UkuBhengeza iMkhosi Yehlabathi

NguCJ Hinke
Excerpted kusuka Ama-Radicals amahhala: Abahlaseli beMfazwe entolongweni nguCJ Hinke, ozayo ukusuka kwi-Trine-Day kwi-2016.

Ngokumangalisayo, kwi-21-kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMXst-century, i-half-world-nation-states ising in the military. Ngokutsho kwe-Wikipedia, amazwe angalolu hlobo angase aqhubeke nokunyanzelisa umkhosi wemikhosi.

Kuzo zonke iimeko, ukubhaliswa kuyadingeka kodwa inkonzo yempi ayinakho; lo mkhuba ngokuqinisekileyo uza kuvelisa inani labamkeli abaqulunqiweyo. Kwezinye iimeko, ezinye iindidi zenkonzo kazwelonke ziyanyanzelekile nazo zivelisa ukwenqaba kweenqununu.

Amazwe afakwe inkwenkwezi * ahlomela amalungiselelo enkonzo enye okanye ukuchasana ngokunyanisekileyo ukuba ukuxolelwa kuya kubangela ukuba abenqabayo i-absolutist; Kwezinye iimeko, ilungelo lokunyanzela unembeza ngumgaqo-siseko. Ukungaphumeleli koorhulumente ukubonelela ukunyanzela unembeza okanye enye inkontileka yokuphulaphula iindibano zeZizwe eziManyeneyo, iSigqibo soMhlaba soLuntu (Isiqendu 18) kunye noMnqophiso wamazwe ngamazwe ngamalungelo oluntu kunye nezopolitiko (i-18), apho phantse zonke ezi zizwe zibandakanya.

INdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ka-1978 yayicacisile kwisigqibo sayo esingu-33/165 esathi samkela “ilungelo labo bonke abantu lokungavumi ukuya emkhosini okanye emapoliseni.” Kwi-1981, i-UNHRC iphinde yaxhasa ukungavumi ukuya empini ngenxa yesazela kwi-Resolution 40 yayo (XXXVII). Ngo-1982, oku kwaphinda kwachazwa kwiSigqibo 1982/36.

Isibhengezo seZizwe eziManyeneyo kwiLungelo leLungelo loLuntu (A / RES / 53 / 144) sathotywe kwi-1984 kwaye samkelwa ngokusemthethweni kwi-1998 yi-General Assembly kwi-50th anniversary yeSigqibo soBuntu soLuntu.

Ngapha koko, iKhomishini yamaLungelo oLuntu yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngoMatshi 5, 1987 kwiSigqibo 1987/46 sagqiba kwelokuba “ukungavumi ukuya emkhosini ngenxa yesazela kufuneka kugqalwe njengelungelo elisemthethweni lenkululeko yesazela neyonqulo.” Oku kwaqinisekiswa kwiSigqibo seUNHCR 1989/59, sisithi “onke amazwe angamaLungu anoxanduva lokukhuthaza nokukhusela amalungelo oluntu nenkululeko ezisisiseko nokuzalisekisa uxanduva abalwenzileyo phantsi kwamalungelo oluntu oluntu, uMqulu weZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye umthetho wobuntu ”kwaye" bacela amazwe angamaLungu ukuba anike indawo yokhuseleko okanye indlela ekhuselekileyo iye kwelinye ilizwe "kwabo bangafuniyo ukuya emkhosini. Isigqibo seUNHCR sika-1991/1991 se-65 samkela “indima yolutsha ekukhuthazeni nasekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu, kuquka nombuzo wokungavumi ukuya emkhosini.”

I-UNHRC ye-1993 Resolution 1993 / 84 nayo icacile ngokukhumbuza amaLungu angamaLungu ezigqibo ze-UN zangaphambili.

Oku kwaphinda kuphinda kuphindwe kwi-1995 yi-UNHCR isigqibo 1995 / 83 eqonda "ilungelo lomntu wonke ukuba anqabe ukunyanzela umkhosi njengomsebenzi njengelungelo elifanelekileyo lokukhululeka kwengcinga, isazela kunye nenkolo."

