Iziseko zomkhosi azisoze zisetyenziswe

NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Oktobha 13, 2020

Ukuba, njengam, unesiko elibi lokubonisa ukunganyaniseki kwamatyala enzelwe iimfazwe ezahlukeneyo, kwaye uqala ukukholisa abantu ukuba iimfazwe ayizizo ezokupheliswa kwezixhobo zentshabalalo ezandayo, okanye Ukupheliswa kwabanqolobi abazivelisayo, okanye ukusasazeka kwedemokhrasi abayithintelayo, uninzi lwabantu luza kubuza kungekudala "Ke, ziyintoni iimfazwe?"

Okwangoku, zimbini iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo. Inye kukucinga ukuba kukho impendulo enye. Enye into kukucinga ukuba iimpendulo kufuneka zonke zenze ingqiqo. Impendulo esisiseko endikhe ndayinika amaxesha e-gazillion kukuba iimfazwe zenzuzo kunye namandla kunye nemibhobho, kulawulo lwezibaso kunye nemimandla kunye noorhulumente, kubalo lonyulo, ukuqhubela phambili kwamakhondo, kunye nokulinganiswa kwemithombo yeendaba, ukuhlawula iphulo "igalelo," ye-inertia yale nkqubo ikhoyo, kunye ne-crazy, inkanuko elusizi yamandla kunye ne-xenophobic malevolence.

Siyazi ukuba iimfazwe azihambelani nobuninzi babemi okanye ukunqongophala kwezixhobo okanye naziphi na izinto ezisetyenziswa ngabathile kwizifundo zase-US ukuzama ukuphawula ityala kwiimfazwe kumaxhoba abo. Siyazi ukuba iimfazwe azenzeki kwaphela kwiindawo zokwenza izixhobo. Siyazi ukuba iimfazwe zihambelana kakhulu kunye nobukho be-fuels fuels. Kodwa ziyangqinelana nenye into enikezela ngendlela eyahlukileyo yempendulo kumbuzo wento eyenzelwe iimfazwe: iziseko. Ndiyathetha, sonke saziwa amashumi eminyaka ngoku ukuba ii-permawars zamva nje zase-US zibandakanya ikakhulu ukutyabeka amazwe ahlukeneyo ngeziseko, kwaye iinjongo zibandakanya ukugcinwa kwenani leziseko ezisisigxina kunye neenqaba ezomeleleyo. Kodwa kuthekani ukuba iimfazwe azikhuthazwa kuphela yinjongo yeziseko ezitsha, kodwa ziqhutywa kwinxalenye ebalulekileyo bubukho beziseko ezikhoyo?

Kwincwadi yakhe entsha, I-United States yeMfazwe, UDavid Vine ukhankanya uphando olwenziwe ngumkhosi wase-US obonisa ukuba ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1950, ubukho bemikhosi yase-US buhambelana nemikhosi yase-US eqala iingxabano. Umdiliya uguqula umgca ukusuka Inqaku lamaphupha ukubhekisa hayi kwibala le-baseball kodwa kwiziseko: "Ukuba niyakha, iimfazwe ziya kuza." Umdiliya ukwabhala nemizekelo emininzi yeemfazwe ezizala iziseko ezizala iimfazwe ezisisiseko ezingapheleli nje ekuziseni iimfazwe ezininzi kodwa zikwasebenza nokuxhasa iindleko zezixhobo ezininzi kunye nemikhosi yokugcwalisa iziseko, ngelixa kwangaxeshanye zivelisa ukubuyela umva- zonke ezo zinto zakha amandla ngakumbi iimfazwe.

Incwadi yangaphambili yeVine Isizwe soLwazi: Indlela i-US Bas Bas Military External Harm America and World. Isihloko esipheleleyo salo I-United States of War: Imbali yeHlabathi yeembambano ezingapheliyo zaseMelika, ukusuka eColumbus ukuya kwi-Islamic State. Ayisiyo, nangona kunjalo, iakhawunti eneenkcukacha zayo yonke imfazwe yase-US, eya kufuna amawaka amaninzi amaphepha. Ayikuko nokushenxa kwisihloko seziseko. Yimbali yeendlela ezadlalwayo kwaye zisadlala kwisizukulwana nasekuziphatheni kweemfazwe.

