nguDavid Vine, Politico, Novemba 3, 2015
Ebusuku kwinkampu yaseSongtan ngaphandle kwe-Osan Air Base eMzantsi Korea, ndandizulazula kwizitrato ezazisiya zivakala kwaye zixinene ngoku njengoko ilanga lalitshonile. Njengoko ubusuku buqhubela phambili, ihip-hop yaphuma kwimivalo ecaleni kwevenkile enkulu yabahambi ngeenyawo nakwiiklabhu ezikumgangatho wesibini ezinamagama aneon-lit afana neClub Woody's, i-Pleasure World, iWhisky a-Go-Go kunye neHook Up Club. Uninzi lweendawo zentselo zinezigaba ezineepali ze-stripper ukuze abasetyhini badanise ngokudanya kwezibane zeqonga nomculo oqhushumbayo. Kwezinye imivalo, amaqela ikakhulu abafazi Filipina iziketi eziqinileyo kunye ilokhwe bathetha omnye komnye, wangqiyama phezu kwetafile njengoko shot pool. Abanye bebencokola neqaqobana leGIs, abancinci nabadala. Amaqela e-GIs amancinci ahamba kunye kwindawo ye-red-light-district-meets-pedestrian-mall scene, ejonge kwiibhari kwaye eqwalasela ukhetho lwabo. Iimpawu eziqaqambileyo zeehotele ezinexabiso eliphantsi ziye zatsala. Kufuphi nenqwelo encinci yokutya, kukho umbhalo othi, "man only massage prince hotel."
Kuye nabani na kumkhosi wase-US, ibiya kuba yinto eqhelekileyo. Logama nje imikhosi isilwa yodwa, kwaye kwakudala ngaphambi kokuba amabhinqa abonwe ngokubanzi kwithafa ledabi, ukusebenza kwamabhinqa kuye kwayimfuneko kumsebenzi wemihla ngemihla wenkoliso yomkhosi. Kodwa abasetyhini abakahlambi nje impahla yokuhlamba, bapheke ukutya kwaye bonge amajoni enzakeleyo abuyele empilweni. Umsebenzi wesondo wabasetyhini kudala usetyenziselwa ukunceda ukugcina imikhosi yamadoda yonwabile - okanye ubuncinci bonwabile ngokwaneleyo ukuqhubeka nokusebenzela umkhosi. Namhlanje, iindawo zokuthengisa ngesondo ziyachuma ngokuhambelana neziseko ezininzi zase-US kwihlabathi jikelele, ukusuka eBaumholder eJamani ukuya eFort Bragg eNorth Carolina. Ezininzi zikhangeleka ziyafana, zizaliswe ziivenkile ezithengisa utywala, iindawo ezithengisa ukutya okukhawulezayo, iindawo zetattoo, iibhari neeklabhu, nokuthengisa ngomzimba ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo.
Iingxaki ezayanyaniswa norhwebo ngesondo zibhengezwa ngakumbi eMzantsi Korea, apho “iidolophu” ezingqonge iziseko zase-US ziye zendele nzulu kuqoqosho lwelizwe, kwezopolitiko nakwinkcubeko. Ukuthandana nomsebenzi we-1945 wase-US eKorea, xa ii-GIs zathenga isondo ngokuncinci njengecuba, ezi dolophu zibe sembindini weshishini lezesondo elixhaphazayo neliphazamisa kakhulu - elibonisa kwaye libethelele isimo sengqondo somkhosi malunga namadoda, abafazi. , amandla kunye nokulawula. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukubhengezwa kunye nolunye uphando lubonise indlela ubuhenyu obusekuhleni obusebenza ngayo kwiziseko zaseMelika, ekhokelela urhulumente wase-US ukuba avale ukufakwa emkhosini kunye norhulumente waseMzantsi Korea ukuba acuthe ishishini. Kodwa ubuhenyu abupheli. Iye yakhula ngakumbi imfihlo kunye nobuchule kubuqhetseba bayo. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni ingcambu yomzabalazo womkhosi wokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo, ungajongi ngaphaya kweSongtan.
Njengoko iMfazwe Yehlabathi II yayifikelela esiphelweni, Iinkokeli zomkhosi wase-US eKorea, njengabalingane bazo baseJamani, banexhala malunga nokunxibelelana phakathi kwemikhosi yaseMelika kunye nabasetyhini basekhaya. Iofisi yomphathi-mkhosi yabhala yathi: “Abemi baseMerika benza ngathi abantu baseKorea lilizwe eloyisiweyo kunokuba babe ngabantu abakhululekileyo. Umgaqo-nkqubo waba "izandla zabafazi baseKorea" - kodwa oku akuzange kubandakanyi abafazi kwiindawo zokuthengisa, iiholo zomdaniso kunye nabo basebenza ezitratweni. Endaweni yoko, ngenxa yesifo se-venereal kunye nolunye usulelo oluxhaphakileyo, urhulumente wasemkhosini wase-US wenze iCandelo loLawulo lwe-VD elathi lamisela ukuhlolwa rhoqo kunye nonyango “kumantombazana okonwabisayo.” Olu didi luquka oonongogo abasemthethweni, abadanisi, “amantombazana asebhari” kunye nooweyita. Phakathi kukaMeyi 1947 noJulayi 1948, abezonyango bahlola amabhinqa amalunga ne-15,000 XNUMX.