I-UNHCR yaphinda yakwenza oko ngo-1998 yi-UNHCR Resolution 1998/77 eyathi “Amazwe, ngokomthetho nakwindlela abasebenza ngayo, mabangabacaluli abo bangafuniyo ukuya emkhosini ngenxa yeenkonzo zabo, okanye nayiphi na imeko yezoqoqosho, ezentlalo, ezenkcubeko, ezoluntu. amalungelo ezopolitiko, ”ekhumbuza amazwe ngenkqubo yesinyanzelo yenkonzo yasemkhosini, apho elo lungiselelo lingekenziwa khona, ngesincomo sayo sokuba banike abantu abangavumiyo ukuya empini ngenxa yesazela iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokwenza eminye imisebenzi ehambelana nezizathu zokungavumi ukuya emkhosini, -umlwi okanye umntu ongenanto yakwenza nomkhosi, onomdla woluntu hayi owohlwayayo, "kwaye" ugxininisa ukuba amazwe kufuneka athabathe amanyathelo afanelekileyo okuphepha ukuthintela abantu abangavumiyo ukuya empini ngenxa yesazela kunye nokugwetywa okuphindiweyo ngenxa yokusilela ukwenza inkonzo yasemkhosini, kwaye uyakhumbula oko Akukho mntu uya kuphinda abenoxanduva okanye ohlwaywe kwakhona ngetyala athe ekugqibeleni wagwetywa ngalo okanye wakhululwa kwi-accor danisa nomthetho kunye neenkqubo zokohlwaya kwilizwe ngalinye. ”

Ngo-2001, iBhunga laseYurophu lathi “Ilungelo lokungayi emkhosini ngenxa yesazela liyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yelungelo lenkululeko yokucinga, yesazela neyonqulo” phambi kweBhunga Lamalungelo Abantu le-UN. Ngo-1960, onke amazwe aseburhulumenteni e-European Union abhalisela ukuya emkhosini ngaphandle kweAndorra, i-Iceland, i-Ireland, iLiechtenstein, iMalta, iMonaco neSan Marino. Ubhaliso ngoku luye lwapheliswa kumazwe angama-25 e-EU, kushiya amazwe ali-15 asanyanzelisa ukuya emkhosini. IAzerbaijan, iBelarus, iGrisi, kunye neTurkey aziboneleli ngeenkonzo ezizezinye kwii-CO.

Ngo-2002, i-UNHRC yamkela isigqibo esingu-2002/45 esithi “amazwe mawaphengulule imithetho yawo nezenzo zawo malunga nokungavumi ukuya emkhosini ngenxa yesazela” ngokweSigqibo 1998/77 nokuqwalasela ulwazi oluchazwe kwingxelo yeKomishoni ePhakamileyo. Ngo-2004, i-UNHCR yamkela iSigqibo 2004/35 sokukhusela abantu abangafuniyo ukuya emkhosini kwaye, ngo-2006, isigqibo se-UNHRC 2/102 saxhaswa ngamazwe angamaLungu angama-33. Ngowama-2006, iUNHCR yakhupha ingxelo yoHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali 4/2006/51, “Ngokuphathelele Ezona Ndlela Zintle Zokunikela Abantu Abangafuniyo Ukuya Emkhosini.”

Kwi-2012, i-UN Human Rights Council ithe yafakwa phambi kwe-UN General General Resolution 20 / 12, "Ukuphakanyiswa nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu" ... "kuquka ukuchasana nenkohlakalo kunye nokuxhaswa yi-34 United States ilungu, amaninzi kuwo amazwe. Olu lathiso luphindaphindiwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo yi-UN Human Rights Council ye-2013 Resolution 24 / 17, ngokubhekisela kwi-2012 20 / 12 ye-UNHRC.

I-HRC iphinde ishicilele yayo "Izikhokelo zoKhuselo lwamazwe ngamazwe angama-10" malunga neengxelo zababaleki ngenxa yesazela nangencaza. Amakhulu abantu abanqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza baye bafaka izicelo zokukhuphela kumazwe asithathu basebenzisa iCandelo 1A (2) ye-1951 UN Convention kunye / okanye iProtokholi ye-1967 kwiimeko zoBubaleki.

Ukujonga ngokubanzi kwiphepha leZizwe eziManyeneyo ukwenzela ukuchasana nenkolo, kwintlanganiso kunye nelizwe, kuya kufumaneka Apha.

U-Amnesty International uthabatha onke amabanjwa e-CO njengamabanjwa "enjezela".

Ngaba nawaphi na ezopolitiko abaphulaphule okanye ngaba le nto yinto nje ye-lip-service?

