NguJohn LaForge
Isibhengezo saseNorth Korea se-7 kaMeyi sokuba ayizukuba ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa izixhobo zenyukliya kwahlangatyezwana nesigculelo esisemthethweni endaweni yokukhululeka nokuqhwatywa kwezandla. Akukho nenye ingxelo yesibhengezo endiye ndayifumana iphawulwe ukuba iUnited States ayizange yenze isibhambathiso sokungasetyenziswa kokuqala. Akukho nanye kwiingxelo zeendaba ezilishumi elinambini ezithe zachaza ukuba iNorth Korea ayinayo intloko yenyukliya enokusetyenziswa. IThe New York Times ivumile ukuba, "Amagosa ase-US kunye naseMzantsi Korea athandabuza ukuba iNorth Korea iphuhlise umjukujelwa othembekileyo we-intercontinental oza kuzisa umthwalo wenyukliya kwilizwekazi lase-United States."
"Ukusetyenziswa kokuqala" kwenyukliya kuthetha uhlaselo lwenyukliya ngokutyibilika okanye ukunyuka ukusuka ekutshatyalalisweni kwabantu abaninzi ukuya kusetyenziso lwezixhobo zenyukliya, kwaye oomongameli baye bagrogrisa kangangezihlandlo ezili-15. Kulwakhiwo lokuqhushumba kwebhombu yePersian Gulf ngo-1991, amagosa ase-US aquka iDef. Isiqendu. UDick Cheney kunye neSec. weLizwe uJames Baker esidlangalaleni kwaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo wachaza ukuba i-US inokusebenzisa izixhobo zenyukliya. Esazulwini soqhushumbo, uRep. Dan Burton, uR-Ind., kunye nombhali wemihlathi uCal Thomas bobabini bakhuthaza ngokuphandle imfazwe yenyukliya e-Iraq.
Ngo-Epreli ka-1996, usekela-Nobhala wezoKhuselo kaMongameli uBill Clinton u-Herald Smith watyityimbisel’ umnwe ngelithi uza kusebenzisa izixhobo zenyukliya ngokuchasene neLibya engeyiyo eyenyukliya—eyayiyinxalenye yeSivumelwano seNuclear Nonproliferation – ngenxa yesityholo sokwakha iplanti yezixhobo ezifihlakeleyo. Xa uNobhala wezoKhuselo kaClinton uWilliam J. Perry wayebuzwa malunga nesi sisongelo wasiphinda, esithi, "[Asinakuyikhanyela loo nto." (IsiVumelwano sokuNgenisa ulwahlulo loluntu siyakwalela uhlaselo lwenyukliya kwamanye amaqela karhulumente.)
Kwi-"Presidential Policy Directive 60" (PD 60) kaNov. 1997, uClinton wenza esidlangalaleni iinjongo zokusetyenziswa kwenyukliya zokuqala zabacwangcisi bakhe bemfazwe. Iibhombu ze-H zase-US ngoku zazijongiswe kumazwe achongwe liSebe leLizwe ukuba "ngamahange." I-PD 60 yehlise ngendlela eyothusayo umda ochasene namathuba okuhlasela yenyukliya. Imfundiso kaClinton "iya kuvumela i-US ukuba iqalise izixhobo zenyukliya ekuphenduleni ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali okanye izixhobo zebhayoloji," iLos Angeles kunye neNew York Times yabika. (Ukuphikisa ukuba sifuna iibhombu ze-H ukunqanda uhlaselo lwekhemikhali kufana nokuthi sifuna izixhobo zenyukliya ukubilisa amanzi.) Ephosa umgaqo-nkqubo wokuthintela phantsi kwebhasi, uClinton emva koko "wayalela ukuba umkhosi ... unelungelo lokusebenzisa izixhobo zenyukliya kuqala, nangaphambi koko. ukudubula kwentloko yemfazwe yotshaba.”
Umyalelo kaClinton wawusisikhalimiso esiqatha kwiNational Academy of Sciences (NAS) - elona qela liphezulu labacebisi bezenzululwazi kwilizwe lonke - elacebisa kwiinyanga ezintandathu ngaphambili, ngoJuni 18, 1997, ukuba i-US, "ibhengeze ukuba ayizukuba yeyokuqala ukusebenzisa. izixhobo zenyukliya emfazweni okanye engxakini.” Ngo-Epreli ka-1998, ummeli kaClinton wase-US eMoscow wala ngokungqongqo ukumisela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya ngokuchasene ne-Iraq, esithi, "...
