NguDavid Swanson, Masilinge iNdemokhrasi.
Unjingalwazi woMthetho waseGeorgetown ogama linguDavid Koplow uyile into ayibiza ngokuba yiNuclear Kellogg-Briand Pact. Kwi- inqaku ukuyiphakamisa, uKoplow wenza into enqabileyo kakhulu, uyaziqonda ezinye zeemfanelo zeKellogg-Briand Pact. Kodwa uyabakhumbula abanye kwezo mfanelo, njengoko ndazichaza kwincwadi yam ka-2011 Xa iMfazwe yeHlabathi yayingekho mthethweni.
U-Koplow uyavuma utshintsho lwenkcubeko ukuba isivumelwano sasisembindini, esitshintshe ukuqonda okuqhelekileyo kwemfazwe ukusuka kwinto eyenzekayo nje njengemozulu kwinto enokulawulwa, kufuneka ipheliswe, kwaye ingabikho mthethweni. Uyayivuma indima yesivumelwano ekukhuthazeni amalingo (nangona ilingo elicala elinye) kulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II.
Kodwa uKoplow wenza into endicinga ukuba nawuphi na unjingalwazi wezomthetho wase-US kufuneka kulindeleke ukuba ayenze. Andikamfumani umntu ongamfumaniyo. Uvakalisa ukuba isivumelwano "ngokuthe cwaka" siquka ulwimi olungafaki, ulwimi oluvula ikroba lemfazwe yokuzikhusela. Ngelixa iBritane neFransi zongeza ugcino kwisivumelwano, ezinye iintlanga zavuma njengoko kubhaliwe. I-United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee ivelise inkcazo etolika isivumelwano, kodwa ingasiguquli ngokwenyani isivumelwano. IJapan yenza okufanayo. Loo ngxelo yekomiti itolika ubukho bekroba lemfazwe yokuzikhusela. Isivumelwano ngokwaso asiyiqulathanga kwaye ngesingadalwanga, sisayinwe, okanye sivunywe ukuba besisenzile njalo.
Isicatshulwa sangempela somnqophiso siphezulu kwi-Charter yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngokungaqulathanga iziphazamiso ezimbini, enye yeemfazwe ezikhuselayo kunye nezinye iimfazwe ezigunyazisiweyo ze-UN. Kwaye ngokuchasene noko uKoplow akubangayo, kodwa ngokuhambelana neenyani zomcimbi awubalisayo, iSivumelwano seKellogg-Briand sisengumthetho. Ukuba oku kwenza ukuba iimfazwe ezininzi zamva nje zibe semthethweni azibalulekanga kangako, njengoko uninzi - ukuba ayizizo zonke - ezo mfazwe zisilela ukungena kwiikroba ze-UN Charter. Kodwa ubukho baloo mikroba buvumela amabango angenasiphelo ukuba semthethweni anodaka oko kuya kuba ngamanzi acacileyo ukuba sijonge kwisivumelwano soxolo endaweni ye-UN Charter.
Ngokuqinisekileyo injongo isoloko ithathwa ukujongela phantsi isicatshulwa esiyinyani. Ukuba abantu abadale i-pact bahlose ukuba bathule bavumele imfazwe yokukhusela, ngoko ivumela imfazwe yokukhusela, ngokutsho kwale ngcamango. Kodwa ngaba benjenjalo? Oko konke kuxhomekeke ekubeni ngubani obala njengabo bantu. U-Koplow ukhankanya kuphela omnye wabo, uSenator uWilliam Borah. Enyanisweni, i-Koplow iyancipha kakhulu indima kaBorah. Ukulandela ukukhokela kwentshukumo ye-Outlawry kunye nokuphembelela ngamandla iinkokeli zayo, uBorah wayekhuthaze esidlangalaleni ukulwa imfazwe iminyaka ngaphambi kokuba isivumelwano size kuvoto, kwaye uye waba negalelo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba uyenzile. NgoNovemba 26, 1927, uBorah wabhala oku kwincwadi ENew York Times:
Andiqondi ukuba izicwangciso zoxolo eziphendula umbuzo 'wesizwe esinobundlobongela' ziyasebenza. Isizwe esihlaselayo sisindululo esikhohlisayo nesingenakwenzeka ngokupheleleyo njengomba waso nasiphi na isicwangciso soxolo. " UBorah, evumelana nokuqondwa ngokubanzi kwama-Outlawrists, wayekholelwa ukuba kuyo nayiphi na imfazwe icala ngalinye liya kubhala elinye ukuba ngumxhaphazi, kwaye ngokugqiba kunye nokuxhokonxa naliphi na icala linokwenza elinye libe ngumhlaseli. UBorah wabhala wathi: “Andinakusixhasa isicwangciso soxolo, esazi ukuba imfazwe isemthethweni nangaliphi na ixesha okanye phantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko.” Emva kokuba efundile kubadali bolwaphulo-mthetho, uBorah wafundisa uKellogg kunye noCoolidge, wada woyisa umqobo owenziwe yinkolelo yamva nje yokuba imfazwe iya kuba ichasene nomgaqo-siseko.
