Inyani: Ukukhuselwa kwenkululeko, idemokhrasi kunye nobomi ngokwabo, kufezekiswe ngakumbi ngamandla angenamandla. Ukulawulwa kwezinto ezingaphelelekiyo kwabanye abantu kufuna ubundlobongela nemfazwe.
Kuqhelekile ukuba abenzi bemfazwe bhengeze iimfazwe zabo njengento enqwenelekayo, kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo oqhelekileyo wokuba yonke imfazwe ingenwa yokugqibela. Le nkqubela iya kuvuya kakhulu kwaye iyakwakha. Kunokwenzeka ukubonisa ukuba ukuqaliswa kwayo nayiphi na imfazwe ethile kwakungekho, ngokwenene, ukusetyenziswa kwexesha lokugqibela, ukuba ezinye iindlela eziphezulu zikhona. Ngoko, ukuba imfazwe ikhuseleke kuphela njengeyokugqibela, imfazwe ayinakunceda.
Naluphina imfazwe eyenzekayo, kwaye nangona abaninzi abangenayo, banokufunyanwa ngabantu abakholwayo ngexesha, kwaye emva koko, ukuba imfazwe nganye imfuneko okanye imfuneko. Abanye abantu abaqinisekanga ngamabango anyanzelekile kwiimfazwe ezininzi, kodwa bafuna ukuba imfazwe enye okanye ezimbini kwixesha elide liyimfuneko. Kwaye abaninzi banomdla wokuba imfazwe ezayo iyakubonakala iyimfuneko - ubuncinane kwicala elinye lemfazwe, ngaloo ndlela idinga ukugcinwa ngokusisigxina komkhosi ukulwa.
Imfazwe "Ayikho Inkxaso"
ISebe leMfazwe laseMelika labizwa ngokuba liSebe lezoKhuselo ngo-1947, kwaye kuqhelekile kumazwe amaninzi ukuthetha ngamasebe emfazwe awo nawo onke amanye amazwe “njengokhuselo.” Kodwa ukuba eli gama linayo nayiphi na intsingiselo, ayinakululwa ukugubungela ukwenziwa kwemfazwe okanye ukomelela komkhosi. Ukuba "ukuzikhusela" kuthetha enye into ngaphandle kokuba "kukwaphula umthetho," ke ukuhlasela olunye uhlanga "ukuze bangakwazi ukusihlasela thina kuqala" okanye "ukuthumela umyalezo" okanye "ukohlwaya" ulwaphulo-mthetho ayizikhuseli kwaye ayimfuneko.
Ku-2001, urhulumente waseTaliban e-Afghanistan wayekulungele ukuguqula u-Osama bin Laden ngaphezu kwesizwe sesithathu ukuba azalwe ngamacala olwaphulo-mthetho eMelika. Esikhundleni sokuphishekela ukutshutshiswa komthetho ngenxa yezophulo-mthetho, i-United States kunye ne-NATO bakhetha imfazwe engekho mthethweni eyenza umonakalo omkhulu kunokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho, kwaqhubeka emva kokuba ibin Laden yashiye isizwe, yaqhubeka emva kokufa kukaBin Laden, kwaye yahlala ingqongqo umonakalo ku-Afghanistan, ePakistan, kwiintlanga zase-United States nakwi-NATO, kunye nokulawulwa komthetho.