Kwakhona, ngoJanuwari nangoFebruwari 2003, uNobhala kaRhulumente u-Colin Powell kunye noNobhala we-White House Press u-Ari Fleischer wenqaba ukukhupha ngokucacileyo izixhobo zenyukliya njengenketho kwimfazwe yase-Iraq, esithi umgaqo-nkqubo wase-US wawungayi kulawula nantoni na, uWade Boese weArms. Umbutho woLawulo unike ingxelo. Ukongeza, iDef. Isiqendu. UDonald Rumsfeld uthe ngoFeb. I-13 yeKomiti yeSeneti yeeNkonzo ezixhobileyo iva ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo osemthethweni wayalela ukuba i-US, "...
Ukuphelisa ezi zoyikiso zokugqibela zebhombu kuya kuzisa isenzo sase-US ngokuhambelana nentetho kaMongameli ehlala igxeka "ubunqolobi benyukliya." Isivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe “sokungakhuseleki kwinyukliya,” esamkelwa ngamazwe amahlanu axhobe ngenyukliya ngoMeyi 11, 1995, asikhange siziphelise izityholo zokuhanahanisa ezenziwa kuwo. Isivumelwano sigcwele ngaphandle - umz., PD 60 - kwaye asibopheleli. Kuphela yiTshayina eyenze esi sibhambathiso esingagungqiyo: “Nanini na naphantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko, iTshayina iya kuba yeyokuqala ukusebenzisa izixhobo zenyukliya kwaye [iTshayina] ithembisa ngaphandle kwemiqathango ukuba ayisayi kusebenzisa okanye isoyikise ukusebenzisa izixhobo zenyukliya kumazwe angeyonyukliya nemimandla engenanyukliya. .” I-Indiya yenze isithembiso esifanayo sokungasetyenziswa kokuqala.
Ukulahlwa ngokusemthethweni kwe-US kusetyenziso lokuqala kuya kuvumela iintloko ezipholileyo ziphumelele ngokuphelisa ingxoxo malunga nokubizwa ngokuba "ngumda" wokusetyenziswa kweBhobho. Iya kuphelisa nokuphindaphindwa okucacileyo koluntu kokubhengeza ukuba izixhobo zenyukliya zezokuthintela kuphela ngelixa zilungiselela uhlaselo “ngaphambi kokudutyulwa kwentloko yemfazwe yotshaba.”
Ukuthembisa ukuba "akukho kusetyenziswa kokuqala" kuya kusindisa iibhiliyoni zeedola kuphando, uphuhliso kunye nemveliso, kunye neendleko zokugcina iinkqubo zokuqala zokubetha: i-B61 H-bhombs, ii-warheads ze-Trident submarine, i-Cruise kunye ne-missile warheads ezisekelwe emhlabeni.
Okuphawulekayo kukuba, abacwangcisi bemfazwe yenyukliya abathe basebenzisa “ikhadi eliphambili” labo lokuqala bakholelwa ukuba baye baphumelela—indlela umphangi anokufumana ngayo ingxowa yemali esebenzisa umpu ogcweleyo kodwa ngaphandle kokutsala imbumbulu. Bafuna ukugcina “i-ace” yabo eyoyikekayo iphezu komkhono wabo, kwaye baye benza ibala elinzima ngokuchasene nokulahla ngokusemthethweni ukusetyenziswa kwenyukliya okokuqala, kuba ukwenjenjalo kunokuphinda kubangele ukuba kuthandabuzeke izizathu ezisemthethweni “zokuphumelela” zokuvavanya iibhombu zemitha eHiroshima kunye. eNagasaki ngowe-1945.
I-US kufuneka yamkele ulwimi lwaseTshayina olucacileyo kwaye ithembise ukuba ayisoze isebenzise izixhobo zenyukliya kuqala okanye ngokuchasene namazwe angeyiyo eyenyukliya. Ukuba uMongameli u-Obama ufuna ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwehlabathi ngaphandle kokuxolisa nge-Hiroshima xa etyelele isixeko esidumileyo, unokuthatha indawo yomyalelo ka-Clinton kamongameli athathe owakhe, echaza ukuba i-US ayisayi kuphinda ibe yeyokuqala ukwenza inyukliya.
UJohn LaForge, odibeneyo PeaceVoice, ngu-Co-director of Nukewatch, uxolo kunye neqela lobulungisa bezemvelo eWisconsin, kwaye ungumhleli-mhleli kunye no-Arianne Peterson weNyukliya Heartland, ehlaziyiweyo: Isikhokelo se-450 i-Missiles ase-United States.