Kukho, ngasemva kwincwadi, uluhlu olude lweemfazwe zase-US, kunye nolunye ungquzulwano oluthi ngenxa yezizathu ezithile lungabizwa njengemfazwe. Kuluhlu oluqhubeka ngokuthe ngcembe ukusukela ekuqaleni kwe-United States ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, kwaye loo nto ayizenzi ngathi iimfazwe ezichasene nabantu baseMelika bebengekho okanye bezingezizo iimfazwe zangaphandle. Kuluhlu olubonisa iimfazwe ezikude kwihlabathi lonke kudala-kugqitywe "ukubonakaliswa kokuphela" kunxweme olusentshona e-US, kwaye lubonisa iimfazwe ezincinci ezenzeka kwiindawo ezininzi ngaxeshanye nangokuchanekileyo ngokuvela kweemfazwe ezinkulu kwenye indawo. Ibonisa iimfazwe ezimfutshane kunye neemfazwe ezinde kakhulu (ezinje ngeminyaka engama-36 yemfazwe nxamnye ne-Apache) ezibeka amanyala kwizibhengezo ezithe rhoqo zokuba imfazwe yangoku e-Afghanistan yeyona mfazwe inde yase-US, kwaye oko kuyangcungcuthekisa umbono wokuba kule minyaka ili-19 idlulileyo yemfazwe yinto entsha eyahlukileyo. Ngelixa i-Congressional Research Service yathi i-United States ibiseluxolweni iminyaka eli-11 ikho, abanye abaphengululi bathi inani elichanekileyo leminyaka yoxolo likhulu ngoku.

Iiparadesi ezincinci zase-US zasedolophini ezifafazwe kwihlabathi jikelele njengeziseko zemikhosi ezinoluntu kuluntu kwii-steroids (kunye noCalucalulo). Abahlali babo bahlala bekhuselekile ekutshutshisweni kolwaphulo-mthetho ngezenzo zabo ngaphandle kwamasango, ngelixa abahlali bangeniswa ngaphakathi ukuba benze umsebenzi weyadi kunye nokucoca. Ukuhamba kunye nokulungiselela zizinto ezintle zokufumana umkhosi kunye nokulawula uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwamalungu eCongress kwilizwe elisezantsi. Kodwa umbono wokuba iziseko zisebenza ngenjongo yokukhusela, ukuba zenza ngokuchaseneyo noko u-Eisenhower walumkisa ngako, zimalunga nokuchasana nenyani. Enye yeemveliso eziphambili zeziseko zase-US kwamanye amazwe abantu yingqumbo yokuba uMdiliya usikhumbuza abahlali bangaphambi kwe-US ukuba baziva ngokungena komkhosi wase-Bhritane kwiikholoni zase North America. Imikhosi yase-Bhritane yaziphatha ngokungekho mthethweni, kwaye iikholoni zabhalisa nje iintlobo zezikhalazo zokuphanga, ukudlwengula kunye nokuhlukumeza abantu abahlala kufutshane neziseko zase-US ebebehleli kuzo amashumi eminyaka ngoku.

Iziseko zangaphandle zaseMelika, kude nokuhluma okokuqala ngo-1898, zakhiwa luhlanga olutsha eCanada ngaphambi kwesibhengezo senkululeko esakhula ngokukhawuleza ukusuka apho. E-United States zingaphezulu kwama-1776 indawo zasemkhosini zangoku okanye ezidlulileyo ezinegama elithi “fort” ngamagama abo. Babeziziseko zomkhosi kummandla wasemzini, njengoko zazininzi ezinye iindawo ngaphandle kwe "fort" kumagama abo akhoyo. Babephambi kwabahlali beekoloniyali. Bacaphukisa ukubuyela umva. Benza iimfazwe. Kwaye ezo mfazwe zavelisa iziseko ezingakumbi, njengoko umda watyhalelwa ngaphandle ngaphandle. Ngexesha lemfazwe yenkululeko kwiBritane, njengakwiimfazwe ezininzi ezithe zaviwa ngabantu abaninzi, iUnited States yaqhubeka isenza iimfazwe ezininzi ezincinci, kule meko nxamnye namaMelika aseMelika kwi-Ohio Valley, kwintshona yeNew York, nakwezinye iindawo. Apho ndihlala khona eVirginia, izikhumbuzo kunye nezikolo zaseprayimari kunye nezixeko zibizwa ngokuba ngabantu ababizwa ngokuba bandise ubukhosi baseMelika (kunye nobukhosi baseVirginia) ngasentshona ngexesha "lovukelo lwaseMelika."

Nokuba ukwakhiwa kwesiseko okanye ukwenziwa kwemfazwe akukaze kuyekwe. Kwimfazwe ye-1812, xa i-US yatshisa iPalamente yaseCanada, emva koko i-Bhritane yatshisa iWashington, i-US yakha iziseko ezikhuselayo ezijikeleze iWashington, DC, ezingakhange zifeze injongo yazo ngokude kunye neziseko ezininzi zase-US kwihlabathi liphela. Ezi zokugqibela zenzelwe ukona, hayi ukuzikhusela.

