Imfazwe yaseKorea yayiyeyona nto iphambili kwezomkhosi kuluntu lwethu nasekudalweni kukhuseleko lwesizwe. Yayiyinto ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ubuhlanga, isini kunye nokusikwa kweenkqubo zentlalo-ukudala ukungalingani okukhulayo. Namhlanje, isoyikiso semfazwe eyintlekele phakathi kweWashington neNorth Korea ayinakupheliswa. Kubalulekile ukuba uluntu lwase-US lwazi ukuba iNyakatho Korea icele isivumelwano soxolo neWashington neSeoul iminyaka engamashumi amathandathu anesine.
Aprili 25, 2017
Ifoto yomkhosi wase-US, eyakhe yahlelwa “yimfihlo ephezulu”, ebonisa isishwankathelo sokubanjwa kwamabanjwa ezepolitiki aseMzantsi Korea ayi-1,800 ngumkhosi waseMzantsi Korea eTaejon, eMzantsi Korea, ngaphezulu kweentsuku ezintathu ngoJulayi 1950.
(Inqaku elilandelayo elingezantsi sisicatshulwa esivela kwingxelo / memoir ezayo, "Ukuqhubeka namaXesha oMnyama: Ukukhunjulwa koBulungisa bobuhlanga kunye nokulwa i-Antiwar kwi-1940 kunye ne-1950s.")
Inye into eqinisekileyo. Akukho namnye umntu obhalelwayo okanye ivolontiya eFort Dix ngo-1953 wayenolwazi oluncinci ngeKorea, iMfazwe yaseKorea kunye nembali kunye nezopolitiko ezaziqhuba ngokubulawa kwabantu ngenkohlakalo. Ngaphandle kwempikiswano yemfazwe ebandayo, iKorea yayingengaphezulu kokungahambelani okungathandekiyo kunye noloyiko olukude kuninzi, ukuba ayingabo bonke. Kukhuselekile ukuba uninzi lwabantu abangenalo ithamsanqa alinakufumana Korea emephini.
Abo kuthi ngasekhohlo nabo babengafundanga kakuhle eKorea. Ukanti, kwasekuqaleni, ubuncinci siyiqondile into yokuba ungquzulwano yayiyimfazwe yamakhaya eyayiqhubeka ixesha elide phakathi kwembambano enkulu neyoyikekayo phakathi kwe-Soviet bloc ne-West. Nokuba zithini na izibonda ngaphakathi Korea, isoyikiso sehlabathi semfazwe yehlabathi ibingaphezulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba ishukumise iinzame zethu, nangona zibuthathaka, ukuphelisa imfazwe.
Ngaphaya koko, sasingekude ekuboneni ungenelelo lwase-US njengombuso ongafikeleliyo kwiimfuno kunye nemidla yabantu baseKorea okanye baseMelika. Ukubandakanyeka kwelizwe lethu kwabunjwa kwaye kwaqhutywa nguDean Acheson, umlo weqela lomlo obandayo, owathi nangona wabeka iKorea ngaphandle komgaqo okhuselayo wase-US watsala uMongameli uHarry Truman kwimfazwe yomhlaba yaseAsia. I-Acheson iqhutywa yinkxalabo ye-US-kwaye ngokuqhushumba kwesizathu esiqhelekileyo sobukumkani, ukukhathazeka malunga nefuthe elinokubakho kuqoqosho lwaseJapan (iJapan yayisele iyinxalenye yokubandakanyeka kwe-US kwiPasifiki) IKorea iwela kwiRed. [1]
I-Japan, enyanisweni, ibonakalise kakhulu kwimfazwe yase-US yasemva kwemfazwe yokuzibandakanya kwi-peninsula yase-Korea eqhubekayo unanamhla. I-Korea ibikumzabalazo oqhubekayo kunye nabahlaseli baseJapan ukusukela nge-1910 xa abokugqibela babekoloniyali Korea. Ngelixa ilizwe lahlulwa ngokukuko kwi-38th parallel ekupheleni kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, amaNtla aqhubeka nokugcina i-animus evuthayo ejolise kumaJapan nakwabo basebenzisana nabo baseKorea. Umzantsi ke kodwa watsalelwa kwinkqubo yokhuseleko kathathu kunye ne-US kunye ne-Japan, noorhulumente beqhutywa zii-Quislings ezikhohlakeleyo, uninzi lwabo belusebenzisana ixesha elide nabahlali baseJapan.