Amagunya omkhosi aseMelika ahlala eKorea emva kwemfazwe athatha ezinye "zezikhululo zokuthuthuzela" ezazisembindini womkhosi waseJapan ukusukela ngenkulungwane ye-19. Ebudeni bokuthimba kwawo imimandla enqumla eMpuma Asia, umkhosi waseJapan wanyanzelela amakhulu amawaka amabhinqa asuka eKorea, eTshayina, eOkinawa nasemaphandleni aseJapan, nakwezinye iindawo zaseAsia ukuba abe ngamakhoboka ngokwesini, enika amajoni “izipho zasebukhosini” ezivela kumlawuli. Ngoncedo lwamagosa aseKorea, abasemagunyeni base-US baqhubeleka nenkqubo engekho kubukhoboka obusesikweni, kodwa phantsi kweemeko zokhetho olulinganiselweyo lwabafazi ababandakanyekayo.
Amalungiselelo aphinda amiselwa ngokusesikweni emva kokuqhambuka kweMfazwe yaseKorea ngowe-1950. "Abasemagunyeni bakamasipala sele bekhuphe imvume yokuseka izikhululo ze-UN ukuze babuyisele umsebenzi onzima we-Allied Forces," wabhala. Pusan Yonke imihla. “Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa, izikhululo ezihlanu ziya kusekwa kumbindi wedolophu yaseMasan entsha nendala. Abasemagunyeni bacela abemi ukuba basebenzise intsebenziswano kakhulu kwiintsuku ezizayo. ”
Emva kokutyikitywa kweSivumelwano soKhuselo seKorea-US Mutual ngo-1953 (esesisiseko esisemthethweni sokufikelela kwemikhosi yase-US kwiziseko zase-US naseKorea), iinkampu zomkhosi zanda. Ngeminyaka yoo-1950 kuphela, kwasekwa iinkampu ezintsha ezili-18. Njengoko isazinzulu sezopolitiko kunye nengcali yedolophu uKatherine Moon echaza, "babekwindawo apho ulongamo lwaseKorea lwanqunyanyiswa kwaye endaweni yabasemagunyeni basemkhosini base-US." Ukuphila kwabantu baseKorea kwiinkampu zeenkampu kwakuxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kumandla okuthenga e-GIs, kwaye ukuthengisa ngesondo kwakuyinxalenye yoqoqosho lwedolophu. Iinkampu zaba “ziindawo zorhatyazo ezibekwe amabala ngokunzulu” ezaziwa ngokwesondo, ulwaphulo-mthetho nobundlobongela. Ngowe-1958, kwakukho abathengisi ngemizimba abaqikelelwa kuma-300,000 22 kwilizwe elinabemi abazizigidi ezingama-640 kuphela. Abangaphezu kwesiqingatha basebenza kwiinkampu zeenkampu. Embindini wedolophu yaseSeoul, apho uMkhosi wawuhlala kwi-XNUMX-acre Yongsan Garrison eyayakhiwe ekuqaleni ngamakholoniyali aseJapan, ingingqi yase-Itaewon yayizaliswe yimivalo kunye nezindlu zamahenyukazi. I-GIs yayithiya igama elithi "Hooker Hill."
Abasetyhini abafana nam babengowona mnikelo mkhulu kumanyano lwelizwe lam nabantu baseMelika,” utshilo. "Xa ndijonga emva, ndicinga ukuba umzimba wam yayingengowam, kodwa ngokarhulumente kunye nomkhosi wase-US."
“Umtshato wokuhlalisana,” ofana namashweshwe aseYurophu, nawo waduma. Omnye umfundisi wasemkhosini wathi: “Amadoda amaninzi aneemeko zawo. "Enye yazo siqu amantombazana abo, agcwele ihuku [indlu encinane] nefanitshala. Ngaphambi kokuba bemke eKorea, bayithengisela indoda esandula kungena loo phakheji.”
Emva kokuba ijunta yasemkhosini ithabathe amandla kuMzantsi Korea ngobhukuqo-mbuso ngowe-1961, amagosa aseKorea enza “izithili ezikhethekileyo” ezamkelwa ngokusemthethweni kumashishini abonelela amajoni ase-US kunye nemida kubantu baseKorea. Amapolisa omkhosi waseMelika angababamba abathengisi ngemizimba ngaphandle kwamakhadi okuhlolwa kwezempilo, kwaye oogqirha baseMelika banyanga abasetyhini abanezifo ezosulela ngesondo kumaziko okuvalelwa anikwe amagama anje “njengendlu yeenkawu.” Ngowe-1965, i-85 pesenti yee-GIs ekwenziwe uhlolisiso kuyo yanikela ingxelo yokuba “yayihamba” okanye “yayihamba” nehenyukazi.