Ngokubhaliweyo kwintlanganiso ngoFebruwari 2003 phakathi kukaMongameli waseMelika uGeorge W. Bush kunye noNdunankulu waseSpeyin, uBush uthe uMongameli uSaddam Hussein wayezimisele ukushiya i-Iraq, kwaye aye ekuthinjweni, ukuba unokugcina i-$ 1 billion. Umtyholi ovumelekileyo ukuba abaleke nge $ 1 ibhiliyoni akusiyo imiphumo emihle. Kodwa isibonelelo asizange sibonakaliswe kuluntu lwase-US. Kunoko, urhulumente kaBush wathi imfazwe iyadingeka ukukhusela i-United States malunga nezixhobo ezazingekho. Esikhundleni sokulahlekelwa iiligidi ezigidi zeedola, abantu base-Iraq babone ukulahlekelwa ngamakhulu amawaka abantu, izigidi zabaxhoba, izibonelelo zabo zesizwe kunye nemfundo kunye neenkqubo zezempilo ezibhubhileyo, ukukhululeka kwintlalo, ukubhujiswa kwendalo, kunye nezifo zesifo kunye neziphoso zokuzalwa - zonke ezibiza i-United States i-$ 800 yezigidigidi, ezingabali iibhiliyoni zeedola kwiindleko zokunyuka kwamafutha, iintlawulo zenzalo ezizayo, ukunyamekelwa kwabadala, kunye nokulahlekelwa ngamathuba - kungabhekiseli kwabafileyo kunye nabalimala, ukunyuswa kobutyebi boorhulumente, ukukhupha inkululeko yoluntu, umonakalo kumhlaba kunye nomoya wayo, kunye nomonakalo wokuziphatha wokwamkela ukuthunjwa, ukuhlushwa, nokubulala.
Funda kwakhona: Inkolelo: I-China iyingozi Yomkhosi
Ukulungiselela iMfazwe Akunjalo "Ukukhusela"
Ingcinga efanayo enokuthi ukuhlasela olunye uhlanga "kuyazikhusela" inokusetyenziselwa ukuzama ukuthethelela ukusisigxina kwemikhosi kolunye uhlanga. Isiphumo, kuwo omabini la matyala, asisiqhamo, sivelisa izoyikiso kunokuba siziphelise. Kwamanye amazwe angama-196 emhlabeni, eUnited States inezixhobo ubuncinci i-177. Iqaqobana lezinye izizwe zinenani elincinci lemikhosi emiswe phesheya. Lo ayisiyonto yokuzikhusela okanye eyimfuneko okanye inkcitho.
Umkhosi okhuselayo uya kuba nonogada wonxweme, ukujikeleza komda, izixhobo ezichasene neenqwelomoya, kunye neminye imikhosi ekwaziyo ukuzikhusela kuhlaselo. Ubuninzi benkcitho yomkhosi, ngakumbi ngamazwe afumileyo, iyacaphukisa. Izixhobo ngaphandle, ezilwandle, nakwindawo engaphandle ayizikhuseli. Iibhombu kunye nemijukujelwa ejolise kwezinye izizwe azizikhuseli. Uninzi lwamazwe atyebileyo, kubandakanya nezo zinezixhobo ezininzi ezingasebenziyo, zichitha imali engaphantsi kweedola ezili-100 zeedola minyaka le. I-900 yezigidigidi eyongezelelweyo ezisa inkcitho yase-US ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1 yezigidigidi zeedola ngonyaka akubandakanyi nto yokuzikhusela.
Ukhuselo alufanele lubandakanye uxolo
Xa kuchazwa iimfazwe zakutshanje e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq njengabantu abangazikhuseliyo, ngaba siye sashiya umbono we-Afghans ne-Iraqis? Ngaba uyazikhusela ukulwa emva kokuhlaselwa? Ewe, kunjalo. Yile ncazelo yokuzikhusela. Kodwa, makhe sikhumbule ukuba ngaba ngabagqugquzeli bemfazwe abaye bathi ukukhusela kwenza imfazwe ibulungisa. Ubu bungqina bubonisa ukuba iindlela eziphambili zokukhusela, ngokubhekiselele kunokuba zingekho, ukunganyaniseki. Iingcamango zenkcubeko yamaqhinga zibonisa ukuba isenzo esingazikhuseliyo sinobuthathaka, singenzi, kwaye asikwazi ukulungisa iingxaki ezinkulu zentlalo. Iinyani bonisa kuphela. Ngoko kunokwenzeka ukuba isigqibo esilumkileyo kunazo zonke kwi-Iraq okanye e-Afghanistan kwakuya kuba ukunganyaniseki, ukungabambisisani, nokubhenela ubulungisa behlabathi.