USyngman Rhee wayengomnye wabona bantu babesaziwa njengabarhwaphilizi nabacinezelayo abapolitiki baseMzantsi Korea abaphuma kuRhulumente waseMelika ongaphantsi kwe-38th Parallel. Ukungena eSeoul ngenqwelomoya kaDouglas MacArthur ngo-Okthobha u-1945, uRhee waqeshwa njenge-suzerain yaseWashington, eqhuba urhulumente ongathandekiyo oxhaswa ngumkhosi wase-US ogcwele ukubulawa kwabantu kwezopolitiko kunye namajele azaliswe ngaphezulu kwama-30,000 amabanjwa ezopolitiko.
Ngomnyaka we-1950, iNorth Korea eyayihamba phambili yayenza uKim Il Sung njengesiqhelo somhla wokugqibela uConfucius onikwe amandla anjengothixo kunye nobubele obufana nobuthixo obuya kuthi uNtshonalanga abuphathe ngokudelela nokungakholelwa okufakwe kwizibane. Ubuncinci inkcubeko yobuntu bukaKim yayinesiseko kwimbali yokuhlukumezeka yase-North Korea. Ngokungafaniyo noSyngman Rhee, uKim unomnombo oqaqambileyo osekwe kukuzibandakanya kwangoko kumlo welizwe omde kunye negazi ngokuchasene nongenelelo lwangaphandle.
Umzabalazo waludla usapho lukaKim. Utata wakhe usweleke ikakhulu kwisiphumo esibuhlungu sokuvalelwa kwakhe phakathi kwiminyaka ye-1920 ngenxa "yemisebenzi echasene neJapan." Umntakwabo usweleke eneminyaka engamashumi amabini ubudala xa wayevalelwe eManchuria ngamaJapan. Umalume wakhe usebenze iminyaka elishumi elinesithathu ekrakra kwiintolongo zaseJapan.
Ngaphandle kwezihlobo zikaKim, iqela lamagqala emizabalazo yabanqolobi eyasisiseko sobunkokheli baseNyakatho Korea ejikeleze uKim yafumana ilahleko yabantakwabo noodade ngokubulawa, ezinye izihlobo ngokufa emfazweni kunye nelahleko yoomama nootata kwindlala. Amawaka esizukulwana esilandelayo angena kwizikolo ezizodwa zabantwana abaziinkedama abanabazali ababhubha kumzabalazo wokulwa namaJapan kunye neMfazwe yaseKorea. Uninzi emva koko langena kubunkokheli bakarhulumente, benza inkedama "imeko yosapho" ngenxa yenkunkuma yeemfazwe ezimbini ezonakalisayo.
Ngenkxaso ebanzi evela kwidabi elalilwela inkululeko yelizwe, iqela labasebenzi baseKorea i-Kim Il Sung lalikwindawo efanelekileyo yokuphumelela unyulo lwasemva kwemfazwe. Abasemagunyeni base-US babekhe bayinqanda i-Peoples Republic of Korea Revolutionary Government okwexeshana ngoDisemba ka-1945. Ithemba lokuba urhulumente wasekhohlo osebenzayo wakhuthaza iWashington ukuba ithathe isiqingatha sesonka ngokutywina ukwahlulwa kwelo lizwe kwi-38th parallel. Ngo-1948, iRiphabhlikhi yaseKorea kunye neRiphabliki yaBantu yeDemokhrasi zazisekwa kumacala ahlukeneyo olwahlulo luyiyo.
Ngelixa amaKorea aseMantla etyholwa ngokuqala kwemfazwe ngoJuni 25, 1950, imvelaphi yongquzulwano yayixakekile (imikhosi eyayisenziwa ngamajoni kumacala omabini omda yayiqhelekile). Ngayiphi na imeko, umlo omkhulu wase-Korea wase-Korea kunye ne-US yokubaleka ngaphesheya kwe-38th parallel ujonge ukuthanjiswa kwaloo mda njenge-sacrosanct.
