NguDavid Vine, ngoSeptemba 9, 2020
ukusuka Indibano yocweyo yokuphanda
Iimfazwe urhulumente wase-US azilwileyo ukusukela oko kwahlaselwa ngo-Septemba 11, 2001, enyanzele abantu abazizigidi ezingama-37- kwaye mhlawumbi abazizigidi ezingama-59- kumakhaya abo, ngokwengxelo esandula ukukhutshwa evela kwiYunivesithi yaseMelika kwaye Iindleko zeProjekthi yeMfazwe yeYunivesithi yaseBrown.
Kude kube ngoku, akukho mntu waziyo ukuba bangaphi abantu abafudukele emfazweni. Ewe uninzi lwabantu baseMelika kusenokwenzeka ukuba abazi ukuba imisebenzi yokulwa yase-US yenzekile kungekuphela e-Afghanistan, e-Iraq nase-Syria, kodwa nakwi- 21 ezinye izizwe okoko uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wabhengeza ngemfazwe yomhlaba yoloyiko.
Nokuba iPentagon, iSebe likaRhulumente okanye naliphi na elinye icandelo likarhulumente wase-US alilandelelanga ukufuduka. Abaphengululi kunye nemibutho yamanye amazwe, njengearhente yeembacu yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, UNHCR, Banikezele ngedatha malunga neembacu kunye nabantu abafudukele ngaphakathi (IDPs) kwilizwe ngalinye emfazweni. Kodwa le datha ibonelela nge-in-time counts endaweni yenani elonyukayo labantu abafudukele kumakhaya abo okoko kwaqala iimfazwe.
Kubalo lokuqala lohlobo lwayo, kwiYunivesithi yaseMelika Ikliniki yeAnthropology yoluntu Ngokuqikelela ukuba iimfazwe ezisibhozo ezinobundlobongela emkhosini wase-US ziqalisile okanye zithathe inxaxheba ukusukela ngo-2001-e-Afghanistan, e-Iraq, e-Libya, e-Pakistan, e-Philippines, e-Somalia, e-Syria nase-Yemen-bavelise ababaleki abayi-8 yezigidi kunye nabafuna indawo yokukhosela kunye ne-29 yezigidi ngaphakathi. abantu.
Kuqikelelwa ukuba izigidi ezingama-37 zifudukile zingaphezulu kwezo zifuduswe yimfazwe okanye intlekele ukusukela nge-1900, ngaphandle kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, xa izigidi ezingama-30 ukuya kwezingama-64 ezigidi okanye nangaphezulu babaleka amakhaya abo. Izigidi ezingamashumi amathathu anesixhenxe zidlula abo bafudukayo ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I (malunga nezigidi ezili-10), ulwahlulo lwaseIndiya kunye nePakistan (i-14 yezigidi) kunye nemfazwe yaseMelika eVietnam (13 yezigidi).
Ukuhambisa abantu abazizigidi ezingama-37 lingana ukususa phantse bonke abahlali belizwe laseCalifornia okanye bonke abantu baseTexas naseVirginia ngokudibeneyo. Eli nani liphantse lalikhulu njengabemi base Khanada. Imfazwe yase-United States ye-post-9/11 iye yadlala indima engakhathalelwanga ekuvuseleleni ukuphindeka kabini kweembacu kunye nabantu abafudukele kwamanye amazwe phakathi kwe-2010 kunye ne-2019, ukusuka Izigidi ezingama-41 ukuya kwezingama-79.5 ezigidi.
Izigidi zibalekile kugwayimbo lomoya, iziqhushumbisi, oombayimbayi, ugqogqo ezindlwini, uhlaselo lwedrone, umlo kunye nokudlwengulwa. Abantu basindile ekutshatyalalisweni kwamakhaya abo, ubumelwane, izibhedlele, izikolo, imisebenzi kunye nokutya kunye nemithombo yendawo. Baye babaleka ukugxothwa ngenkani, izoyikiso zokubulawa kunye nokuhlanjululwa kwabantu ngokubanzi okwenziwa ziimfazwe zase-US e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq.
Urhulumente wase-US akayena yedwa onoxanduva lokususa abantu abazizigidi ezingama-37; I-Taliban, i-Iraq kunye ne-Shia militia, i-Al-Qaida, iqela le-Islamic State kunye nabanye oorhulumente, amajoni kunye nabadlali nabo bathwala uxanduva.