Iingqinisiso zenkcazo yoqulunqo "lokukhusela" zibandakanya izityebi ezihlawulela abafaka indawo ukuba benze inkonzo yabo yempi. Wonke amazwe anemikhosi abuye ahlasele emkhosini. Ukuncedisa okanye ukufihla abasweleyo kukwaphulo-mthetho.

Wonke amazwe anamaqela amancinane amaNgqina kaYehova kunye nabanye abaphili bamacawa. AbePolitiki baxhoba abaselula nabuthathaka. Sisekela zonke iindlela zokwenqaba inkonzo yemikhosi kunye noluntu.

Amazwe athathwe ngetekisi √ abhalwe kwiiNkcukacha zeMfazwe zamaZwe "Uphando lwehlabathi lokubambisana nokunyanisekileyo ukuya empini. "

Ndibandakanya amazwe apho ubhaliso luhlala emthethweni kodwa okwangoku alunyanzelwanga. Ezi nkcukacha, apho zikhoyo khona, zingabonakali ngokuchanekileyo iinani labalamkeli; manani aphuma kwi-1993-2005. Kwiimeko ezininzi, abantu basekuhlaleni basemzini nabo bafanelekile ukuba babhalise, ngokukodwa i-USA.

Andizange ndifake "i-gang-gang" ephoqelelwe ukubhaliswa ngabagadi bamagosa abavukeli. Umkhuba usasazeke kumazwe apho kukho ukungqubuzana.

Nceda uqaphele ukuba akukho nkcazelo ebhaliswe kumazwe amaninzi. Umbhali ubiza abafundi ukuba banikeze iinkcukacha ezongezelelweyo ukwenzela ukuba le ngxelo iphelele.

Le ngqangi ye-21st ye-Wall of Shame, eyona nto ibukrokra ibonisa ubugqila njengamadoda asemfazweni.