IiCamptowns kunye nokuthengisa ngomzimba kwaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yoqoqosho lwaseMzantsi Korea oluzabalazela ukuphuma kwintshabalalo yemfazwe. Amaxwebhu karhulumente waseMzantsi Korea abonisa amagosa angamadoda aceba ukukhuthaza ii-GIs ukuba zichithe imali yazo kubasetyhini baseKorea kunokuba baseJapan ngexesha lekhefu. Amagosa anika iiklasi zesiNgesi ezisisiseko kunye ne-etiquette yokukhuthaza abafazi ukuba bazithengise ngokufanelekileyo kwaye bafumane imali eninzi. “Basibongoza ukuba sithengise kangangoko sinako kwi-GI's, besincoma 'njengabathanda ilizwe abamkela idola,'” ubalisa ngelitshoyo owayesakuba ngumthengisi ngemizimba uAeran Kim. "Urhulumente wethu wayeyi-pimp enkulu yomkhosi wase-US."
“Abafazi babefumaneka ngokulula,” igosa laseMelika kuNozakuzaku eSeoul landixelela, lichaza ixesha awayesebenza ngalo eKorea ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1980. "Kwakukho uhlobo lwesiqhulo" apho abafana "bakhupha i-20 ye-bill kwaye bayikhothe kwaye bayincamathelise emabunzini abo." Bathi kuphelele apho ukufumana intombazana.
Namhlanje, uninzi lwabasetyhini ababekhe basebenza kule nkqubo basahlala kwiinkampu zeenkampu, linamandla kakhulu ibala elibekwe kubo. Omnye wabathengisi ngemizimba, nowazichaza kwintatheli kuphela njengo “Jeon,” wafudukela kwidolophu yasenkampu ngo-1956 njengenkedama yemfazwe eneminyaka eli-18 ubudala. Kwiminyaka nje embalwa, wakhulelwa, kodwa wancama unyana wakhe ukuba amkhulisele eUnited States, apho wayenethemba lokuba uya kuphila ubomi obubhetele. Ngo-2008, ngoku elijoni lase-United States, wabuyela kumfumana. UJeon wayephila ngoncedo loluntu kunye nokuthengisa izinto kwinkunkuma. Wala uncedo lwakhe waza wathi makalibale ngaye. UJeon uthi: “Ndasilela ukuba ngumama. “Andinalo ilungelo lokuxhomekeka kuye ngoku.”
Uthi: “Abafazi abafana nam baba ngabokuqala ukuzincama kumanyano lwelizwe lam nabantu baseMerika. "Xa ndijonga emva, ndicinga ukuba umzimba wam yayingengowam, kodwa ngokarhulumente kunye nomkhosi wase-US."
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Ukususela kwiminyaka yee-1990, ukukhula okumangalisayo kuqoqosho lwaseMzantsi Korea ubukhulu becala kuye kwavumela abafazi baseKorea ukuba babalekele iimeko zokuxhaphaza zemivalo yenkampu kunye neeklabhu (amanani amakhulu ahlala ethengisa ngomzimba kubathengi baseKorea). IiFilipinas kwaye, kancinci, abasetyhini abavela eRussia nakwiriphabliki zangaphambili zeSoviet bathathe indawo yabasetyhini baseKorea njengabona bantu bathengisa ngemizimba edolophini. Urhulumente waseMzantsi Korea uyilo lwe-visa ye-E-6 “yezolonwabo” ivumele “abagqugquzeli” baseKorea ukuba bangenise abafazi elizweni ngokusemthethweni. I-visa ye-E-6 kuphela kwe-visa yaseKorea apho uvavanyo lwe-HIV lunyanzelekile; iimvavanyo zesifo se-venereal ziyafuneka rhoqo kwiinyanga ezintathu. Ngaphezu kwe-90 pesenti yabasetyhini abanee-visa kuqikelelwa ukuba basebenza kwishishini lezesondo.
Abakhuthazi abaqesha abafazi bahlala bethembisa ukubafumana besebenza njengeemvumi okanye abadanisi - abafaki-zicelo kufuneka bangenise iividiyo ezibonisa amandla okucula. Iiarhente ke zizisa abafazi eMzantsi Korea, bebahlawulisa umrhumo ekufuneka abafazi bawubhatale ngokusebenza ezidolophini nakwezinye iindawo zentselo kunye neeklabhu.
