, ukuba yonke into yokutshatyalaliswa okuqinisekileyo ngokuziphindezela kuxhomekeke kubuchule be-United States bokumilisela umatshini womhla wentshabalalo nokuba umongameli akakwazanga. umkhosi ujonge oomongameli bengakwazi ukwenza ngenxa yobomi babo naxa besaphila kwaye bekholelwa ekubeni lilungelo labaphathi bomkhosi ukuzisa isiphelo. Kwakunjalo kwaye mhlawumbi kunjalo eRashiya, kwaye mhlawumbi iyinyani kwinani elikhulayo lamazwe enyukliya. Nangu u-Ellsberg: “Umongameli wayengekho ngelo xesha okanye ngoku-eneekhowudi ezizodwa zokuphehlelela okanye ukuqhushumbisa naziphi na izixhobo zenyukliya (akukho khowudi eyodwa ibikhe yabanjwa nguwo nawuphi na umongameli) -okwasemzimbeni okanye ngenye indlela ngokuthembekileyo ukuthintela iiNtloko zabasebenzi okanye nayiphi na injengele yomkhosi weqonga (okanye, njengoko sendichazile, iyalela igosa lasemsebenzini) ukuba likhuphe loo miyalelo ingqinisisiweyo. ” Xa u-Ellsberg wakwazi ukwazisa uKennedy ngegunya u-Eisenhower wayethumele ukusebenzisa izixhobo zenyukliya, uKennedy wala ukuguqula umgaqo-nkqubo. UTrump, ngasendleleni, uxele ukuba ubenomdla ongaphaya kuka-Obama kukudlulisela igunya ekubulaleni ngomjukujelwa ovela kwi-drone, kunye nokwandisa imveliso kunye nosongelo lokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya.
U-Ellsberg ubalisa ngemizamo yakhe yokwenza amagosa aseburhulumenteni, unobhala "wokhuselo" kunye nomongameli, bazi ngezicwangciso eziphambili zemfazwe yenyukliya ezigcinwe ziyimfihlo kwaye bexoka ngomkhosi. Le yayiyindlela yakhe yokuqala yokubetha umlozi: uxelela umongameli ukuba yintoni emkhosini. Uye wachukumisa ekuchaseni abanye emkhosini kwezinye zezigqibo zika-Mongameli uKennedy, kunye nenkokheli yase-Soviet u-Nikita Khrushchev uloyiko lokuba u-Kennedy angajongana ne-coup. Kodwa xa kufikwa kumgaqo-nkqubo wenyukliya, olu hlaselo lwalukhona ngaphambi kokuba uKennedy afike kwi-White House. Abaphathi beziseko ezikude abahlala belahleka unxibelelwano bayaqonda (baqonde?) Ngokwabo ukuba babe namandla oku-odola zonke iinqwelomoya zabo, bephethe izixhobo zenyukliya, ukuba basuke ngaxeshanye kwibala elinye lendlela egameni lesantya, kwaye emngciphekweni wentlekele isantya sokutshintsha kwenqwelomoya. Zonke ezi moya zaziya kwizixeko zaseRussia nezase China, ngaphandle kwesicwangciso sokuphila esinye sezinye iinqwelomoya ezazinqumla kuloo mmandla. Intoni UDkt Strangelove Isenokuba ifumene okungalunganga ibingabalulekanga ngokwaneleyo kwii-Keystone Cops.
UKennedy wenqabile ukubeka embindini igunya lenyukliya, kwaye xa u-Ellsberg wazisa uNobhala “Wezokhuselo” uRobert McNamara malunga ne-US nukes ezigcinwe ngokungekho semthethweni eJapan, uMcNamara wala ukubakhupha. Kodwa u-Ellsberg ukwazile ukuphinda ahlaziye umgaqo-nkqubo wemfazwe yenyukliya wase-US kude ekucwangciseni kuphela ukuhlasela zonke izixeko kunye nokujonga indlela yokujolisa kude nezixeko kunye nokuzama ukumisa imfazwe yenyukliya esele iqalile, eya kufuna ukugcina umthetho kunye nolawulo omabini amacala, angavumela loo myalelo nolawulo ukuba lubekhona. Ubhala u-Ellsberg: “'Isikhokelo sam' esihlaziyiweyo saba sisiseko sezicwangciso zokusebenza kwemfazwe phantsi kukaKennedy-yajongwa ndim njengeSekela Nobhala uGilpatric ngo-1962, 1963, nakulawulo lukaJohnson ngo-1964. Kuxelwe ngabangaphakathi nabaphengululi ukuba zibe nefuthe elibalulekileyo ekucwangcisweni kwemfazwe kwase-US ukusukela ngoko. ”
Iakhawunti ka-Ellsberg ye-Cuban Missile Crisis iyodwa sisizathu sokufumana le ncwadi. Ngelixa u-Ellsberg ekholelwa kwelona gunya lase-US (ngokuchaseneyo neentsomi malunga "nomsantsa ophosakeleyo") kwakuthetha ukuba akusayi kubakho hlaselo lweSoviet, uKennedy uxelela abantu ukuba bazimele phantsi komhlaba. U-Ellsberg wayefuna ukuba uKennedy axelele ngasese u-Khrushchev ukuba ayeke ukwenza ibluffing. U-Ellsberg wabhala inxenye yentetho kuSekela Nobhala Wezomkhosi u-Roswell Gilpatric eyonyukayo endaweni yokunciphisa uxinzelelo, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba u-Ellsberg wayengacingi ngokwe Soviet Union esebenza ngokuzikhusela, ka Khrushchev njenge bluffing ngokwendlela yokusebenzisa okwesibini. U-Ellsberg ucinga ukuba iimpazamo zakhe zanceda ukuba i-USSR ifake imijukujelwa eCuba. Emva koko u-Ellsberg wabhala intetho kaMcNamara, elandela imiyalelo, nangona wayekholelwa ukuba iyakuba yintlekele, kwaye yayiyiyo.