Isigqibo esinjalo siyachukumisa ngakumbi ukuba siyacinga ukuba ilizwe elinjengeMelika, elinolawulo olukhulu kwimibutho yamazwe aphesheya njengeZizwe eziManyeneyo, liphendula uhlaselo oluvela phesheya. Abantu baseMelika abanokwala ukwamkela igunya langaphandle. Amaqela oxolo aphesheya anokujoyina ukunganyaniseki. Isohlwayo ekujoliswe kuso kunye nokutshutshiswa kungadityaniswa noxinzelelo lwamazwe aphesheya. Kukho iindlela ezongezelelekileyo zobundlobongela obukhulu.
Nalu uluhlu losetyenziso oluyimpumelelo lwesenzo esingenabundlobongela endaweni yemfazwe.
Imfazwe Yenza Wonke umntu Ukhuselekile
Umbuzo obalulekileyo, nangona kunjalo, akuyona indlela uhlanga oluhlaselwe ngayo kufuneka luphendule, kodwa lunjani ukukhusela isizwe esinobudlova ekuhlaseleni. Enye indlela yokunceda ukwenza oko kuya kuba kukusabalalisa ukuba imfazwe eyenza abantu babe yingozi kubantu kunokuba bakhusele.
Ukukhanyela ukuba imfazwe iyimfuneko ayifani nokungaqondi ukuba kukho ububi ehlabathini. Enyanisweni, imfazwe kufuneka ibekwe njengenye yezinto ezimbi kakhulu kwihlabathi. Akukho nto embi ukuba imfazwe ingasetyenziselwa ukuthintela. Kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwemfazwe ukukhusela okanye ukuhlwaya ukwenza imfazwe kubonakalise ukuhluleka okukrakra.
Imfazwe yamathambo yayiya kuthi sikholelwe ukuba imfazwe ibulala abantu ababi abafuna ukubulawa ukuze basikhusele kunye nenkululeko. Enyanisweni, iimfazwe zakutshanje ezibandakanya iintlanga ezizityebi ziye zabulawa ngabanye, abadala kunye nabahlali abaqhelekileyo kwiintlanga ezihlwempu. Kwaye ngelixa "inkululeko" iyenze njengelungelelaniso lweemfazwe, iimfazwe ziye zasebenza ulungelelwaniso lokuphelisa inkululeko yangempela.
Ingcamango yokuba unokufumana amalungelo ngokuxhobisa urhulumente wakho ukuba asebenze ngasese kwaye abulale amaninzi abantu abonakalayo bodwa ukuba imfazwe sisixhobo sethu kuphela. Xa konke unayo isando, zonke iingxaki zibukeka njengezipikili. Ngaloo ndlela iimfazwe ziyimpendulo kuzo zonke iimpizwe zasemzini, kwaye iimfazwe ezimbi ezithatha ixesha elide zingapheli ngokuzikhulisa.
Izifo ezinokuthintelwa, iingozi, ukuzibulala, ukuwa, ukurhaxwa, kunye nemozulu eshushu ibulala abantu abaninzi eUnited States nakwezinye izizwe ezininzi kunokuba kunjalo ngobunqolobi. Ukuba ubugrogrisi benza ukuba kufuneke kutyalwe imali eyi-1 yezigidigidi zeedola ngonyaka kumalungiselelo emfazwe, ingaba imozulu eshushu yenza ukuba kube yimfuneko ukwenza ntoni?
Ingqungquthela yesongelo esikhulu sesigebengu sithatyathwa yi-arhente njenge-FBI ekhuthaza rhoqo, ixhaswe, kwaye ifake abantu abangenakuze bakwazi ukubeka ingongongoma ngokwabo.
A ukufundisisa ngokwenene iimfazwe zenza ukuba kucaciswe ukuba imfuneko ayinakubalwa kwinkqubo yokwenza isigqibo, ngaphandle kwepropaganda yoluntu.