Iimeko esele zikho zentlupheko, ubushushu behlabathi obubangelwa kukutshintsha kwendalo kunye nolunye ugonyamelo lube negalelo ekuqhubeni abantu kumakhaya abo. Nangona kunjalo, iimfazwe ezisibhozo kwisifundo se-AU zezorhulumente wase-US onoxanduva lokuqalisa, ukunyuka njengeyona nto iphambili yokulwa okanye ukuphembelela, ngoqhankqalazo lwedrone, ukucebisa ibala lemfazwe, inkxaso yamalungiselelo, ukuthengiswa kweengalo kunye nolunye uncedo.
Ngokukodwa, i Ikliniki yeAnthropology yoluntu uqikelela ukufuduswa kwe:
- I-5.3 yezigidi zabantu base-Afghanistan (abamele i-26% yabemi bangaphambi kwemfazwe) okoko kwaqala imfazwe yase-US e-Afghanistan ngo-2001;
- I-3.7 yezigidi zasePakistan (i-3% yabemi bangaphambi kwemfazwe) okoko i-US yahlasela i-Afghanistan ngo-2001 ngokukhawuleza yaba yimfazwe enye ewela umda waya emantla ntshona ePakistan;
- Izigidi ezi-1.7 zakwiiPhilippines (2%) okoko umkhosi wase-US wajoyina urhulumente wasePhilippines kwimfazwe yakhe yamashumi eminyaka ubudala UAbu Sayyaf kunye namanye amaqela avukelayo ngo-2002;
- I-4.2 yezigidi zaseSomalia (46%) okoko imikhosi yase-US yaqala ukuxhasa urhulumente waseSomalia owaziwayo yi-UN elwa Umanyano lweenkundla zamaSilamsi (ICU) ngo-2002 kwaye, emva ko-2006, i-ICU's break breaked militia wing IAl Shabaab;
- I-4.4 yezigidi ze-Yemenis (24%) okoko urhulumente wase-US waqala ukubulala i-drone yabanqolobi e-2002 kwaye waxhasa umlo okhokelwa yi-Saudi Arabia ngokuchasene nentshukumo ye-Houthi ukusukela ngo-2015;
- I-9.2 yezigidi ze-Iraq (37%) ukusukela ngo-2003 okhokelwa yi-US kunye nokuhlala kunye nemfazwe yangemva kuka-2014 ngokuchasene neqela lamaSilamsi;
- I-1.2 yezigidi zamaLibya (i-19%) ukusukela oko oorhulumente baseMelika nabaseYurophu bangenelela kwimvukelo yowe-2011 ngokuchasene noMoammar Gadhafi ebhebhethekisa imfazwe yamakhaya eqhubekayo;
- I-7.1 yezigidi zaseSyria (iipesenti ezingama-37) okoko urhulumente wase-US aqala ukwenza umlo nxamnye ne-Islamic State kwi-2014.
Uninzi lweembacu ezivela emfazweni kwisifundo zibalekele kumazwe angabamelwane kwi-Middle East enkulu, ngakumbi iTurkey, iJordani neLebhanon. Malunga nesigidi esinye bafika eJamani; amakhulu amawaka abalekela kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu nase-United States. Uninzi lwamaPhilippines, amaLibya kunye neYemenis baye bafudukela kumazwe abo.
Iklinikhi ye-Anthropology kaRhulumente isebenzise eyona datha inokuthenjwa yamanye amazwe, evela kwi- UNHCR, i Iziko lokuBekwa kweliso lokuNgaphakathi, i I-International Organisation for Migration kwaye i I-UN Ofisi yoLungelelwano lweeNkonzo zoLuntu. Ukunikwa imibuzo malunga nokuchaneka kwedatha yokufuduka kwimimandla yemfazwe, indlela yokubala yayiyinto egcinayo.
Iinkcukacha-manani zababaleki kunye nabafuna indawo yokukhosela ngokulula zinokuba ngama-1.5 ukuya kuma-2 amaxesha aphakamileyo kunoko kufunyanisiweyo kuphando, kunikezela malunga nezigidi ezingama-41 ukuya kwizigidi ezingama-45 zabantu abafudukayo. I-7.1 yezigidi zabantu baseSyria abafudukayo babonisa kuphela abo bafuduswe kumaphondo amahlanu aseSyria apho imikhosi yase-US inayo balwa kwaye basebenza okoko i-2014 kunye nokuqala kwemfazwe yase-US ngokuchasene ne-Islamic State eSyria.
Indlela encinci yokugcina izinto ingabandakanya ukufuduswa kuwo onke amaphondo eSyria ukusukela ngo-2014 okanye kwangoko ngo-2013 xa urhulumente wase-US eqala ukuxhasa amaqela abavukeli baseSyria. Oku kungathatha itotali iphakathi kwe-48 yezigidi kunye ne-59 yezigidi, ngokuthelekiswa nemilinganiselo yokufuduka kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi.
