"Umnqweno wokufa" we-NATO awuyi kutshabalalisa iYurophu kuphela kodwa lonke ihlabathi

Kunzima ukuqonda ukuba kutheni abezopolitiko baseNtshona kunye namajelo eendaba esiqhelo basilela ukuyibona ingozi ekhoyo abayibeke eRussia kwaye ngokungakhathali kuthi sonke. Ukunyanzeliswa kwe-NATO kwinto ebizwa ngokuba ngumgaqo-nkqubo "womnyango ovulekileyo" yinto yodwa kwaye ayihoyi ngokunyanisekileyo imidla yokhuseleko esemthethweni yaseRussia. Alikho ilizwe elinokunyamezela olo hlobo lolwando. Ngokuqinisekileyo ayisiyiyo i-US ukuba ngokuthelekisa iMexico ingahendwa ukujoyina umanyano olukhokelwa yiTshayina.

I-NATO ibonise into endiya kuyibiza ngokuba kukungathobeli kwaye ukwala kwayo ukuthethathethana neYurophu ngokubanzi okanye isivumelwano sokhuseleko sehlabathi jikelele senza uhlobo lomsindo, oluqala ngokuthe ngqo imfazwe ekhoyo e-Ukraine. Ngaphezu koko, kulula ukuqonda ukuba le mfazwe inokunyukela ngokulula ekutshatyalalisweni kwenyukliya.

Esi ayisosihlandlo sokuqala ukuba uluntu luzifumane lujongene nengxaki enkulu ebinokuthintelwa ngokugcina izithembiso ezanikwa ongasekhoyo uMikhail Gorbachev ngowayesakuba nguNobhala weLizwe laseMelika uJames Baker.^[1] nangamanye amagosa ase-US. Ukwandiswa kwe-NATO esempuma ukusukela ngo-1997 kuye kwabonwa ziinkokeli zaseRussia njengokwaphulwa okunzulu kwesivumelwano esibalulekileyo sokhuseleko kunye neenguqulelo ezikhoyo. Igqalwa njengesisongelo esisoloko sisanda, “isisongelo sokusetyenziswa kwamandla” ngeenjongo zenqaku le-2(4) le-UN Charter. Oku kubandakanya umngcipheko omkhulu wokujongana nenyukliya, kuba iRussia inomkhosi omkhulu wenyukliya kunye neendlela zokuhambisa iimfazwe.

Umbuzo obalulekileyo ongabuzwayo ngamajelo eendaba aphambili ngowokuba: Kutheni sixhokonxa amandla enyukliya? Ngaba siphulukene nengqiqo ngomlinganiselo? Ngaba sidlala uhlobo lwe "roulette yaseRashiya" kunye nekamva lezizukulwana ezizayo zabantu emhlabeni?

Lo ayingombuzo wezopolitiko kuphela, kodwa kakhulu ngumcimbi wentlalo, ifilosofi kunye nokuziphatha. Ngokuqinisekileyo iinkokeli zethu azinalo ilungelo lokubeka ubomi babo bonke abantu baseMelika emngciphekweni. Oku kukuziphatha okungenademokhrasi kakhulu kwaye kufuneka kugwetywe ngabantu baseMelika. Yeha, amajelo eendaba aphambili asasaza ipropaganda echasene neRussia amashumi eminyaka. Kutheni i-NATO idlala lo mdlalo unobungozi kakhulu "we-vanque"? Ngaba singakwazi ukubeka emngciphekweni ubomi babo bonke abantu baseYurophu, baseAsia, baseAfrika nabaseLatin America? Kungenxa yokuba "singabakhethekileyo" kwaye sifuna ukungaguquki malunga "nelungelo" lethu lokwandisa i-NATO?

Masithathe umoya onzulu kwaye sikhumbule ukuba ihlabathi lalisondele kangakanani kwi-Apocalypse ngexesha lentlekele ye-missile yaseCuban ngo-Oktobha 1962. Sibulela uThixo kwakukho abantu abaneentloko ezipholileyo kwi-White House kwaye uJohn F. Kennedy wakhetha ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo kunye iiSoviets, kuba ikamva loluntu lilele ezandleni zakhe. Ndandingumfundi wesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo eChicago kwaye ndikhumbula ukubukela iingxoxo phakathi kuka-Adlai Stevenson III noValentin Zorin (endidibana naye kwiminyaka emininzi kamva xa ndandiligosa eliphezulu le-UN lamalungelo oluntu e-Geneva).