"Ulawulo loLuntu" ngoBugcisa-uMbulali akusisisombululo
Phakathi kwabo bayayiqondayo indlela eyonakalisayo ngayo imfazwe, kukho enye into eyingqinisiso yentsomi yeli ziko likhethekileyo: imfazwe iyafuneka kulawulo lwabemi. Kodwa ubungakanani beplanethi yokunciphisa umda wabantu buqala ukubonisa iimpawu zokusebenza ngaphandle kwemfazwe. Iziphumo ziya kuba mbi. Isisombululo kunokuba kukutyala ezinye zobutyebi obuninzi ngoku obuphoselwe emfazweni kuphuhliso lweendlela zokuphila ezizinzileyo endaweni yoko. Umbono wokusebenzisa imfazwe ukuphelisa amawaka ezigidi zamadoda, abafazi nabantwana phantse uguqulela iintlobo ezinokucinga ukuba ezo ngcinga azifanelanga kugcinwa (okanye ubuncinci azifanele ukugxeka amaNazi); Ngethamsanqa uninzi lwabantu alunakucinga nantoni na emangalisa kangaka.
- IMfazwe Yehlabathi II ayengenakwenzeka ngaphandle kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, ngaphandle kobudenge bokuqala kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I kunye nokuba yinkinga yokuphelisa iMfazwe Yehlabathi I eyabangela abaninzi abantu abazilumko ukuba baxelele iMfazwe Yehlabathi II kwindawo okanye ngaphandle kwe-Wall Street. yamaJamani amaNazi iminyaka emininzi (njengenqununu kumakhomanisi), okanye ngaphandle kohlanga lwengalo kunye nezigqibo ezininzi ezimbi ezingafuneki ukuphindaphinda kwixesha elizayo.
- Urhulumente wase-US khange abethwe ngohlaselo olungalindelekanga. UMongameli uFranklin Roosevelt wathembisa uChurchill ethe cwaka ukuba i-United States izakusebenza nzima ukukhuthaza iJapan ukuba ihlasele. I-FDR yazi ukuba uhlaselo luza, kwaye ekuqaleni yayila isibhengezo semfazwe ngokuchasene neJamani neJapan ngorhatya lwePearl Harbour. Phambi kwePearl Harbour, i-FDR yayakhe iziseko e-US nakwiilwandle ezininzi, zathengisa izixhobo kwi-Brits yeziseko, yaqala uyilo, yenza uluhlu lwabo bonke abantu base-Japan baseMelika elizweni, babonelela ngeenqwelomoya, abaqeqeshi, kunye nabaqhubi beenqwelomoya ukuya e China , Wabeka isohlwayo esiqatha eJapan, kwaye wacebisa umkhosi wase-US ukuba imfazwe neJapan iyaqala. Uxelele abacebisi bakhe abaphezulu ukuba ulindele uhlaselo nge-1 Disemba, eyayiziintsuku ezintandathu zokuphumla. Nanku ungeno kwidayari kaNobhala Wezomkhosi uHenry Stimson emva kwentlanganiso kaNovemba 25, 1941, yeWhite House: “UMongameli wathi amaJapan ayedume ngokwenza uhlaselo ngaphandle kwesixwayiso kwaye wathi sinokuhlaselwa, yithi ngoMvulo olandelayo, umzekelo. ”
- Imfazwe yayingekho yoluntu kwaye yayingathengiswa ngolu hlobo de emva kokuba iphelile. I-United States ya khokela iindibano zehlabathi apho kwenziwa isigqibo sokuba zingamkeli iimbacu ezingamaJuda, nangenxa yezizathu ezicacileyo zobuhlanga, nangaphandle kwebango likaHitler lokuba uzakubathumela naphina kwiinqanawa zokuhamba ngenqanawa. Kwakungekho iposta ekucela ukuba uncede uMalume uSam asindise amaJuda. Inqanawa yeembacu ezingamaJuda ezivela eJamani zagxothwa