Abasetyhini batyikitya isivumelwano kwilizwe labo lokuzalwa echaza umqeshi kunye nomvuzo, kodwa badla ngokuphelela kwiiklabhu ezahlukeneyo kwaye basebenze umvuzo ophantsi kunowo wawuthenjisiwe. Abakhuthazi nabanini badla ngokubiza iimali ezifihlakeleyo okanye batsale imali kwimivuzo yamabhinqa, bewagcina ematyaleni angapheliyo. Rhoqo izindlu kunye nokutya okuthenjiswe kwikhontrakthi kuncinci kunegumbi ekwabelwana ngalo ngaphezulu kwebha kunye ne-ramen noodles. Kweminye imibutho, abanini banyanzela amabhinqa ukuba enze umsebenzi wokuthengisa ngesondo “kumagumbi ee-VIP” okanye kwezinye iindawo. Kwamanye, ukuba netyala kunye nokunyanzelwa ngokwasengqondweni kunyanzela abasetyhini ukuba babelane ngesondo. Ukuthetha isiKorea esincinci, abafazi abanalo uncedo oluncinci. Abakhuthazi kunye nabanini beebhari bahlala bephethe iincwadana zokundwendwela zabasetyhini. Ukushiya indawo yabo yempangelo kunokubangela ukuba babanjwe ngoko nangoko, bahlawuliswe, bavalelwe entolongweni okanye bagxothwe kwilizwe laseMzantsi Korea kunye nembuyekezo enobundlobongela kwabo babatyalayo.
Ngo-2002, isikhululo sikamabonakude saseCleveland sabhenca indlela amapolisa asemkhosini awayeyikhusela ngayo imivalo kunye nee-GIs ezikuzo, kunye nokunxibelelana nabasetyhini ababaziyo ukuba barhwetshiwe kwaye bathengiswa kwifandesi. “Uyazi ukuba kukho undonakele xa amantombazana ekucela ukuba uwathengele isonka,” latsho elinye ijoni. “Abanakushiya amaqela. Babaphakela nzima.” Omnye uthe, “Kukho abantu baseMelika kuphela kula maqela. Ukuba basizisa aba bafazi ukuze basisebenzele, bafanele bahlawulwe umvuzo ofanelekileyo. Kufuneka babe nelungelo losuku lokuphumla.” (Uninzi lwamabhinqa afumana usuku olunye lwekhefu ngenyanga.) Kwingxelo yowama-2002, iSebe likaRhulumente laqinisekisa ukuba uMzantsi Korea uyindawo yamabhinqa athengiswayo. Kwaye ngo-2007, abaphandi abathathu bafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba iziseko zase-US kuMzantsi Korea ziye “ziyindawo yokurhweba ngabafazi besuka eAsia Pacific nase-Eurasia ukuya eMzantsi Korea nase-United States.”
Emva kwezi zityhilelo, kuye kwakho ukukhula kokugxekwa koluntu ngobuhenyu malunga neziseko zase-US eMzantsi Korea. Abo balwela amalungelo amabhinqa, amaqela onqulo namalungu eNkongolo bafuna utshintsho. Urhulumente waseMzantsi Korea waqala ukuqhekeka, kwaye iPentagon yakhawuleza yabhengeza umgaqo-nkqubo "wokunyamezelana" ngokurhweba. Ngo-2004, urhulumente waseMzantsi Korea wayeka ukuhenyuza, yaye kunyaka olandelayo uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush watyikitya isigqeba esigunyazisa ukuba ubuhenyu bungekho mthethweni phantsi koMthetho Ofanayo woBulungisa basemkhosini. Umkhosi waqala ukubeka esweni ngokungqongqo imivalo kunye neeklabhu kwiinkampu zeenkampu kwaye ubeka abo bakholelwa ukuba bayabandakanyeka ekurhwebeni ngabantu kuluhlu "olungenamida" lwabasebenzi basemkhosini.
Ubuncinci i-vet enye indixelele, nangona kunjalo, ukuba uluhlu olunje lunika imikhosi kwiziseko zeembono malunga nokuba kuphi ukuba yiya kunokuba uye phi hayi Thogo. Kwaye endaweni yokuvala ukuthengisa ngomzimba, imivalo kunye neeklabhu ziphendule ngokulula ngamaqhinga amatsha ukufihla ngokucacileyo ubume beshishini labo. Ngokomzekelo, kwiindawo ezibizwa ngokuba zinejusi, amadoda athengela “amantombazana anencindi” anxibe iimpahla ezimdaka, inkoliso yawo ethengiswa kwiiPhilippines okanye kwindawo eyayisakuba yiSoviet Union. Imithetho iyahluka kancinci ukusuka kwibhari ukuya kwibhari, kodwa ngokusisiseko, ukuba indoda ithenga ijusi eyaneleyo, inokulungiselela ukukhupha umfazi. Akukho tshintshiselwano lucacileyo ngemali yokwabelana ngesondo ebharini, kodwa bakuba bephumile bobabini, isivumelwano siyenziwa.
Ngaphandle nje kweCamp Stanley kunye ne-Uijeongbu camptown, yangaphambili umamasan, uNksk. Kim, wandixelela indlela le nkqubo intsha esebenza ngayo. Ukuba uyindoda, “kufuneka umthengele isiselo,” watsho. Zixabisa i-$20 ukuya kwi-$40 inye, okanye kwane-$100 kwezinye iiklabhu. “Isela enye, imizuzu engamashumi amabini,” waqhubeka. I umamasan uya kukuxelela ukuba uthenge ngakumbi xa ixesha lakho liphelile.