U-Ellsberg uchasene nokuthatha imijukujelwa yase-US ngaphandle kwe-Turkey (kwaye ikholelwa ukuba ayinampembelelo kwisisombululo seengxaki). Kwiakhawunti yakhe, bobabini uKennedy noKhrushchev bebengayamkela nayiphi na intengiselwano endaweni yemfazwe yenyukliya, kodwa batyhala isiphumo esingcono de babe belungile esiphelweni selitye. I-Cuban ekwinqanaba eliphantsi yadubula inqwelo moya yase-US, kwaye i-US yayingenakucinga ukuba ayingomsebenzi kaFidel Castro phantsi kwemiyalelo engqongqo ethe ngqo evela eKhrushchev. Ngeli xesha Khrushchev wayekholelwa ukuba ngumsebenzi kaCastro. Kwaye u-Khrushchev wayesazi ukuba i-Soviet Union ibeke izixhobo zenyukliya eziyi-100 eCuba kunye nabaphathi basekhaya abagunyazisiweyo ukuzisebenzisa ngokuchasene nokuhlasela. I-Khrushchev ikwaqonda ukuba kwakamsinya nje ukuba zisetyenziswe, i-United States inokuphinda ihlasele iRussia. Khrushchev ungxamile ukuya kubhengeza ukuba imijukujelwa izakushiya iCuba. Nge-akhawunti ka-Ellsberg, wakwenza oku ngaphambi kwayo nayiphi na into malunga neTurkey. Ngelixa wonke umntu obambe le ngxaki ngendlela eyiyo kungenzeka ukuba uncede ukusindisa umhlaba, kubandakanya uVassily Arkhipov ongavumiyo ukumilisela i-torpedo yenyukliya ukusuka kwinkwili yaseSoviet, iqhawe lokwenyani lebali lika-Ellsberg, ekugqibeleni, ndicinga, uNikita Khrushchev, abakhethe izithuko ezinokuxelwa kwangaphambili kunye neentloni endaweni yokutshatyalaliswa. Wayengengomntu unomdla wokwamkela ukuthukwa. Kodwa, ewe, kwanezithuko agqibe ukuzamkela azange zibandakanye ukubizwa ngokuba yi "Little Rocket Man."
Inxalenye yesibini yencwadi ka-Ellsberg ibandakanya imbali enengqiqo yokuphuhliswa kwebhombu yomoya kunye nokwamkelwa kwabantu abaxheliweyo njengenye into engeyiyo eyokubulala eyayigqalwa njengeyaphambi kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi. (Ngo-2016, ndiza kuqaphela, imodareyitha yengxoxo kamongameli yabuza abagqatswa ukuba bangathanda na ukuqhushumisa amakhulu amawaka abantwana njengenxalenye yemisebenzi yabo esisiseko.) U-Ellsberg uqale wasinika ibali eliqhelekileyo lokuba iJamani yaqhushumisa eLondon, kwaye kuphela Emva konyaka abantu baseBritane babhomba eJamani. Kodwa emva koko uchaza ibhombu yaseBritane, ngaphambili, ngoMeyi 1940, njengempindezelo yibhombu yaseJamani eRotterdam. Ndicinga ukuba angabuyela kwibhombu ka-Epreli 12 yesikhululo sikaloliwe saseJamani, ngo-Epreli 22 ngebhombu yaseOslo, nange-25 ka-Epreli ngebhombu yedolophu yaseHeide, konke oku kukhokelele kwizoyikiso zaseJamani zokuziphindezela. (Jonga Umsi Womntu nguNicholson Baker.) Ewe kunjalo, iJamani yayisele ibhombuze abantu baseSpain nasePoland, njengoko yayinjalo neBritani eIraq, eIndiya, naseMzantsi Afrika, kwaye njengoko omabini la macala ayekwancinci kwinqanaba elincinci kwimfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala. U-Ellsberg ubalisa ngokunyuka komdlalo wetyala phambi kwe-blitz eLondon:
“UHitler wayesithi, 'Siza kuhlawula ikhulu xa uqhubeka noku. Ukuba akuyiyeki le bhombu, siza kungena eLondon. ' UChurchill uqhubeke nohlaselo, kwaye kwiiveki ezimbini emva kohlaselo lokuqala, ngoSeptemba 7, iBlitz yaqala-uhlaselo lokuqala ngabom eLondon. Oku kwavezwa nguHitler njengempendulo yakhe kuhlaselo lwaseBritane eBerlin. Uhlaselo lwaseBritane, lwaye lwenziwa njengempendulo koko kwakucingelwa ukuba kukuhlasela ngabom kwamaJamani eLondon. ”
Imfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, nge-akhawunti ka-Ellsberg- kwaye ingaphikiswa njani? - ngamagama am, ukubulawa kwabantu ngamaqela amaninzi. Ukwamkelwa kwemigaqo yokuziphatha bekukho kuthi ukusukela ngoko. Inyathelo lokuqala lokuvula amasango ale ndawo yokhuseleko, ekucetyiswa ngu-Ellsberg, iya kuba kukuseka umgaqo-nkqubo wokungasetyenziswa okokuqala. Siza ukwenza apha.