eMiami ngoNogada woNxweme. I-US kunye namanye amazwe ala ukwamkela iimbacu ezingamaJuda, kwaye uninzi lwabantu base-US bayasixhasa eso sikhundla. Amaqela oxolo abuza u-Nkulumbuso uWinston Churchill kunye nonobhala wakhe wezangaphandle malunga nokuthumela amaJuda eJamani ukuba abasindise baxelelwa ukuba, ngelixa uHitler angavuma kakuhle kwesi sicwangciso, kuya kuba yingxaki enkulu kwaye kufuna iinqanawa ezininzi. I-US ayibandakanyekanga kwimizamo yozakuzo okanye yezomkhosi ukusindisa amaxhoba kwiinkampu zoxinaniso zamaNazi. U-Anne Frank wayenqatshelwe i-visa yase-US. Nangona eli nqaku lingenanto yakwenza nembali ebalulekileyo ye-WWII njengeMfazwe eyiyo, ibaluleke kakhulu kwiintsomi zase-US endiza kubandakanya apha isicatshulwa esiphambili esivela kuNicholson Baker:
"U-Anthony Eden, unobhala ongaphandle waseBrithani, owayesetyenzwe nguChurchill ngokuphendula imibuzo malunga nababaleki, wathandana ngokugqithiseleyo ngenye yeendwendwe ezibalulekileyo, esithi yonke into eyenza ukukhululwa kwamaYuda esuka eHitler yayingenakwenzeka. Uhambo oluya eUnited States, i-Eden yatsho ngokucacileyo ukuba uCordell Hull, unobhala wombuso, ukuba ubunzima bokubuza uHitler kumaYuda kukuba 'uHitler unokusithatha naluphi na umnikelo, kwaye akukho nje kunye neendlela zokuthutha ehlabathini ukuze ziphathe. ' Churchill wavuma. Wabhala ngokuphendula kwincwadi enye ecela ukuba, 'Nangona sasifumana imvume yokurhoxisa onke amaYuda,' izithuthi zodwa zibonisa ingxaki eyoba nzima ukuyicombulula. ' Ukuthunyelwa okwaneleyo nokuthutha? Kwiminyaka emibini ngaphambili, iBritish yayishiye amadoda angama-340,000 ukusuka kumabhantshi aseDunkirk ngeentsuku ezilisithoba. I-Air Air yase-US yayineenkulungwane ezininzi zeeplani ezintsha. Ngethuba nakwi-armistice emfutshane, ii-Allies zange zenze i-airlift kwaye zithumele ababaleki kumanani amaninzi ukusuka kwiJamani. "[vii]
Mhlawumbi iya kumbuzo othi "Injongo eyiyo" ukuba icala "elilungileyo" lemfazwe alikhange linikezele ngento eza kuba ngumzekelo ophambili wobubi becala "elibi" lemfazwe.
- Imfazwe yayingazikhuseli. I-FDR ixoke ukuba inemephu yezinhlelo zamaNazi zokucwangcisa iNingizimu Melika, ukuba wayenomcebo weNazi wokuqeda unqulo, ukuba iinqanawa zase-US (ngokuncedisa iindiza zemfazwe yaseBrithani) zahlaselwa ngamaNazi, ukuba iJamani yayisongela iUnited States.[viii] Icala lingenziwa ukuba i-US imele ifake imfazwe eYurophu ukukhusela ezinye iintlanga, ezazingenelela ukukhusela ezinye iintlanga, kodwa iimeko ezinokuthi zenziwe ukuba i-US ikhulise ukujoliswa kweentlanga, yandisa imfazwe, kwaye yenza umonakalo omkhulu kunokuba kwenzeke, ukuba i-US ayenzi nto, izame ukudibanisa, okanye ityala imali yokungabi nonyango. Ukubamba ukuba ubukhosi bamaNazi bube bukhule kancinci ngenye imini kubandakanya umsebenzi waseUnited States ungagqithwa ngokungaqhelekanga kwaye awunakuzaliswa yiphina imimiselo yangaphambili okanye emva kweminye imfazwe.