Ngowe-1962 iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zasindisa ihlabathi ngokulungiselela iqonga apho iyantlukwano yayinokuzinziswa ngoxolo. Kuyintlekele ukuba uNobhala Jikelele wangoku u-Antonio Guterres wasilela ukulungisa ingozi ebangelwa kukwandiswa kwe-NATO ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Wayenokuthi kodwa akazange aphumelele ukuququzelela uthethathethwano phakathi kweRashiya kunye namazwe e-NATO ngaphambi koFebruwari 2022. Kuyihlazo ukuba i-OSCE ayiphumelelanga ukukholisa urhulumente wase-Ukraine ukuba kufuneka asebenzise izivumelwano zeMinsk - pacta sunt servanda.

Kuyadanisa ukuba amazwe angathathi hlangothi njengeSwitzerland asilela ukuthetha ngoluntu xa kwakusenokwenzeka ukunqanda ukuqhambuka kwemfazwe. Nangoku, kunyanzelekile ukuba kupheliswe imfazwe. Nabani na owandisa imfazwe wenza ulwaphulo-mthetho olunxamnye noxolo nolwaphulo-mthetho eluntwini. Ukubulala kufuneka kuphele namhlanje kwaye bonke abantu kufuneka baphakame bafune uxolo NGOKU.

Ndikhumbula idilesi yokuqala kaJohn F. Kennedy kwiYunivesithi yaseMelika eWashington DC ngomhla we-10 kuJuni ka-1963.^[2]. Ndicinga ukuba bonke abezopolitiko kufuneka bafunde le ngxelo yobulumko kwaye babone ukuba kubaluleke kangakanani ukusombulula imfazwe ekhoyo e-Ukraine. Unjingalwazi uJeffrey Sachs weYunivesithi yaseColumbia eNew York wabhala incwadi enokuqonda ngayo.^[3]

Encoma abo baphumeleleyo, uKennedy wakhumbula indlela uMasefield ayichaza ngayo iyunivesithi “njengendawo apho abo bakuthiyileyo ukungazi basenokuzabalazela ukwazi, apho abo bayiqondayo inyaniso basenokuzabalazela ukwenza abanye babone.

Kennedy wakhetha ukuxubusha “ngowona mxholo ubalulekileyo emhlabeni: uxolo lwehlabathi. Ndithetha uxolo olunjani? Luxolo olunjani esilufunayo? Hayi a Pax Americana zinyanzeliswe kwihlabathi ngezixhobo zemfazwe zaseMelika. Hayi uxolo lwengcwaba okanye ukhuseleko lwekhoboka. Ndithetha ngoxolo lokwenene, uhlobo loxolo olwenza ubomi emhlabeni bufanelekele ukuphila, uhlobo olwenza abantu nezizwe bakhule baze babe nethemba nokwakhela abantwana babo ubomi obubhetele—kungekhona nje uxolo kubantu baseMerika kodwa uxolo kubo bonke. amadoda nabafazi—kungekhona nje uxolo kwixesha lethu kodwa uxolo ngalo lonke ixesha.”

U-Kennedy wayenabacebisi abalungileyo abamkhumbuza ukuba "imfazwe iyonke ayinangqondo ... kwixesha apho isixhobo senyukliya esinye siqukathe phantse izihlandlo ezilishumi amandla aqhushumbayo aziswa yiyo yonke imikhosi yomoya emanyeneyo kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. Akukho ngqiqweni kweli xesha apho iityhefu ezibulalayo eziveliswa kutshintshiselwano ngenyukliya ziya kuthwalwa ngumoya namanzi nomhlaba kunye nembewu kwiindawo ezikude zomhlaba nakwizizukulwana ezingekazalwa. ”

UKennedy kunye nomanduleli wakhe u-Eisenhower bayigxeka kaninzi inkcitho yeebhiliyoni zeedola minyaka le kwizixhobo, kuba ezo nkcitho aziyondlela esebenzayo yokuqinisekisa uxolo, esisisiphelo esinengqiqo samadoda anengqondo.