Ukungena kuqeqesho olusisiseko ngehlobo lowe-1953, thina babhali sazi ngokungaqondakaliyo ukuba kwenzeka ntoni (kwaye mhlawumbi nantsi into ebesilindele yona) usingasiqithi olonakeleyo. Sasingaqapheli ukuba i-napalm, eyaqanjwa ekupheleni kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, yayilahlwa ngokungakhathali kwiidolophu ezinabantu abaninzi kunye namaziko emizi-mveliso eMantla Korea - ngaphezulu kokulahla ishumi leminyaka okanye emva koko eMantla eVietnam. Iibhombu ze-B-29 zatshisa iidolophu neelali ezininzi, nto leyo eyakhokelela kwanegorha elibandayo uWinston Churchill ukuba akhalaze eWashington ngelithi i-napalm akufuneki ukuba "ichaphazeleke" kubemi. [2]
Ibhombu yomoya "yesiqhelo" yenze izinto ezoyikisayo zaseNapalm. Xa amaTshayina ayengena emfazweni ngo-1950, uGeneral Douglas MacArthur wayalela ukuba kudalwe umhlaba oyinkqantosi phakathi komda waseTshayina kunye nendawo yedabi - kuqhushumbe "yonke imizi-mveliso, isixeko nelali" ngaphezulu kwamawaka eekhilomitha. Ekupheleni kwemfazwe, zimbini kuphela izakhiwo zala maxesha kwikomkhulu iPyongyang ezasala zimile.
Lilonke, i-United States iindiza zaphosa iitoni ezingama-635,000 zebhombu ikakhulu eMantla Korea, kubandakanya i-33,000 yeetoni ze-napalm. Uvavanyo lomonakalo luqinisekisile ukuba i-18 kwezi-22 iidolophu ezinkulu eMantla zichithwe isiqingatha okanye nangaphezulu. Ukuphela kwemfazwe, abafileyo kunye nabenzakeleyo, ikakhulu emantla basondela kwizigidi ezithathu, mhlawumbi iipesenti ezili-15 zabemi baseMntla Korea. [3]
Abafana abatshatileyo ababanjiswe kuqeqesho olusisiseko babengenanto encinci okanye bengenalo kwaphela ukuzimisela kwemikhosi yase-United States kunye nee-acolyte zabo ezisemazantsi ukutshabalalisa uMntla. Kwaye asikhange siyiqonde kakuhle iparanoia esekwe kakuhle yomkhosi waseNyakatho Korea kunye nowaseTshayina- paranoia eyabakhokelela ekubeni bachase abo babachasayo.
Ngaphezu kwako konke, kwakungekho ncoko, intelekelelo okanye enye into, endinokuyikhumbula kulo naliphi na igosa okanye kwinqanaba lokufumana malunga nesoyikiso esikhoyo: ithemba lokusebenzisa iibhombu zeatom. UHiroshima wayeyinkumbulo entsha, kodwa xa amaTshayina angena emfazweni, uMongameli uHarry Truman wayecinga ngokulahla ibhombu kwakhona. Ngelo xesha, ubhedu lwePentagon lukhuphe ii-odolo kwiQhinga loMoya oCwangcisiweyo ukuba "bakulungele ukuthumela ngaphandle kokulibazisa" iibhombu kubandakanya nezo zinamandla e-athomu. [4]
Kwakhona, ngo-Matshi 1951, iMacArthur yacinezela iNdlu yeWhite "D-Day amandla eatom." Ukuphela kwenyanga leyo, imingxunya yeebhombu zeatomic yayilayishwa eKadena Air Base eOkinawa. Ngo-Epreli, iiNtloko eziDibeneyo zayalela "impindezelo yeatom" kwangoko ukuba umkhosi waseTshayina ungene emfazweni. NgoJuni, iPentagon yacingisisa ngokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zeatom kwibala lomlo.
Ngenceba, iiNtloko eziDibeneyo azinakuze zifumane iithagethi zaseNyakatho Korea ezinkulu ngokwaneleyo ukutshisa iatom. Ukungena kwamaTshayina emfazweni kwabangela imeko ebambekayo eyanyanzela iPentagon ukuba inqwenele ukuba ukucinga ukuba iimfazwe eziqhelekileyo zinokuguqula umlo ngaphandle kokubhenela kwiibhombu zeatom.