- Ngoku siyazi ngokubanzi kwaye kunye nedatha eninzi yokuba ukunganyaniseki kokusebenza kunye nokungabikho kokungabikho kokungabikho kokungabikho kokungabi nabulungisa kusenokwenzeka ukuba uphumelele-kwaye loo mpu melelo iyakwazi ukuhlala-ngaphezu kokuchasana nobudlova. Ngale lwazi, sinokubukela emva kweempumelelo ezintle zezenzo ezingabonakaliyo ezinxamnye namaNazi ezingazange zihlelwe kakuhle okanye zakhiwe ngaphaya kwempumelelo yazo yokuqala.[ix]
- Imfazwe elungileyo yayingalunganga kwimikhosi. Bengenalo uqeqesho olunzima lwangoku kunye nesimo sengqondo sokulungiselela amajoni ukuba abandakanyeke kwisenzo esingaqhelekanga sokubulala, malunga neepesenti ezingama-80 zase-US kunye namanye amajoni kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II akazange adubule izixhobo zabo "kwiintshaba."[X] Inyaniso yokuba ama-veterans of WWII ayaphathwa ngcono emva kwemfazwe kunamanye amasosha ngaphambi okanye ukususela, kwaba ngumphumo woxinzelelo olwenziwa yi-Bonus Army emva kwemfazwe yangaphambili. Ezi zikhulile zanikwa ikholeji yamahhala, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, kunye neempesheni kwakungekho ngenxa yokufaneleka kwemfazwe okanye ngenye indlela ngenxa yemfazwe. Ngaphandle kwemfazwe, wonke umntu unikwe iikholeji yamahhala iminyaka emininzi. Ukuba sinike iikholeji yamahhala kuwo wonke umntu namhlanje, kuya kufuneka ibe ngaphezu kwe-Hollywoodized World War II yamabali ukufumana abantu abaninzi kwizikhululo zokuqeshisa ezempi.
- Amaxesha amaninzi inani labantu babulawa kwiikampu zaseJamani babulawa ngaphandle kwabo kwimfazwe. Uninzi lwabantu babengabantu abahlali. Isikali sokubulala, ukulimaza, nokutshabalalisa kwenziwe iWWII into eyona nto eyona nto yenzeke kuyo ngokwayo ngexesha elifutshane. Siyicinga ukuba ama-allies "aphikisana" nokubulawa kwabantu abangaphantsi kweenkampu. Kodwa oko akunako ukuthethelela ukuba unyango olubi ngaphezu kwesifo.
- Ukunyuka kwemfazwe ukubandakanya ukutshabalaliswa kwabantu bonke kunye nezixeko, ekugqibeleni kwiindawo zokuhlala ezingenakulungelelaniswa kwezixeko zithatha iWWII ngaphandle kweeprojekthi ezinokukhusela abantu abaninzi abaye balwela ukuqaliswa kwayo-kwaye kufanelekile. Ukufuna ukuzinikezela ngokungenamthetho kwaye ukufuna ukwandisa ukufa nokuhlupheka kwakwenza umonakalo omkhulu kwaye washiya ilifa elibi kunye neliso.
- Ukubulala inani elikhulu labantu kucingelwa ukuba likhuselekile kwicala "elilungileyo" emfazweni, kodwa hayi kwicala "elibi". Ukwahlula phakathi kwezi zimbini akukaze kube yinto emangazayo. I-United States yayinembali ende njengombuso wobandlululo. Izithethe zase-US zokucinezela abantu base-Afrika baseMelika, ukubulala abantu baseMelika ngoku, kwaye ngoku amaJapan aseMelika angenelelayo, kwaveza iinkqubo ezithile ezazikhuthaza amaNazi aseJamani-ezi ke zazibandakanya iinkampu zabantu baseMelika, kunye neenkqubo ze-eugenics kunye nolingo lwabantu olwalukho ngaphambili, ngexesha, kunye emva kwemfazwe. Enye yezi nkqubo yayiquka ukunika igcushuwa kubantu baseGuatemala kwangaxeshanye kuvavanywa iimvavanyo zaseNuremberg.[xi] Umkhosi waseMelika uqeshe amaNazi aphezulu phezulu ekupheleni kwemfazwe; bafanelwe ngqo.[xii] I-US ijolise umbuso wehlabathi jikelele, ngaphambi kwemfazwe, ngexesha layo, kwaye ukususela ngelo xesha. I-neo-Nazis yaseJamani namhlanje, engavunyelwe ukutshintsha ifulegi yamaNazi, ngamanye amaxesha igxininisa iflegi ye-Confederate States of America endaweni yoko.