Ukuba le ndoda ithenga ngokwaneleyo, uKim wathi—ubuncinci i-$150 yeejusi—inokubuza, “Ndingakuphathela isidlo sasemini ngomso?” Kananjalo uhlawula i umamasan "intlawulo yebhari" yokuvumela umfazi angayi kusuku olulandelayo emsebenzini, elungisa into anokuyenza ngokuthengisa iijusi. Ngamanye amaxesha, indoda iya kuhlawula isohlwayo sebha ukuze ihambe ngokukhawuleza - rhoqo kwihotele. Kuzo zombini ezi meko, indoda nomfazi badla ngokuthethathethana ngexabiso elahlukileyo ngesini.
“Lukhetho lwakhe,” watsho uNksk. Kim. Kodwa ukuba uthi hayi, indoda “iyakhala,” yaye “ayingeni [kwindawo] yembutho. … Abaphindi beze.” “Shit!” wakhwaza watsho uNksk. Kim, exelisa la madoda.
Ndacinga ukuba umninimzi anokuthi "Shit!" kakhulu, emva kokulahlekelwa umthengi - kunye noxinzelelo olunokuthi lubeke ukhetho lomfazi, phezu koxinzelelo lwemali lokuhlawula amatyala.
UYoungnim Yu, umalathisi weDurebang, okanye “Indawo Kadade wethu,” umbutho waseMzantsi Korea oye wanceda amabhinqa kushishino lwesini ukususela ngowe-1986, wangenelela kwincoko yethu. Ngelixa imithetho yahlukile kwibhari nganye, ucacisile, ibhinqa lidla ngokuzisa ubuncinci obumalunga needola ezingama-200 ngobusuku. Ukuba akenzi ubuncinane, umniniyo uya kumhlawulisa “isohlwayo sebhari” kananjalo. Kufuneka ahambe nendoda ukuze enze umahluko.
Kanye ngenyanga, umkhuthazi othe wangenisa abafazi kumazwe angaphandle uyeza ezokufumana imivuzo yabo. Umnini webhari umhlawula ipesenti yeentengiso zesiselo, ngokuqhelekileyo ubuncinane ngama-50 ekhulwini. Uxelela urhulumente ukuba uhlawula abasetyhini baseSouth Korea owona mvuzo uphantsi wenyanga, malunga nama-900 eedola. Ngokwesiqhelo, abasetyhini ngokwenene benza malunga ne-300 yeedola ukuya kwi-500 yeedola ngenyanga.
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Malunga nemini ngemini etshisayo kaJulayi, Ndandikwizitrato zedolophu yaseSongtan, ngaphandle kwamasango eOsan Air Base. I-Songtan yenye yeenkampu ezininzi njenge-180 eMzantsi Korea namhlanje. Ngaphakathi kweeyadi ezingama-400 zesango elikhulu lika-Osan, kukho imivalo engama-92 - malunga neenyawo enye kwi-26. Kubalo luka-2007, bekukho iihotele ezingama-21 kwindawo enamagumbi ngeyure.
NdandiseSongtan ukuze ndikhaphe abafazi ababini abavela kumbutho kaYoungnim Yu iDurebang, endiza kumbiza ngokuba nguValeria noSohee. Babekho ukuze bafikelele kubathengisi ngemizimba kwesi “sithili sikhethekileyo sabakhenkethi” kwaye banike inkxaso yombutho.
Izithili ezikhethekileyo zabakhenkethi zithintelwe ngokobuchwephesha kubantu baseKorea abangasebenzi kuzo, ngoko ke uninzi lwabantu ezitratweni lwalusuka e-Osan. Ngeebhari kunye neeklabhu zisazolile emini emaqanda, sabona i-airmen kunye nabasetyhini behamba behamba ngeeyunifomu zabo kunye neentsapho ezimbalwa ezinxibe ngokungakhathali kunye neestrollers. Amanye amadoda awayenxibe iimpahla eziqhelekileyo ayehamba kunye nolutsha lwakwiiPhilippines ukuya kwiindawo ezithengisa ukutya okukhawulezayo nakwezinye iindawo zokutyela. Amadoda ambalwa ahamba ebambene ngesandla nabasetyhini baseKorea.
Rhoqo kwimizuzu embalwa, sasidibana nebhinqa elingumFilipina. Abanye babekunye nabantwana. Sathi sakwenza njalo, uValeria noSohee babanika ikhadi leshishini laseDurebang elibhalwe ngesiTagalog, izinto zangasese kunye nehempe ethi “KOREA” enikelwe ngabaxhasi. Kwindlela yabahambi ngeenyawo kaSongtan, siye samisa ukuze sithethe nabanye abasebenzi kufutshane neClub Sijoyine, sibhengeza “Ukutya kweFilipino / Abafazi basePhilippines.” Isibini esiselula sakwiiPhilippines sadlula sisithi singxamile. Abanye ababini bahamba ngokukhawuleza bevela kwiWestern Union bephethe umbhalo othi “Ixabiso eliphantsi ukuthumela kwiiPhilippines!” ngesiTagalog.