Ngezo nyanga zemfazwe ngaphambi kokuba nditshitshise iincwadi zam zokufunda ndize ndilahlekelwe ngumfundi, omnye wayenokuqonda ukungonwabi kweli lizwe malunga nemfazwe enogonyamelo kunye nokubandezeleka kwabantu okwenzeka izihlandlo ezithile kumajelo eendaba. Ekujongeni kwakhona, umahluko kwimfazwe ye-TV eyayiza kuza eVietnam yayinzima. Ndikhumbula umzuzu onqabileyo xa amaphephandaba ayepapasha ifoto yento eyayibonakala ngathi yayingamajoni ambalwa aseMelika elele ngobuso emhadini. Amagqabantshintshi athi babengamabanjwa emfazwe ababebulewe ngabantu base North Korea okanye base China.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, inkcaso eyomeleleyo emfazweni yayiya kubakho. Uyilo lunyanzelise amashumi amawaka olutsha olungafuniyo ukuya emkhosini. I-United States ilahlekile yayingaphezulu kwama-36,000 kwaye i-128,000 yalimala. Imfazwe yasungulwa ngokungekho mthethweni ngaphandle kwemvume yendibano. Yathengiswa "njengesenzo samapolisa" esingenangqondo kunye neenjongo ezinqunyelweyo kwaye akukho mdlalo ucacileyo- uhlala usokolisa kwisiqwenga esikhulu soluntu. I-UN imprimatur yayithandabuza ukuba ayiyonyani. IWashington yafumana isohlwayo seBhunga lezoKhuseleko kwiintsuku ezimbini emva kokuba imikhosi yase-US ingenelele kuba amaSoviet, alibamba iBhunga ukuba likhalaze ukungabandakanywa kwamaKomanisi amaTshayina, babengekho ukuzokuvota.
Uqhanqalazo luka-Antiwar lwaluthintelwe ngamandla nokusasazeka kweMfazwe ebandayo. UTruman akazange alinge ukuphambuka ekuzinikeleni ngokupheleleyo ekulweni hleze ajongane nesityholo esibulalayo sikaMcCarthyite esithi "ulahlekelwe yiKorea" njengoko amaDemokhrasi "ayephulukene neChina." Umgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle u-bipartisan uye wabekelwa bucala kangangokuba iiRiphabhlikhi zancitshiswa zaya kwikona enokuthenjwa yenkxaso yemfazwe yedemokhrasi. Ukuvumelana kwelokuba iRiphabhlikhi ivume ukubulawa kwabantu yandiswa nje sisikhalazo sikaSenator uRobert A. Taft, umgaqo-siseko ogcina umthetho wase-Ohio ukuba uTruman uqhubeke "nemfazwe engeyomfuneko ngaphandle kwegunya elivela kwiCongress okanye ebantwini." [5]
Eyona ngxaki inkulu ekuvuseleleni inkcaso emfazweni yayikukuqhekeka kunye nokuqhekeka kwekhohlo. Imikhosi yedemokhrasi yenkululeko kunye nenkululeko, ehlala ibalulekile kodwa ijika izinto zecandelo elidumileyo lakhawuleza layamkela iMfazwe yaseKorea. Abanye abanobundlobongela obabushukumisela ekubeni bame ngokuchasene neMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi ngoku sele beyifumene indlela yabo yokuxhasa imfazwe engekho sikweni egazini egameni lokuphelisa ubundlongondlongo kunye nobuzwilakhe bukaStalin. Olo yayilulo uhambo lombhali kunye nomgxeki wentlalontle uDwight Macdonald owayehamba esuka ekugxothweni kwabantu abaninzi ekubulaweni kwabantu abaninzi kwiMfazwe yesibini (II) ukuya kukwamkela ungenelelo lwase-United States eKorea mhlawumbi kubandakanya ukupheliswa kwabahlali. Abanye abahamba ngaloo ndlela yayiyinkokheli yobusoshiyali uNorman Thomas kunye nentsalela yeqela leSocialist, iphephancwadi eliqhubela phambili kwaye mhlawumbi engxwelerha kakhulu - uHenry Wallace owathi, phantsi koxinzelelo olunzima, waguquka kwilizwi elingagungqiyo loxolo lwehlabathi kunye ne-US-Soviet dentente yokuxhasa Imfazwe yase-US eKorea.
Nangona kunjalo, sasinelo qela lincinci kodwa lingagungqiyo (kwaye likhuthaze kakhulu) labantu base-Afrika baseMelika ngasekhohlo ababehlala bekhumbula iMfazwe Yomlomo kunye "nesenzo samapolisa" saseKorea. Baye banikwa amandla kuluntu olwandayo lomkhosi oluye lwakhubaza i-ajenda yasekhaya yentlalo efunwa sisininzi kodwa ngakumbi ngabantu baseMelika baseMelika. Kunye necandelo elibanzi lezimvo zabantsundu, bajonga izoyikiso zeatomiki njengoko zichazwe ikakhulu kubantu bebala. Bavakalisa inkxalabo yokuba amandla omkhosi waseWashington azakubekwa ngokuchasene nomnqweno wenkululeko yabantu. Kwakukho i-impiriyalizim echaseneyo ka-Shirley Graham. UWilliam A. Hunton wayelilizwi elihloniphekileyo nelikhokela iBhunga kwiMicimbi yase-Afrika kulo naliphi na ithuba lezopolitiko elinokuphakamisa ukuqonda malunga nesoyikiso kwinkululeko yobukoloniyali ehambelana nomgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle wase-US. Kwakungamangalisi ukubona uPaul Robeson kwintlanganiso yeBhunga lezoKhuseleko kwiintsuku zokuqala zemfazwe evakalisa uqhankqalazo. Kwakubonakala ngathi yonke intetho eyayisenziwa yi-WEB Du Bois kwiphulo lakhe le-senator ye-1950 yayiqulathe ukugxeka okungathandekiyo kwemigaqo-nkqubo yamanye amazwe neyomkhosi-ngakumbi ukunyanzelwa kobukhosi kunye nokutshiswa ngokungathandabuzekiyo kwabantu bebala eHiroshima naseNagasaki.