Ngokungafaniyo nabangena ezihlangwini zikaKennedy kwi-White House, u-JFK wayenembono eyinyani kunye namandla okuzigxeka: “Abanye bathi akuncedi nganto ukuthetha ngoxolo lwehlabathi okanye umthetho wehlabathi okanye ukuthotywa kwezixhobo zehlabathi–kwaye akuyi kuba luncedo de kufike ixesha. iinkokeli zeSoviet Union zamkela isimo sengqondo esikhanyiselwe ngakumbi. Ndiyathemba ukuba bayakwenza. Ndiyakholwa ukuba singabanceda bayenze. Kodwa ndiyakholelwa ukuba kufuneka siphinde sihlole isimo sethu sengqondo-njengabantu nanjengeSizwe-kuba isimo sethu sengqondo sibaluleke kakhulu njengesabo. "

Ngokufanelekileyo, ucebise ukuba kuhlolwe isimo sengqondo sase-US malunga noxolo ngokwalo. Uninzi lwethu lucinga ukuba akunakwenzeka. Abaninzi bacinga ukuba ayiyonyani. Kodwa leyo yinkolelo eyingozi, eyoyiswayo. Kukhokelela kwisigqibo sokuba imfazwe ayinakuphepheka-ukuba uluntu lugwetyiwe-ukuba sibanjwe ngamandla esingenakukwazi ukuwalawula. Wala ukuyamkela loo mbono. Njengoko waxelela abafundi abaphumelele kwiYunivesithi yaseMelika, “Iingxaki zethu zenziwe ngabantu—ke ngoko, zinokusonjululwa ngumntu. Kwaye umntu unokuba mkhulu kangangoko efuna. Akukho ngxaki yekamva lomntu ingaphaya kwabantu. Ingqondo yomntu kunye nomoya uhlala uzisombulula izinto ezibonakala zingenakusonjululwa-kwaye siyakholelwa ukuba banako ukuyenza kwakhona…. ”

Wakhuthaza abaphulaphuli bakhe ukuba bagxininise kuxolo olusebenzisekayo ngakumbi, olufikelelekayo ngakumbi, olusekelwe kwinguqu yequbuliso kwindalo yomntu kodwa ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo ngokuthe ngcembe kumaziko oluntu-kuluhlu lwezenzo eziphathekayo kunye nezivumelwano ezisebenzayo ezinomdla kubo bonke abachaphazelekayo. : “Akukho sitshixo esinye, esilula kolu xolo–akukho fomyula inkulu okanye yomlingo eya kwamkelwa ligunya elinye okanye amabini. Uxolo lokwenyaniso lumele lube yimveliso yezizwe ezininzi, isimbuku sezenzo ezininzi. Kufuneka iguquke, ingami, itshintshe ukuhlangabezana nomngeni wesizukulwana esitsha ngasinye. Kuba uxolo yinkqubo-indlela yokusombulula iingxaki. "

Ngokwam, ndibuhlungu kukuba amazwi kaKennedy akude kakhulu kwintetho esiyivayo namhlanje kubo bobabini iBiden kunye neBlinken, ibali labo lelinye lokuzigwebela ilungisa - i-caricature emnyama nemhlophe - akukho nto ithi JFK's humanistic and pragmatic. indlela kubudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe.

Ndikhuthazwa ukuba ndiphinde ndifumanise umbono we-JFK: “Uxolo lwehlabathi, njengoxolo loluntu, alufuni ukuba umntu ngamnye athande ummelwane wakhe—lufuna kuphela ukuba bahlale kunye ngokunyamezelana, bangenise iingxabano zabo kwisisombululo esinobulungisa nesinoxolo. Yaye imbali isifundisa ukuba ubutshaba phakathi kwezizwe, naphakathi kwabantu, abuhlali ngonaphakade.”