Ndabuza uValeria ukuba la mabhinqa axubusha ntoni naye. Bakhalaza ngokungafumani mivuzo, utshilo. Abanye bathetha ngokwenzakaliswa ngabanini okanye abathengi. Abanye bafuna ukuphuma kodwa abazi ukuba njani. Uninzi lungene nzulu ematyaleni ukufumana i-visa yokuya eKorea, kwaye uninzi luxhasa abantwana kunye namanye amalungu osapho ekhaya. “Babambelele kwiiklabhu,” utshilo. Iiklabhu zibonelela ngamagumbi, ngokuqhelekileyo kwizakhiwo zebhari. Inkoliso yabaninimzi iyawavumela amabhinqa ukuba ahambe nje iiyure ezimbini ngosuku. Ngaphandle koko, wathi, "umntu uhlala ebukele."
Uninzi lwabasetyhini abazi isiKorea, kwaye akukho mthethweni ukuba bashiya ibha, utshilo uValeria. I-Durebang inokubonelela ngoncedo lwezomthetho kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, uncedo lwezemali. “Akukho nto sinokuyenza” ngemeko yabo yokufumana i-visa, watsho uYoungnim, owayethelele kwiqela lethu. Ke ukuba bayayishiya iklabhu, utshilo, banokugxothwa okanye bavalelwe kwintolongo yokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe.
“Kukho iiklabhu ezimbi apho abafazi bavaleleke khona, kodwa uninzi lwabafazi abahambi kuba besoyika,” utshilo uVeronica, umRashiya oneminyaka engama-24 ubudala. Umnini weqela laseSongtan wavuma, esithi, “Abanye babafazi batshixelwe. Ukuba kuqhambuka umlilo, azinakusinda. Kodwa eyona ndlela iphambili yokubanyanzela ngokwengqondo. Abazi mntu. Abanamali. Ekuphela kwendlela abanokufumana ngayo imali kukuba bahenyuze.” UReydelus Conferido, igosa labasebenzi kumzi wozakuzo wakwiiPhilippines, uthi uzama ukucacisela abantu, “Ukuba uthabatha umntu umse kude nekhaya, phantsi kweemeko ezithile, unokubenza benze nantoni na oyifunayo. ... Ingenzeka nakubani na.”
Ngapha koko, abaphandi kunye namagosa ogcino-mthetho acebisa ukuba uninzi lwabasetyhini baseKorea abasebenza kwii-massage parlors zase-US babekhe batshata nee-GIs.
U-Youngnim wachaza ukuba abafazi bavame "ukuzama ukuphuma kwiiklabhu" ngokufumana i-GI. Bubomi obunzima kunye nomxhasi owahlukileyo yonke imihla. Bahamba ke bayokuhlala nabafana beGI. Kodwa “malunga nama-90 ekhulwini amabhinqa alahliwe,” watsho. Abaninzi bayakhulelwa baze babe nabantwana. Abanye batshata, kwaye ke ijoni liyanyamalala ngaphandle kwelizwi xa ukhenketho lwakhe lwenziwa eMzantsi Korea, lishiya ibhinqa engxakini yemali kunye nezomthetho. Ukushiya iiklabhu zabo, abafazi abaninzi ngequbuliso bengenamxhasi ofunekayo ukuba bahlale eKorea. Ngamanye amaxesha babambekile kwi-limbo esemthethweni ngaphandle koqhawulo-mtshato olusemthethweni, kwaye abanye abanakubanga inkxaso yabantwana. Kwezinye iimeko, uYoungnim uthe, amadoda abangela ukuba amabhinqa atyobele amaxwebhu angawaqondiyo, yaye la maxwebhu ajika abe ngamaphepha oqhawulo-mtshato abashiya bengenanto.
Ukusukela ngeminyaka yee-1970s, ii-GIs nazo ziye zabandakanyeka kwimitshato yobuqhetseba esetyenziselwa ukuzisa abafazi baseKorea eUnited States ukuba benze umsebenzi wesondo kwii-massage parlors zaseKorea. Abaqhawule umtshato baseKorea abasuka kwimitshato esemthethweni nabo baye baba sesichengeni sokugaywa kwiiparlor. Ngapha koko, abaphandi kunye namagosa ogcino-mthetho acebisa ukuba uninzi lwabasetyhini baseKorea abasebenza kwii-massage parlors zase-US babekhe batshata nee-GIs.
Kukho imitshato engaphezu kwesiqingatha sesigidi phakathi kwabasetyhini baseAsia kunye nee-GI zamadoda ukususela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II; kuqikelelwa ukuba ama-80 ekhulwini aphelela kuqhawulo-mtshato.