IsiHlomelo:
Imfazwe yaseKorea yayiyeyona nto iphambili kwezomkhosi kuluntu lwethu nasekudalweni kukhuseleko lwesizwe. Yayiyinto ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ubuhlanga, isini kunye nokukrwitshwa kweenkqubo zentlalo- enegalelo ekukhuleni kokungalingani. Okwangoku, isoyikiso semfazwe eyintlekele phakathi kweWashington neNorth Korea ayinakuphungulwa. Kubalulekile ukuba uluntu lwase-US lwazi ukuba iNyakatho Korea ibicele isivumelwano soxolo neWashington neSeoul (kuphela isixhobo somkhosi esele sikhona) iminyaka engamashumi amathandathu anesine. Ngesinye isikhathi, iNyakatho Korea yaqhaqha indawo ebalulekileyo yenyukliya; ibivumelene nolawulo lukaClinton ukuba ichithe inkqubo yezixhobo zenyukliya ngenjongo yokufumana uncedo lwezixhobo kunye nezixhobo zokulandela uphuhliso lwe-athomu enoxolo- kuphela ukuba isivumelwano sihlatywe ngumlawuli ozayo uGeorge W. Bush.
I-paranoia yase-North Korea kunye nenkcubeko yayo elawulwa ngokungqongqo ihlala iyinto yokuhlekisa. Ukanti ubukho bamashumi amawaka emikhosi yase-US eMzantsi Korea, imidlalo edibeneyo yonyaka yemfazwe yase-US-South Korea kwimida yase-North Korea, imikhosi yenyukliya yase-US yasemanzini asemantla e-Korea-zonke zinika loo paranoia isiseko esifanelekileyo.
Intshukumo yoxolo encinci neyingqingiweyo kumashumi amahlanu yathetha ngokuncomekayo ngexesha lengcinezelo enkulu kaMcCarthyite. Namhlanje, kukho intshukumo ebanzi kwaye enzulu yezobulungisa kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho. Nangona kunjalo, intshukumo yanamhlanje yoxolo, ngaphandle kwento yokuba uxolo lubalulekile kuyo yonke inkqubela phambili, icinyiwe okanye ayikho. Kukho isidingo esinyanzelekileyo sokuphinda kunye nokwenza nzulu imfuno yoxolo echazwe ngabo banesibindi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Akunakwenzeka ukuba uzibaxe izibonda. Amazwi oxolo kufuneka aviwe-ngoku.
amanqaku:
Imathiriyeli ekwiMfazwe yaseKorea eboniswe apha isekwe ikakhulu kwimisebenzi kaBruce Cumings, umphengululi ophambili waseKorea. Umsebenzi wakhe omfutshane wokwenziwa, Imfazwe yaseKorea: Imbali (ENew York: 2010) ubandakanya umsebenzi wobomi bonke kulo mbandela. Ulwazi olukwesi sincoko luthathwe ikakhulu kwiphepha lama-3 ukuya kwele-35 kuloo msebenzi.
[UMark Solomon wayesakuba lilungu leKomiti kaMongameli yeBhunga loXolo lweHlabathi, owayengusihlalo wesizwe we-US Peace Council kunye neeKomiti zoNxibelelwano lweDemokhrasi kunye neNtlalontle (i-CCDS). Ungumbhali we Isikhalo Sasimanyene: AmaKomanisi kunye nama-Afrika aseMelika, 1917-1936 (Cofa kwiYunivesithi yaseMississippi) kwaye ungumhleli kaVictor Grossman Ukuwela uMlambo: Isikhumbuzo seMelika esekhohlo, iMfazwe ebandayo kunye noBomi eMpuma Jamani (IYunivesithi yaseMassachusetts Press).]