√ Abkhazia
√ Albania * -Phinda utshutshiso
√ Algeria
√ Angola
√ IArmenia * -bayi-16,000 ababalekayo; Ukutshutshiswa kwamaNgqina kaYehova lixhaswe yiNkundla yamaLungelo oluNtu ye-EU (2009)
√ Austria
√ Azerbaijan * - 2,611 (2002) entolongweni
√ I-Belarus * -30% yenqaba ukuya emkhosini; I-1,200-1,500 evaders / deserters ngonyaka; I-99% yabantu ababhalise njengabagula, bayokufihla
√ eBenin
√ Bhutan
√ I-Bolivia-80,000 yokubaleka; Uyilo lwabathinjwa kunye neembacu phesheya
√ Bosnia *
√ Brazil
√ eBermuda *
√ Burundi
√ Cape Verde
√ IRiphablikhi yaseCentral African
√ Tchad *
√ I-Chile-10,000 yabangabhalisi
√ I-China
√ I-Colombia * -50% yokubaleka kuyilo; Ukubhaliswa ngokunyanzelwa, ii-COs ezihlawuliswe ngokushiya; Ukungathobeli komkhosi kunye namapolisa kunye nokushiya i-6,362 ekhonza
√ Congo *
√ Cuba
ICuraçao kunye neAruba
√ eKyprus
√ IDenmark * -Iidrafti zokwala ezingama-25 ngonyaka
√ Republic Dominican
I-Ecuador-10% yentlango ebhalisiweyo
√ I-Egypt-i-4,000 yokubaleka kuyilo
√ El Salvador * - Uyilo lwabathinjwa kunye neembacu phesheya
√ Equatorial Guinea
√ I-Eritrea - amabanjwa ali-12 ayilwayo, ukuvavanywa ngasese, ukuvalelwa okungapheliyo, ukungcungcuthekiswa; Akukho nonyango, ukusweleka elugcinweni; Intolongo kunye nokwenza isishwankathelo sokubaleka ilizwe; Ukubhaliswa ngenkani, inkonzo engapheliyo; Urhoxisa ubumi, ushishino kunye neelayisensi zokuqhuba, iincwadi zokundwendwela, izatifikethi zomtshato, izazisi zikazwelonke, ukwala ii-visa zokuphuma; AmaNgqina kaYehova amathathu asentolongweni ngaphandle kokumangalelwa okanye ukuthethwa kwetyala iminyaka eli-14 nangaphezulu
√ Estonia
√ IFinland * -Amabanjwa ama-3 akwiimeko ezipheleleyo
√ Gabon
√ IGeorgia * -2,498 entlango
√ eJamani *
√ Ghana
√ iGrisi * -Amakhulu abantu abangafuni kuyilwa, abachasi beGulf Wars; Phinda utshutshiso; Emva kokuvalelwa, iminyaka emihlanu yokumiswa kwamalungelo oluntu: ukwala ukuvota, unyulo kwipalamente, ukusebenza kwinkonzo yoluntu,
fumana ipasipoti okanye ilayisenisi yoshishino; Abaninzi abathunjiweyo bahlala phesheya
√ IGuatemala -Ii-CO ze-350, iipesenti ezingama-75 zentlango, ukubulawa kwabantu ngokungekho mthethweni
√ iGuinea
√ I-Guinea-Bissau
√ IHerzegovina * -i-1,500 ii-CO
√ IHonduras-iipesenti ezingama-29 zokubaleka, iipesenti ezingama-50
√ Indonesia
√ I-Iran-Idrafti emininzi kunye nabaphambukeli abaselubhacweni, abanakubuya bade babeneminyaka engama-40 ubudala
√ I-Iraq -Isohlwayo semali sokulahla, ukunqunyulwa kwendlebe, uphawu lwebunzi
√ I-Israel-Inani elichazayo lokungavumi ukulwa nempi yasePalestine; Uyilo oluyilwayo luqala kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo; Ii-COs zijongana neenkundla zomkhosi, ukulwa, ukuphinda izivakalisi; Abasetyhini banokuba zii-COs kodwa hayi amadoda; Uninzi lwabaleki kuyilo, uyilo lwabathinjwa kunye neembacu
√ I-Ivory Coast
√ Jordan
√ IKazakhstan - iipesenti ezingama-40 zokubaleka, i-3,000 deserters
√ Kuwait -Ukusasazeka okuyiliweyo okusasazekileyo
√ eKyrgyzstan
√ ILaos-Ukusasazeka okungafunekiyo kuyilo
√ eLatvia *
√ Lebanon
√ Libya
√ Lithuania *
√ Madagascar
√ Mali -
Ukusasazeka kokubanzi
√ Mauritania
√ Mexico
√ IMoldova * -i-1,675 ii-CO, amakhulu ala
Mongoliya
√ IMontenegro * -Ukusasazeka kokuyilwa okungafunekiyo, abangama-26,000 babaleka; Iidrafti ezingama-150,000
√ I-Morocco-2,250 deserters, amagosa amahlanu abulawa
√ EMozambiki -Ukunyanzelwa kobhaliso, ukuhamba ngobuninzi
√ eMyanmar *
√Nagorny Karabakh
√ I-Netherlands * -Ukwala komsebenzi e-Afghanistan
√ Niger
Korea I-North Korea-isohlwayo sokufa ngenxa yokubaleka ukuyila kunye nokushiya
√ ENorway * -i-2,364 ii-CO, i-100-200 yokungavumi
√ IParaguay * -Ukubhaliswa ngenkani; Ii-COs ezingama-6,000, iipesenti ezili-15 zokuya emkhosini
√ IPeru-Ukubhaliswa ngenkani
√ IPhilippines-ezimbini zembali ezingabhaliswanga; Ukubhaliswa ngenkani ngabavukeli