Kwiintsuku ezilishumi emva kokuphela kweMfazwe yowe-1812, i-US Congress yabhengeza imfazwe kumantla e-Algiers ase-Afrika. Kwakungelo xesha, hayi ngo-1898, apho i-US Navy yaqala ukuseka izikhululo zeenqanawa zayo kumazwekazi amahlanu-awayeyisebenzisa nge-19^th kwinkulungwane yokuhlasela iTaiwan, iUruguay, iJapan, iHolland, iMexico, iEcuador, iChina, iPanama neKorea.

Imfazwe yamakhaya yase-US, eyalwa kuba uMntla noMzantsi bangavumelana kuphela ekwandiseni okungapheliyo kodwa hayi kwikhoboka okanye indawo ekhululekileyo yemimandla emitsha, yayingeyomfazwe phakathi koMntla noMzantsi kuphela, kodwa yayiyimfazwe eyaliwa nguMantla ngokuchasene neShoshone , UBannock, u-Ute, u-Apache, no-Navajo eNevada, e-Utah, e-Arizona, nase-New Mexico -imfazwe eyabulala, yoyisa umhlaba, yanyanzela amawaka ukuba aye kwinkampu yoxinaniso eyayiqhutywa ngumkhosi, i-Bosque Redondo, yohlobo oluza kuthi kamva lukhuthaze AmaNazi.

Iziseko ezitsha zazithetha iimfazwe ezintsha ngaphaya kweziseko. I-Presidio eSan Francisco yathathwa eMexico kwaye yayihlala ihlasela iPhilippines, apho iziseko zazizakusetyenziselwa ukuhlasela iKorea neVietnam. I-Tampa Bay, ethathwe eSpanish, yayisetyenziselwa ukuhlasela iCuba. IGuantanamo Bay, ethathwe eCuba, yayisetyenziselwa ukuhlasela iPuerto Rico. Kwaye nangokunjalo. Ngo-1844, umkhosi wase-US wawunokufikelela kumazibuko amahlanu e-China. Indawo yokuhlala yase-US-Bhritane yase-Shanghai ngo-1863 yayi “Chinatown reversed” - kakhulu njengeziseko zase-US kwihlabathi jikelele ngoku.

Phambi kweWWII, kubandakanya uninzi lolwandiso lwesiseko seWWI, uninzi lweziseko zazingazinzanga. Ezinye zazikho, kodwa ezinye, kubandakanya uninzi loMbindi Merika kunye neCaribbean, zaqondwa njengezokwexeshana. IWWII inokutshintsha yonke loo nto. Isimo esingagqibekanga saso nasiphi na isiseko siya kuba sisigxina. Oku kwaqala ngorhwebo lwe-FDR lweenqanawa ezindala zaya eBritani ngokutshintshiselana neziseko kwiikoloniyali ezisibhozo zase-Bhritane- akukho nanye eyayinalo nelizwi kulo mbandela. Akunjalo neCongress, njengoko i-FDR yasebenza yodwa, eyadala umzekelo ombi. Ngexesha le-WWII i-United States yakha kwaye yahlala kufakelo lwama-30,000 kwiziseko ezingama-2,000 XNUMX kwilizwekazi ngalinye.

Isiseko eDhahran, eSaudi Arabia, bekucingelwa ukuba silwa namaNazi, kodwa emva kokuba iJamani inikezele, ulwakhiwo lwesiseko lwalusagqityiwe. Ioli yayisekho. Isidingo sokuba iinqwelomoya zihlale kuloo nxalenye yomhlaba zazisekho. Isidingo sokuthethelela ukuthengwa kweenqwelomoya ezininzi sasisekhona. Kwaye iimfazwe ziya kuba lapho ngokuqinisekileyo njengoko imvula ilandela ilifu lesiphango.

I-WWII yayihlala iphelile. Imikhosi emikhulu yemikhosi yagcinwa ngokusisigxina phesheya. UHenry Wallace wayecinga ukuba iziseko zangaphandle kufuneka zinikezelwe kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo. Endaweni yoko wakhutshwa ngokukhawuleza eqongeni. UVine ubhala ukuba amakhulukhulu eeklabhu ze "Buyisa uTata" asekwa eMelika iphela. Abakhange bayifumane yonke indlela yabo. Endaweni yokuba uqheliselo olutsha luqalisile lokuhambisa iintsapho ziye kujoyina oosolusapho kwimisebenzi esisigxina-inyathelo ikakhulu elijolise ekunciphiseni udlwengulo lwabahlali bendawo.