I-JFK yagxininisa ukuba kufuneka sizingise kwaye sithathe imbono engaphantsi kokulunga kwethu kunye nobubi babachasi bethu. Wakhumbuza abaphulaphuli bakhe ukuba uxolo alufanele lubekho, yaye imfazwe ayimele iphephe. “Ngokuyichaza ngokucacileyo injongo yethu, ngokuyenza ibonakale ilawuleka ngakumbi kwaye ingabikude kangako, sinokunceda bonke abantu ukuba bayibone, bafumane ithemba kuyo, baze baqhubele phambili ngokungenakuthintelwa kuyo.”

Waqukumbela ngelithi: “Kufuneka, ke ngoko, sizingise kukhangelo loxolo ngethemba lokuba iinguqu ezakhayo kumbutho wamaKomanisi zinokuzisa izisombululo ezibonakala zingaphaya kwethu. Kufuneka siqhube imicimbi yethu ngendlela eya kuthi ibe ngumdla wamaKomanisi ukuvumelana ngoxolo lokwenene. Ngaphezu kwako konke, ngelixa sikhusela izilangazelelo zethu ezibalulekileyo, amagunya enyukliya kufuneka athintele ezo ngquzulwano ezizisa umchasi kukhetho lokurhoxa okulihlazo okanye imfazwe yenyukliya. Ukwamkela olo hlobo lwekhosi kwixesha lenyukliya kuya kuba bubungqina bokungabikho komgaqo-nkqubo wethu-okanye umnqweno wokufa odibeneyo wehlabathi. "

Abafundi abaphumelele kwiYunivesithi yaseMelika bamqhwabela izandla uKennedy ngo-1963. Ndinganqwenela ukuba wonke umfundi waseyunivesithi, wonke umfundi wesikolo esiphakamileyo, ilungu ngalinye leNkongolo, intatheli nganye ifunde le ntetho kwaye icingisise ngeziphumo zayo kwihlabathi NAMHLANJE. Ndinqwenela ukuba bafunde iNew York Times kaGeorge F. Kennan^[4] Isincoko sika-1997 esigxeka ukwanda kwe-NATO, imbono kaJack Matlock^[5], unozakuzaku wokugqibela wase-US kwi-USSR, izilumkiso zabaphengululi base-US uStephen Cohen^[6] kunye noNjingalwazi uJohn Mearsheimer^[7].

Ndiyoyika ukuba kwihlabathi langoku leendaba ezingeyonyani kunye neengxelo eziphenjelelweyo, kuluntu lwanamhlanje olugutyungelwe ingqondo, uKennedy angatyholwa ngokuba “ngumceli” waseRussia, nokuba ngumngcatshi kumaxabiso aseMelika. Ukanti, isiphelo soluntu lonke sisesichengeni ngoku. Kwaye eyona nto siyifunayo yenye i-JFK kwi-White House.

UAlfred de Zayas ungunjingalwazi wezomthetho kwi-Geneva School of Diplomacy kwaye wasebenza njengeNgcali eZimeleyo ye-UN kwi-International Order 2012-18. Ungumbhali weencwadi ezilishumi elinanye ezibandakanya "Ukwakha uMyalelo weHlabathi oLungileyo" iClarity Press, ngo-2021, kunye "nokuBala iiNdawo eziBalulekileyo", iClarity Press, 2022.

1. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/16117-document-06-record-conversation-between ↑
2. https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-speeches/american-university-19630610 ↑
3. https://www.jeffsachs.org/Jeffrey Sachs, Ukuhambisa iHlabathi: Ukufuna uXolo lweJFK. I-Random House, 2013. Jonga kwakhona https://www.jeffsachs.org/newspaper-articles/h29g9k7l7fymxp39yhzwxc5f72ancr ↑
4. https://comw.org/pda/george-kennan-on-nato-expansion/ ↑
5. https://transnational.live/2022/05/28/jack-matlock-ukraine-crisis-should-have-been-avoided/ ↑
6. "Ukuba sihambisa imikhosi ye-NATO kwimida yaseRussia, kuyacaca ukuba iyayixhobisa le meko, kodwa iRussia ayizukuhlehla. Umcimbi ukho. ” ↑

7. https://www.mearsheimer.com/. Mearsheimer, Ulahlekiso olukhulu, iYale University Press, 2018.https://www.economist.com/by-invitation/2022/03/11/john-mearsheimer-on-why-the-west-is-principally-responsible- ngenxa-ye-ukrainian-ingxaki ↑