Uqikelelo lweklinikhi engama-37 ezigidi lukwanolondolozo kuba alubandakanyi izigidi ezifuduswe ngexesha lezinye iimfazwe zasemva kwe-9/11 kunye neengxabano ezibandakanya imikhosi yase-US.
Imikhosi yase-US yokulwa, ukubetha kwe-drones kunye nokujonga, uqeqesho lomkhosi, ukuthengisa izixhobo kunye nolunye uncedo kurhulumente ludlale indima kwimbambano amazwe kubandakanya IBurkina Faso, iCameroon, iCentral African Republic, iChad, iDemocratic Republic of the Congo, iKenya, iMali, iMauritania, iNiger, iNigeria, iSaudi Arabia (edibene nemfazwe yaseYemen), iSouth Sudan, iTunisia neUganda. EBurkina Faso, umzekelo, babekho Ngama-560,000 abafudukelwe ngaphakathi abantu ukuphela kwe-2019 phakathi komzabalazo okhulayo womlo.
Umonakalo obangelwe kukufuduka ubumkhulu kuwo onke amazwe angama-24 apho kuthunyelwe khona imikhosi yase-US. Ukuphulukana nomzi kunye noluntu, phakathi kwezinye iilahleko, unabantu abangamahlwempu hayi ezoqoqosho kuphela kodwa nasengqondweni, ngokwasentlalweni, ngokwenkcubeko nangokwezopolitiko. Iziphumo zokufuduka zinwenwela kuluntu olwamkelekileyo nakumazwe, anokujongana nemithwalo yokubamba iimbacu kunye nabo bashiyeke amakhaya ngaphakathi, kubandakanya ukwanda kwempixwano yoluntu. Kwelinye icala, imibutho ehlala abantu ihlala ixhamla ekufikeni kwabantu abafudukayo ngenxa yokwahluka okukhulu kwezentlalo, ukwanda komsebenzi wezoqoqosho kunye noncedo lwamanye amazwe.
Ewe kunjalo, ukufuduka yenye yeenkalo zokutshatyalaliswa kwemfazwe.
E-Afghanistan, e-Iraq, eSyria, ePakistan nase-Yemen kuphela, kuqikelelwa ukuba ngama-755,000 ukuya kuma-786,000 abahlali kunye nomlobafe ngenxa yomlo. Abanye abasebenzi abali-15,000 base-US kunye neekhontrakthi basweleke kwiimfazwe zasemva kwe-9/11. Ukusweleka okupheleleyo kumacala onke e-Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Pakistan, Pakistan nase-Yemen kunokufikelela Izigidi ezi-3-4 okanye ngaphezulu, kubandakanya nabo basweleke ngenxa yezifo, indlala kunye nokungondleki okubangelwa ziimfazwe. Inani labo bonzakeleyo nabenzakeleyo lide liye kufikelela amashumi ezigidi.
Ekugqibeleni, ingozi ebangelwe yimfazwe, kubandakanya i-37 yezigidi ukuya kwi-59 yezigidi ezibalekile, ayinakulinganiswa. Akukho nani, nokuba likhulu kangakanani, elinokubamba ubukhulu bomonakalo owenzekileyo.
Imithombo ephambili: UDavid Vine, i-United States of War: Imbali yeHlabathi yeembambano ezingapheliyo zaseMelika, ukusuka eColumbus ukuya kwi-Islamic State (Oakland: University of California Press, 2020); UDavid Vine, "Uluhlu lweZiseko zoMkhosi waseMelika phesheya, 1776-2020," kwiYunivesithi yaseMelika Uvimba woPhando lwedijithali; Ingxelo yoLwakhiwo lweSiseko: Unyaka-mali 2018 Isiseko; Isishwankathelo seDatha yeePropathi zoLuhlu lwePropathi (eWashington, DC: ISebe lezoKhuseleko lase-US, i-2018); UBarbara Salazar Torreon noSofia Plagakis, amaXesha okuSetyenziswa kweMikhosi yaseMelika eMinye iMikhosi, 1798-2018 (Washington, DC: Inkonzo yoPhando yeCongressal, 2018).
Qaphela: Ezinye iziseko zihlala kuphela kwinxalenye ka-2001-2020. Ekuphakameni kweemfazwe zase-US e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq, kwakukho ngaphezu kwe-2,000 iziseko ngaphandle.