Ewe umkhosi wase-US wancitshiswa kakhulu emva kwe-WWII, kodwa hayi phantse ukuya emva kwemfazwe, kwaye uninzi lwayo lwabuyiselwa umva nje emva kokuba kuqale imfazwe eKorea. Imfazwe yaseKorea ikhokelele ekunyuseni i-40% kwiziseko zaphesheya kwe-US. Abanye banokuthi imfazwe yaseKorea kukungaziphathi kakuhle okanye ingqumbo yolwaphulo-mthetho, ngelixa abanye beyibiza ngokuba sisibophelelo okanye isiphoso esiliqhinga, kodwa ngokwembono yokwakhiwa kwesiseko kunye nokusekwa kwamandla eshishini lezixhobo kurhulumente wase-US, yona kwaba kanye njengokuba u-Barack Obama wathi ngexesha lobongameli bakhe, yaba yimpumelelo enkulu.

U-Eisenhower wathetha ngomzi-mveliso wezomkhosi owonakalisa urhulumente. Omnye wemizekelo emininzi ebonelelwe nguMdiliya yile yobudlelwane baseMelika nePortugal. Umkhosi wase-US wawufuna iziseko kwii-Azores, ke urhulumente wase-US wavuma ukuxhasa uzwilakhe wase-Portugal, ubukoloniyali base-Portuguese, kunye nobulungu be-NATO yase-Portuguese. Kwaye abantu baseAngola, eMozambiki, naseCape Verde baya kugwetywa - okanye mandithi, mabakhe ubutshaba kwi-United States, njengexabiso lokuhlawula ukugcina i-United States "ikhuselwe" luhlu lweziseko zehlabathi. Umdiliya ukhankanya iimeko ezili-17 zokwakhiwa kwesiseko sase-US ezihambisa abantu basekuhlaleni kwihlabathi liphela, imeko ekhoyo ecaleni kweencwadi zesicatshulwa zase-US ezibanga ukuba iminyaka yoyiso iphelile.

I-NATO isebenze ukuququzelela ukwakhiwa kweziseko zase-US e-Italiya, ebezingenakho ukumelwa ngama-Italiya ukuba iziseko zibizwa ngokuba "ziziseko zase-US" kunokuba zithengiswe phantsi kwebhanile engeyiyo ye "NATO."

Iziseko ziye zaqhubeka ukwanda kwihlabathi liphela, kunye noqhanqalazo oluqhelekileyo lulandelayo. Uqhanqalazo oluchasene neziseko zase-US, oluhlala luphumelela, oluhlala lungaphumeleli, lubeyinxalenye ephambili yekhulu elidlulileyo lembali yehlabathi enqabileyo ukuba ifundiswe eMelika. Nditsho nomqondiso woxolo owaziwayo waqala wasetyenziswa kuqhankqalazo lomkhosi wase-US. Ngoku iziseko zisasazeka kulo lonke elase-Afrika ukuya kuthi xhaxhe kwimida yase-China ne-Russia, ngelixa inkcubeko yase-US ikhula iqhela iimfazwe zesiqhelo ezaliwa “yimikhosi ekhethekileyo” kunye neenqwelo moya zeerobhothi, izixhobo zenyukliya zakhiwa ngokungathi ziyaphambana, kwaye nomkhosi awubuzwa kula maqela mabini makhulu ezopolitiko ase-US.

Ukuba iimfazwe ziyinxalenye-yeziseko, akufuneki sibuze ukuba zeziphi iziseko? Vine ubalisa abaphandi beCongressional bagqiba kwelokuba uninzi lweziseko zigcinwa zibekwe "yi-inertia." Kwaye ubalisa ngamagosa ohlukeneyo emkhosini ngokuzibandakanya koloyiko (okanye, ngokuchanekileyo, paranoia) ebona indalo yemfazwe enobundlongondlongo njengendlela yokuzikhusela. Zombini zizinto eziyinyani, kodwa ndicinga ukuba zixhomekeke kukuqhuba okungaphaya kolawulo lwehlabathi kunye nenzuzo, ngokudityaniswa nentumekelelo yezoluntu (okanye ukulangazelela) ukuvelisa iimfazwe.

Into endingazange ndicinge ukuba nayiphi na incwadi igxile ngokwaneleyo kwindima yokuthengisa izixhobo. Ezi ziseko zenza abathengi bezixhobo- abalawuli beedemokhrasi kunye "nedemokhrasi" abanokuba njalo baxhobile baqeqeshwa baxhaswa ngezimali kwaye kwenziwa ukuxhomekeka kubo Umkhosi wase-US, esenza ukuba urhulumente wase-US axhomekeke ngakumbi kubaxhamli bemfazwe.

Ndiyathemba ukuba wonke umntu osemhlabeni uyafunda I-United States yeMfazwe. at World BEYOND War senze ukusebenza ukuvala iziseko eyona nto iphambili.