Kamva ngokuhlwa, emva kokuba ndishiye abasebenzi baseDurebang, ndadibana nebhinqa elathi livela e-Okinawa (apho iziseko zomkhosi zase-US zithatha malunga neepesenti ze-20 zomhlaba). Ngempahla yakhe emhlophe qhwa, ulusu oluluthuthu kakhulu kunye neenwele ezinde ezimnyama, wayekhangeleka ngathi sisiporho. Wathi "uyibhum," ekhomba kwingxowa enkulu ye-duffel kunye neeplastiki ezininzi ezihlohliwe ezibekwe ecaleni kwendlela. Wathi ufuna uncedo. Wayetshate nomatiloshe, kodwa ngoku wayengenakuyikhupha imali yakhe kwibhanki yoMkhosi Wamanzi. Abazange bamvumele ukuba aqhubeke. Abazange bamvumele ukuba angene no-Osan. Wayene "karma embi," watsho. "I-karma embi."
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Ngasekupheleni kohambo lwam lokujikeleza iSongtan kunye nabasebenzi baseDurebang, ndabuza uValeria ukuba abanye abafazi bayayazi na into abangena kuyo ngaphambi kokuba bafike.
“Namhlanje, bayazi ngenkqubo,” utshilo uValeria. "Uninzi ... bayayazi into abayenzayo." Kodwa “kufuneka banyamezele. Abanakuze bafumane olu hlobo lwemali kwiiPhilippines.”
Nangona kunjalo, ngelixa abafazi abaninzi ngoku babonakala beyazi imo yomsebenzi oqhelekileyo oza kunye ne-visa yokuzonwabisa, izicwangciso zokugaya ezikhohlisayo, ubuxoki obucacileyo kunye nabaqeshi abaphula izivumelwano kunye nokungohlwaywa yinto eqhelekileyo. Ibhinqa eligama linguLori, elafumana i-visa yokuzonwabisa kwiiPhilippines ukuze liye eMzantsi Korea ngowama-2005, lathi laliphakathi kwabo babengayazi eyona “nkqubo” ngaphambi kokuba ifike. “Wacinga ukuba ngenene kufuneka sicule kuba sityikitya isivumelwano njengemvumi,” utshilo. Ngoku, uziva ebambekile kwiklabhu, ewuthiyile umsebenzi wokuthengisa ngesondo kodwa akakwazi ukuhamba ngenxa yezizathu zemali. “Ndathetha namanye amantombazana ndaza ndathi, ‘Ngokuqinisekileyo andisakwazi ukunyamezela. Andifuni kuhamba, andifuni kuhamba naye nawuphi na umfana,'” uLori wabalisa. “Enye intombazana yathi kum, ‘Logama nje ucinga ngentsapho yakho, umntwana wakho, okanye abanye abantu obathandayo, uya kuwathatha onke amadoda, yaye akuyi kucingela isiqu sakho.’ Bendicinga ukuba andinatyala kwiiPhilippines, ndingabuyela kwiiPhilippines ndingahlali nomzuzwana nje.”
Ityala elivela kwimisebenzi yoMkhosi wase-US e-Bosnia libonisa ukuphela okugqithisileyo kwe-spectrum. Ngo-1999, abasebenzi ababini bekontraka enkulu yasemkhosini iDynCorp batyhola iDynCorp ngokujikisa iliso ngelixa abasebenzi babo bedibana ne-mafia yaseSerbia kwaye bathenga abafazi njengamakhoboka esondo. Enye indoda eneminyaka engama-45 ubudala “yayinentombazana,” watsho omnye wabahlebi, “eyayingenakuba ngaphezu kweshumi elinesine.”
Omnye umvuli-mpempe wafumanisa amabhinqa asixhenxe awayerhweba ngokungekho mthethweni kwindawo yokuzonwabisa “bephithizela ndawonye koomandlalo abangenanto phantsi. Iikhondom zazibotshelelwe phezu komgqomo wenkunkuma, iiplastiki zeempahla zabo zasesitalatweni kunye neempahla zokusebenza, besoyika nje. Ndibethwa yaye ndinkwantya.”
Ukulandela imiyalelo evela kuMkhosi, amagosa DynCorp wasusa ubuncinane 18 abasebenzi bayo Bosnia, ukudubula ubuncinane 12. Emails zibonisa ukuba amagosa DynCorp wayesazi ukuba ingxaki ixhaphake ngakumbi ngaphezu kwala matyala ngabanye, kodwa ukuba bathatha kancinane elinye inyathelo. Endaweni yoko, elinye igosa lathi ukudubula okukhawulezileyo kuye kwavumela iDynCorp "ukuba iguqule oku kube yimpumelelo yokuthengisa." Kunye nokudutyulwa kwabona benzi bobubi, iDynCorp ikwabagxothile abo babetha impempe. (Bobabini bamangalele iDynCorp ngokuyekiswa ngokungafanelekanga; amabali abo enza isiseko sefilimu ka-2011 UMbhexeshi.)
Ngeli xesha, emva eBosnia, i-Army's Criminal Investigation Command yadlulisela eli tyala kumapolisa asekuhlaleni kwaye yavala uphando ngaphandle kokuphonononga izityholo zokurhweba ngokungekho mthethweni okanye ukuthetha naye nawuphi na kwabasetyhini ababandakanyekayo. Akukho namnye kwabatyholwa oye watshutshiswa, kwaye akukho gosa leDynCorp lijongene nokutshutshiswa.