Kodwa yintoni kanye kanye awabafundisa kuyo uBorah? Ngokuqinisekileyo hayi kwinto ebonakala kuyo yonke into ephilayo unjingalwazi wezomthetho wase-US ngo-2017 uthetha ububhanxa okanye isivumelwano sokuzibulala? Ewe, enyanisweni, kuloo nto kanye. Kwaye andiqinisekanga nokuba uKellogg okanye uCoolidge wakhe wayiqonda nakweyiphi na indawo enkulu kunale: imfuno yoluntu yayo yayiyinkanyamba. Kodwa nantsi into eyayiyiyo, kwaye kutheni abo beza bezokudumisa i-Kellogg Briand Pact babonakala benenjongo yokuyingcwaba. I-Outlawry yayichasene nalo lonke iziko lemfazwe kumzekelo wokuchasa ukubethelwa - abathi, abachasene nomthetho bathi, ayizange ithathelwe indawo yi-defection dueling, kodwa ngokupheliswa kwalo lonke iziko le-barbaric. Nje ukuba uvumele iimfazwe ezithile, ukhuthaze ukulungiselela iimfazwe, kwaye oko kukukhokelela kwiimfazwe zazo zonke iintlobo. I-Outlawrists yayikuqondile oku kwanangaphambi kokuba u-Dwight Eisenhower abe yinxalenye yohlaselo lwezixhobo zekhemikhali kumagqala eMfazwe Yehlabathi I kwizitrato ze-DC, kancinci kakhulu enze naziphi na iidilesi zokuvalelisa.
Kodwa ukuba uyayivala yonke imfazwe, i-Outlawrists ibambe, ugqiba ukuphelisa imfuno yayo nayiphi na imfazwe. Uququzelela iinkqubo ezingenabugorha zokusombulula ingxabano. Udala umgaqo womthetho. Uhlanganisa umdyarho weengalo osemva. AmaSebe Ezifundo Zoxolo aye akuqonda kakuhle oku kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Abaphembeleli boxolo baye baphelelwa ngeminyaka yoo-1920. Kwaye bagxininisa kumbono wabo kwisivumelwano abasibhalileyo, ukuba baxoxisana, ukuba bacele, kwaye badlula-ngokuchasene nentando yabaninzi beeSenators bayayivuma. Si vis pacem, para pacem. U-Koplow ucaphula lo mbhalo kwipeni esetyenzisiweyo ukusayina isivumelwano. Ukuba ufuna uxolo, lungiselela uxolo. Ukuba ngokwenene abantu babethetha ukuba kwi-1928 ingaphaya kokuqonda okuqhelekileyo kwi-2017. Nangona kunjalo ibhalwe phantsi kuzo zombini isicatshulwa somnqophiso kunye neetekisi ezininzi zentshukumo eyadala. Ukuvalwa kwemfazwe yayiyinjongo kwaye ngumthetho.
Ke kutheni le nto, njengoko uKoplow ecebisa, senze isivumelwano esitsha kraca, esenziwa kuKellogg-Briand, kodwa sivala imfazwe yenyukliya kuphela? Ewe, okokuqala, ukwenza oko bekungayi kurhoxisa ngokusemthethweni okanye ngenye indlela i-Kellogg-Briand Pact ekhoyo, engahoywayo jikelele lelo nani lincinci labantu abakhe beva ngayo. Ngokuchasene noko, ukwenza i-KBP yenyukliya kuya kuzisa ingqwalasela kubukho be-KBP iyonke. Ukuphelisa yonke imfazwe yenyukliya kuya kuba linyathelo elinamandla kwicala lokuphelisa yonke imfazwe, ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kugcina iintlobo zethu zikho ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukuba zenze njalo, kwaye ziya kukhomba ukucinga kwethu kwicala elifanelekileyo.
Umnqophiso njengoko uKoplow uye waqulunqa awuyi kuba nakuphi na ukungqubuzana kunye nomnqophiso ovala izixhobo zenyukliya, kodwa ingaba yisivumelwano ukuba amazwe enyukliya aya kusayina kwaye avume, kwaye kuya kuba namandla kunokuba nje ukuzinikela ukuba ungabi ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa i-nukes. . Njengoko ibhaliwe, iNuclear Kellogg-Briand Pact igqitha ngaphaya kokubonisa isipili ulwimi lwe-KBP ukuhlawula umbuzo okhuselayo kunye nabanye abaninzi. Icingisiswe kakuhle, kwaye ndincoma ukuyifunda. Ukungcwatywa ngasekupheleni kwedrafti yesivumelwano yimfuneko yokukhawulezisa iinzame zokuphelisa ngokupheleleyo izixhobo zenyukliya. Ndicinga ukuba ukudlulisa ukuvalwa okunjalo kwimfazwe yenyukliya kuphela kuya kukhawulezisa ukupheliswa kwayo yonke imfazwe, kwaye kunokukwenza oko ngokudala ulwazi lokuba yonke imfazwe ibingekho mthethweni iminyaka eyi-88.