√ IPoland * -AmaRoma Katolika asikhanyele isikhundla se-CO (IPoland ngama-87.5% amaKatolika)
I-Qatar-Ukubuyiswa kwakhona kobhaliso kwi-2014
√ iRussia * -I-1,445 COs ngonyaka, i-17% ukwaliwa; Ukukhuselwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo (1996); AmaBhuda, amaNgqina kaYehova akhutshelwa ngaphandle; I-30,000 yokubaleka uyilo kunye ne-40,000 deserters; Uyilo lwabathinjwa kunye neembacu
√ Senegal
√ ISerbia * -i-9,000 ii-CO; I-26,000 yoyilo lokubaleka kunye nokubaleka; Iidrafti ezingama-150,000 ezisemaphandleni
√ i-Seychelles
√ ISingapore - Amakhulu amaNgqina kaYehova angavumiyo, iinyanga ezili-12 ukuya kwezi-24 avalelwe emkhosini; Phinda izivakalisi; Abenqabileyo abangavumiyo bahlawuliswa
√ Slovenia *
√ I-Somalia-ii-CO zithathwa njengabaphambukeli
√ South Korea - 13,000 CO amabanjwa, 400-700 ngonyaka; Abaxhasi abangama-5,000, baphinda izivakalisi; Uyilo lweembacu kunye nabaphambukeli phesheya
South Sudan
√ ISpain * -Izinto ezininzi ezingafunekiyo kuluntu, ezichasene neGulf Wars
√ Srpska * -Ukusasazeka kokuyilwa okungafunekiyo kunye nokushiya
√ ISudan - i-2.5 yezigidi zokubaleka, ukubhaliswa ngenkani, kubandakanya iiyunivesithi; Amadoda akwiminyaka yobhaliso angavunyelwa ukuba ahambe kumazwe aphesheya
√ ISwitzerland * -2,000 ii-COs ngonyaka; I-100 ye-Absoluteist Refusist ngonyaka, i-8-12 yezigwebo zenyanga; Izilingo ziinkundla zomkhosi
√ ISyria-amaYuda akhululwa
√ Taiwan
√ I-Tajikistan-Ukusasazeka kokuyilwa okungafunekiyo kunye nokushiya
√ eTanzania
√ I-Thailand-i-30,000 yokubaleka okuyilwayo, izehlo zokwala ukuyila koluntu
√ I-Transdniestria *
√ I-Tunisia * -Ukubhaliswa ngenkani, ukusasazeka ngokubanzi
√ I-Turkey-i-74 eyila uluntu, baphinde izivakalisi; Ii-CO ziqwalaselwa njengabaphambukeli; Ukuchitha umkhosi okanye "ukwahlukanisa uluntu kwinkonzo yasemkhosini" ulwaphulo-mthetho; Ama-60,000 ayila uyilo ngonyaka; Abachasi bavalelwa entolongweni Uyilo lweembacu kunye nabaphambukeli phesheya
Terr Imimandla eTurkey ehleliwe- i-14 ibhengeze ii-CO
√ I-Turkmenistan -Ukubaleka okubalulekileyo, i-20% yokubaleka, i-2,000 deserters; Ukubethwa, izoyikiso zokudlwengulwa
√ iUganda-Ukubhaliswa ngenkani, kubandakanya amajoni abantwana; Ukusasazeka ngokubanzi
√ Ukraine * -Ii-COs zenkolo kuphela: iiSeventh Day Adventists, Baptists, Adventist-Reformists, amaNgqina kaYehova, amaKristu akholwayo; Ii-2,864 ii-CO; Isiganeko sokwala koluntu ngokugqibeleleyo; Ukuthotyelwa kwe-10%, ama-48,624 abaqulunqiweyo; Uyilo lweembacu phesheya
I-United Arab Emirates-Yazisa kwakhona ukubhaliswa ngo-2014
I-United Kingdom-Inkosana yasebukhosini ifuna ukubhaliswa emkhosini ngoMeyi ka-2015
E-USA * -Amashumi ezigidi zabaphumezi bokuyila abasilelayo ukubhalisa, basilela ukunika ingxelo ngedilesi; Amawaka abala abalahliweyo; Kuphela ngama-20 otshutshiso, agwetywe ukusuka kwiintsuku ezingama-35 ukuya kwiinyanga ezintandathu; Iindleko zobuqhetseba kwabo bancedisayo, abet, ingcebiso; Iminyaka emihlanu entolongweni, isohlwayo seedola ezingama-250,000; Abavukeli bezomkhosi kunye nabashiya; Abantu abasentlango ababekwa ityala ngexesha lemfazwe; Uyilo kunye nabaphambukeli ekuthinjweni
√ Uzbekistan *
√ IVenezuela -Ukunyanzelwa kobhaliso, ukusasazeka okungafunekiyo kunye nokushiya; Abavukeli boluntu abangama-34 abalahlayo, i-180 ye-CO yonkcitho ngonyaka
√ I-Vietnam-Ukusasazeka okusasazwayo kokubaleka kunye nokushiya
√ Western Sahara
√ I-Yemen-Uyilo olubalulekileyo lokubaleka kunye nokushiya
√ Zimbabwe *

Inani lamanqabana abalahlayo, apho laziwa khona, liyahluka ngokubanzi phakathi kwamazwe. Kweminye, kunokuthi kube neqela elincinane. Le nxalenye ifanelekile ukuba ikhuselwe-unokuba ngumnye wabo! Kuzo zonke iindawo ezenza umkhosi wemikhosi, kubakho abalahlayo kunye nabaqulunqa amabanjwa. Nomaphi apho ilizwe ligcina umkhosi, ukusuka kwilizwe elikhulu kunabo bonke ukuya kwiindawo eziphazamisayo, baninzi abachasayo ngenxa yokunyaniseka.