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Kulula ukugxeka amajoni angamadoda ngokuthatha ithuba kumashishini axhaphakileyo ngokwesondo kwiindawo ezifana noMzantsi Korea kunye neBalkans. Kodwa njengejoni eliqhuba iROK Drop, ibhlog edumileyo malunga nomkhosi waseMzantsi Korea, ithi, akulunganga ukugxeka amajoni kuphela. Imigaqo-nkqubo ye-United States Forces Korea "iqinisekisa ukuba olu hlobo lomsebenzi luya kuqhubeka kwiinkampu zase-US." Luhanahaniso, uthi: Iinkqubo zoqeqesho “zixelela amajoni ukuba asele ngokufanelekileyo aze akhwebuke kumantombazana anencasa, kodwa yiyiphi imeko-bume esiyidalayo ukuze amajoni achithe ixesha lawo elininzi ekhululekile kuyo? Ivali [inkampu] ezaliswe butywala bexabiso eliphantsi namahenyukazi.”
Ukunqongophala kwamanye amathuba okuzonwabisa kusenokuba ngunobangela. Kodwa imbambano ikwayinkcubeko ebanzi yomkhosi waseMelika, kunye nobuhlanga kunye nosolusapho ofumaneka e-United States, eKorea nakwilizwe elininzi. Ukuziphatha kwamadoda athatha ithuba kwimizi-mveliso yezokwabelana ngesondo ngokuxhaphakileyo kudla ngokuthethelelwa njengombandela othi "amakhwenkwe aya kuba ngamakhwenkwe" - njengendlela yokuziphatha yendalo kumajoni angamadoda. Enyanisweni, kuncinci malunga nokuziphatha okwendalo. Amadoda akwiziseko zomkhosi kunye nabafazi kwiinkampu zeenkampu bazifumana bekwimeko engeyoyamvelo kakhulu, leyo idalwe luthotho lwezigqibo ezenziweyo ekuhambeni kwexesha (ubukhulu becala ngamagosa omkhosi kunye namagosa karhulumente). Ezo zigqibo zidale imeko yomkhosi wamadoda ubukhulu becala, apho ubukho obubonakalayo babasetyhini buncitshiswe kakhulu kwindima enye: isini.
Ekugqibeleni, iziphumo zobuhenyu basemkhosini azivakali nje ngabasetyhini baphesheya abasebenzisa imizimba yabo kwaye bahlala bexhatshazwa, bathengiswa kwaye baxhatshazwa. Bakwaviwa ngamalungu osapho, osebenza nabo kunye nabanye abayinxalenye yobomi bemikhosi. Izimo zengqondo ezikhuthazwa ziindawo zokuthengisa ngesondo ziqhubeka ngokuyingozi kubomi be-GIs - kwisiseko kunye nasekhaya. Ubunongogo basemkhosini obumiselwe amaziko buqeqesha amadoda ukuba akholelwe ukuba ukusebenzisa iinkonzo zesini zamabhinqa yinxalenye yoko kuthethwa kukuba lijoni yaye, eneneni, yinxalenye yoko kuthethwa kukuba yindoda. Ngenxa yobume bendawo yokuthengisa ngomzimba enkampini eMzantsi Korea ngokukodwa, amadoda athunyelwa kweli lizwe ahlala enezimvo zawo malunga nokuba kuthetha ukuthini ukuba yindoda eguqulweyo. Kunye nokuzonwabisa ngokuziphatha ngokwesondo kwimiboniso ye-USO (cinga i-Dallas Cowboys cheerleaders), iphonografi exhaphakileyo kwiinkonzo kunye noqeqesho olufakwe kwii-epithets zesini, ukuthengisa ngomzimba we-Camptown kunceda ukuvelisa inkcubeko yasemkhosini yokwabelana ngesondo, i-misogyny kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwabasetyhini.
Ngaloo ndlela, xa sizama ukuqonda iziganeko eziphindaphindiweyo zokudlwengulwa kunye nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo okwenziwa ngamajoni kwiindawo ezifana ne-Okinawa, okanye amazinga obhubhane odlwengulo kunye nokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo ngoku afumaneka emkhosini, asikwazi ukuwahoya amava amadoda kwiinkampu zeenkampu. Kunjengokuba omnye umthetheleli wamaxhoba obundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo echaza, “Akunakulindela ukuphatha amabhinqa njengawenu xa, kwangaxeshanye, wena njengejoni eliselula ukhuthazwa ukuba uxhaphaze abafazi ngaphandle kweso siseko. .”
UDavid Vine ngunjingalwazi we-anthropology kwiYunivesithi yaseMelika eWashington, DC. Eli nqaku lithatyathwe kwincwadi yakhe yamva nje, Isizwe soLwazi: Indlela i-US Bas Bas Military External Harm America and World, epapashwe yi Metropolitan Books, icandelo likaHenry Holt kunye neNkampani (c) David Vine 2015. Onke amalungelo agciniwe.