- Icala "elilungileyo" le "mfazwe elungileyo," iqela elabulala kakhulu lafela icala eliphumelelayo, yayiliKomanisi iSoviet Union. Ayiyenzi imfazwe ibe yimpumelelo yobukomanisi, kodwa iyangcolisa amabali aseWashington nawaseHollywood ophumelele "idemokhrasi."[xiii]
- Imfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi ayikapheli. Abantu abaqhelekileyo eUnited States babengenayo irhafu yengeniso de kwaba yiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi kwaye ayizange ime. Yayifanele ukuba yeyethutyana.[xiv] Iziseko zexesha le-WWII ezakhiwe ngeenxa zonke kwihlabathi azizange zivaliwe. Amabutho ase-US awazange ashiye eJamani okanye eJapan.[xv] Kukho ngaphezulu kwe-100,000 US kunye neBritani ibhomu ehlala phantsi eJamani, isele ibulale.[xvi]
- Ukubuyela kwiminyaka eyi-75 kwilizwe le-nyukliya elingenasikhulu, leenkoloni zezinto ezihluke ngokupheleleyo, imithetho kunye nemikhwa yokubonisa ukuba yintoni eyona yindleko enkulu e-United States nganye kwiminyaka ukususela kuba yinto ephawulekayo yokuzikhohlisa t uzame kwi-justified of any enterprise. Ngicinga ukuba ndinemibolo ye-1 nge-11 engalunganga ngokupheleleyo, kwaye usacacisa ukuba isiganeko esivela kwii-1940 zakuqala sichaza ukulahla iidola eziyi-2017 kwimali yemfazwe eyayingasetyenziselwa ukondla, ukugqoka, ukunyanga, kunye nendawo yokuhlala izigidi zabantu, kunye nokukhusela umhlaba.
[vii] Ayikho Imfazwe: Amakhulu eminyaka ama-American Antiwar kunye nokuThola uxolo, ehleliwe nguLawrence Rosendwald.
[viii] UDavid Swanson, Imfazwe Lixoki, Uhlobo lweSibini (iCharlottesville: Iincwadi zeNcwadi zeHlabathi, i-2016).
[ix] Incwadi kunye neFilimu: Amandla Angamandla, http://aforcemorepowerful.org
[X] UDave Grossman, Ekubulaweni: Iindleko zeengqondo zokufunda ukubulala kwiMfazwe kunye neMbutho (Amabhuku e-Back Bay: i-1996).
[xi] UDonald G. McNeil Jr., The New York Times, "I-US ixolisa kwiimvavanyo ze-Syphilis eGuatemala," Oktobha 1, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/02/ealth/research/02infect.html
[xii] UAnnie Jacobsen, I-Operation Paperclip: Inkqubo Yobunkokheli Bokufihlakeleyo eyenza iNzululwazi zamaNazi eMelika (Omncinci, uBrown kunye neNkampani, i-2014).
[xiii] UOliver Stone noPeter Kuznick, Imbali engekhoyo ye-United States (Iincwadi zeGalari, i-2013).
[xiv] USteven A. Bank, uKirk J. Stark, noJoseph J. Thorndike, IMfazwe kunye neNtlawulo (Urban Institute Press, 2008).
[xv] RootsAction.org, "Suka kude kwiMfazwe engeyiyo. Vala iRamstein Air Base, "http://act.rootsaction.org/p/dia/action3/common/public/?action_KEY=12254
[xvi] UDavid Swanson, "I-United States iBhombu yaseJamani nje," http://davidswanson.org/node/5134
Amanqaku akutshanje:
