Uncedo Lwezomkhosi Lwaxhwalekisa amaLungelo Abantu kwiMeko zaMva kweMfazwe

ukusuka I-Science Science Digest, Julayi 25, 2020

Olu hlalutyo lushwankathela kwaye lubonakalise olu phando lulandelayo: USullivan, P., Blanken, L., & Rice, I. (2020). Ukuxhobisa uxolo: Uncedo lwokhuseleko lwangaphandle kunye neemeko zamalungelo oluntu kumazwe angasemva kwembambano. Ezomkhosi woKhuselo noXolo, 31 (2). 177-200. I-DoI: 10.1080 / 10242694.2018.1558388

Amaphuzu okuthetha

Kumazwe emva kwemfazwe:

• Ukudluliselwa kwezixhobo kunye noncedo lomkhosi oluvela kumazwe angaphandle (ngokubhekisele kubizo njengoncedo lokhuseleko lwangaphandle) zidibene neemeko ezingekho mgangathweni zamalungelo abantu, kubandakanya nokophulwa kwamalungelo okunyaniseka njengokuphathwa gadalala, ukubulala ngokungekho mthethweni, ukunyamalala, ukubanjwa kwezopolitiko kunye nokubulawa.
• Uncedo loPhuculo lwaseburhulumenteni (i-ODA), oluchazwe ngokubanzi njengoncedo olungengomkhosi, lunxulunyaniswa neemeko zamalungelo oluntu eziphuculiweyo.
• Iindlela ezinqongopheleyo zokhetho ezifumanekayo kwiinkokeli zikazwelonke emva kwexesha lenguquko-mbambano zinceda ukucacisa ukuba kutheni uncedo lokhuselo lwangaphandle lukhokelela kwiziphumo zamalungelo oluntu-oko kukuthi, kwenza kube lula kwiinkokheli ukukhetha ukutyala imali kwimikhosi yezokhuseleko ngaphezulu kotyalo mali kuluntu ngokubanzi iimpahla njengendlela yokufumana amandla, okwenza impindezelo yokuphikiswa kunokwenzeka.

isishwankathelo

Uncedo lwangaphandle kumazwe angasemva kwembambano yinto ephambili yokuzibandakanya kwehlabathi ukukhuthaza uxolo kwimixholo enjalo. Ngokophando lwamva nje olwenziwe nguPatricia Sullivan, uLeo Blanken, no-Ian Rice, uhlobo lwemicimbi yoncedo. Bayayiphikisa loo nto Uncedo lokhuseleko lwangaphandle Inxulunyaniswa nengcinezelo kurhulumente kumazwe emva kwemfazwe. Uncedo olungelulo emkhosini, okanye uNcedo loPhuculo lwaseburhulumenteni (i-ODA), lubonakala lunesiphumo esichaseneyo-esidibana kakuhle nokhuseleko lwamalungelo oluntu. Ke ngoko, uhlobo loncedo lwangaphandle lunefuthe elinamandla “kumgangatho woxolo” kumazwe emva kwemfazwe.

Uncedo lokhuseleko lwangaphandle: "Nawaphi na amagunya agunyaziswe ngurhulumente izixhobo zokusebenza, izixhobo zasemkhosini, inkxaso-mali, ukuqeqeshwa emkhosini, okanye ezinye izinto zokwakha iimpahla kunye neenkonzo kwimikhosi yezokhuseleko kurhulumente welinye ilizwe."

Ababhali bafumana ezi ziphumo ngokuhlalutya iimeko ezili-171 apho udlame lwaphela ngo-1956 ukuya ku-2012. Ezi meko ziye zifundwe njengamacandelo elizwe kwiminyaka elishumi emva kokuphela kwengxabano phakathi korhulumente neqela eliphikisayo elixhobileyo ngaphakathi elizweni. Bavavanya impindezelo kurhulumente ngokusebenzisa amanqaku oKhuselo lwamaLungelo oLuntu athi aqwalasele ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo okunyaniseka njengokuphathwa gadalala, ukubulala ngokungekho mthethweni, ukunyamalala, ukuvalelwa kwezopolitiko kunye nokubulawa, kunye nokubulawa kwabantu ngenkani. Isikali siqala ukusuka--3.13 ukuya +4.69, apho amaxabiso aphakamileyo amele ukukhuselwa okungcono kwamalungelo abantu. Kwisampulu ebandakanywe kudathasethi, isikali siqala ukusuka ku-2.85 ukuya ku-+1.58. Le datha ikwathathela ingqalelo ubukho bamandla okugcina uxolo, imveliso yekhaya ngokubanzi, kunye nezinye izinto ezifanelekileyo.

Izinto eziphambili ezinomdla ezikhoyo zibandakanya idatha kwi-ODA, ekulula ukufumana, noncedo lokhuseleko, ekunzima ukuyifumana. Uninzi lwamazwe alukhuphi ulwazi ngoncedo lomkhosi kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo alunamqubo eyaneleyo yokuqinisekisa ukuba kufakwe kwidatabase. Nangona kunjalo, iZiko loPhando loXolo lweHlabathi laseStockholm (SIPRI) livelisa i-datha eqikelela ubungakanani bemveliso yokungenisa elizweni, abasetyenziswa ngababhali kolu phando. Balumkisa ukuba le ndlela yokulinganisa uncedo lokhuseleko isenokujongela phantsi umthamo wenene worhwebo lomkhosi phakathi kwamazwe.

Iziphumo zabo zibonisa ukuba uncedo lokhuseleko lwangaphandle luhambelana namanqanaba asezantsi okhuselo lwamalungelo oluntu, isiphumo sokuhla kwe-0.23 yenqaku loKhuseleko lwaMalungelo oLuntu (isikali esivela ku--2.85 ukuya ku-+1.58). Ukuthelekisa, ukuba ilizwe lihlangabezana nengxabano enobundlobongela ehlaziyiweyo, amanqaku oKhuseleko lwaMalungelo abantu alahla amanqaku angama-0.59 kwinqanaba elifanayo. Olu thelekiso lubonelela ngomlinganiso wobunzulu bokwehla kwenqaku loKhuseleko lwaMalungelo oLuntu ngenxa yoncedo lomkhosi. I-ODA, kwelinye icala, inxulumene namalungelo oluntu aphuculweyo. Ekuveliseni amaxabiso aqikelelweyo ngamanqaku oKhuseleko lwaMalungelo oLuntu kwilizwe lasemva kwemfazwe, i-ODA "ibonakala iphucula imeko yamalungelo abantu kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi emva kokupheliswa kwempixano."

Ababhali bacacisa iimpembelelo zoncedo lomkhosi kwingcinezelo yorhulumente ngokugxila kukhetho lobuchule olufumanekayo kwiinkokeli zesizwe kumazwe aqubukayo kwimfazwe. Ezi nkokeli zikazwelonke ngokubanzi zinendlela ezimbini zokugcina amandla: (1) ukugxininisa ekufumaneni iimpahla zikawonke wonke ezona zininzi zabantu-njengokutyala imali kwimfundo yoluntu-okanye (2) kugxile ekufumaneni iimpahla zabucala zenani elincinci labantu elifunekayo ukugcina Amandla-njengokutyala imali kwimikhosi yezokhuseleko ukuphucula amandla ombuso. Ukunikwa kwengxaki yemithombo yobutyebi eqhele ukwenzeka kumazwe emva kwemfazwe, iinkokeli kufuneka zenze izigqibo ezinzima ngendlela yokwaba imali. Ukubeka nje, uncedo lokhuselo lwangaphandle lucebisa ubungakanani bokuthi uxinzelelo, okanye indlela yesibini, ibhenele koorhulumente. Ngamafutshane, ababhali bathi "uncedo lwezokhuseleko lwangaphandle lucutha ukhuthazo lukarhulumente lokutyala imali kawonkewonke, ehlisa iindleko zempindezelo, kwaye lomeleza icandelo lezokhuseleko elihambelana namanye amaziko karhulumente."

Ababhali balatha kwimizekelo kumgaqo-nkqubo wase-US ongaphandle ukubonisa le ngongoma. Umzekelo, uncedo lokhuselo lwaseMelika kuMzantsi Korea emva kweMfazwe yaseKorea inyanzelise ilizwe elinengcwangu elaphule amalungelo abantu abaninzi kwaza kwavela uqhankqalazo kurhulumente wentando yesininzi kumashumi eminyaka kamva. Ababhali banxibelelanisa le mizekelo kwincoko enkulu malunga "nomgangatho woxolo" kumazwe asemva kwembambano. Ukupheliswa kwenzondo ngokusesikweni yenye yeendlela zokuchaza uxolo. Nangona kunjalo, ababhali bathi impindezelo yelizwe yokuchasana, eyoncedo lwezokhuseleko lukhuthaza, ngakumbi ngendlela yokunyhashwa kwamalungelo abantu njengokuthi "ukubulawa ngokungekho mthethweni, ukubulawa kwabantu ngokungekho mthethweni, ukunyamalala okunyanzelwayo, kunye nokuvalelwa kwezopolitiko," luphawu oluhle "lokuthula" nangona okusemthethweni ukuphela kwemfazwe yamakhaya.

Ulwazi lokuziqhelanisa

“Umgangatho woxolo” oqhubeka emva kwemfazwe ubaluleke kakhulu kuba umngcipheko wokuphindwa kwempixano uphezulu. Ngokwedatha eqokelelwe liZiko loPhando loXolo ngo-Oslo (PRIO) (jonga "Ukuphindana kwakhona kwengxabano"KuFundo oluQhelekileyo), iipesenti ezingama-60 zazo zonke iingxabano ziphinde zabuya kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi emva kokuphela kwembambano ngenxa“ yezikhalazo ezingasonjululwanga ”emva kwemfazwe. Ukugxila okukodwa ekupheliseni ubutshaba, ngaphandle kokuzibophelela okucacileyo kumalungelo oluntu okanye isicwangciso sendlela ilizwe lingazisingatha ngayo iimeko zesimo esikhokelela emfazweni, kunokusebenza nje ukomeleza izikhalazo ezikhoyo kunye neemeko zesakhiwo eziya kuthi zibangele ubundlobongela ngakumbi. .

Ungenelelo lwamanye amazwe olujolise ekupheliseni imfazwe kunye nokuthintela ukubuya kwakhona kwezixhobo ezixhobileyo kufuneka ziqwalasele indlela izenzo zabo ezinokuthi zibe nefuthe kwezi ziphumo. Njengoko sithethe kwangaphambilini Ukutya uhlalutyo, "Ubukho bamapolisa e-UN adityaniswa noKhuseleko olungahambelaniyo naMazwe aMva kweMfazwe, "Isisombululo esijongene nomkhosi, nokuba singamapolisa okanye sigcina uxolo, sikhokelela kwiziphumo ezibi kakhulu kumalungelo abantu, njengoko umkhosi ubeka umjikelo wobundlobongela obuyindlela eqhelekileyo njengendawo eyamkelekileyo yokuthetha. Oku kuqonda kubaluleke kakhulu kwindlela oorhulumente bamazwe-ngakumbi abo banamandla, kunye nabasemkhosini abanjengoMelika-bayithatha njani into yokuncedisa kwamanye amazwe, ngakumbi ukuba bathanda uncedo kwezomkhosi okanye ezingezizo emkhosini kumazwe angasemva kwembambano. Endaweni yokukhuthaza uxolo nentando yesininzi, noncedo lwangaphandle olucetyelwe ukulwenza, kuyabonakala ukuba uncedo lokhuselo luneziphumo ezichaseneyo, bekhuthaza uxinzelelo lwelizwe kunye nokonyusa ukubakho kokuphindaphindeka kwemfazwe. Uninzi lumkisile malunga nokulwa komgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle wase-US, kubandakanya abantu abakwiCandelo lezoKhuseleko kunye neearhente zobukrelekrele (jonga "Iingxaki zoMgaqo-nkqubo oLilwayo waNgaphandle we-Intanethi kwiArhente yoBuntlola yaseMelika"KuQhubeka nokuFunda). Baye babuza ukuba ukuxhomekeka kakhulu kwezomkhosi kunye nezisombululo zasemkhosini kuchaphazela njani indlela eqondwa ngayo i-US kwihlabathi liphela. Ngelixa iimbono zibalulekile kubudlelwane bamanye amazwe kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle, uncedo lokhuseleko lwangaphandle, ikakhulu, lujongela phantsi iinjongo zokwenza umhlaba onoxolo kunye nentando yesininzi. Eli nqaku libonisa ukuba ukuxhomekeka kuncedo lokhuseleko njengendlela yokufumana uncedo kumazwe aphesheya kwenza ukuba iziphumo zibe nzima kumazwe afumileyo.

Isindululo somgaqo-nkqubo ocacileyo osuka kweli nqaku kukwandisa i-ODA engeyiyo emkhosini kumazwe avela emfazweni. Uncedo olungasiyiyo emkhosini lunokubangela ukuba inkcitho ingahambi kakuhle kwiinkqubo zentlalontle kunye / okanye iinkqubo zobulungisa zotshintsho ezifanelekileyo ukulungisa iingxaki ezikhokelelela imfazwe kwindawo yokuqala kwaye ezinokuthi ziqhubeke kwixesha lasemva kwemfazwe, zibe negalelo kumgangatho oqinileyo woxolo. Ukufuduka kude nokuxhomekeka kakhulu kwinkcitho yomkhosi kunye noncedo lokhuselo, kokubini kwimimandla yomgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya nowangaphandle, iyaqhubeka nokuba yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuqinisekisa ukuba uxolo oluhlala luhleli nolugcinekileyo. [KC]

Ukuqhubeka kokufunda

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I-Peace Science Digest. (Ngo-2020, nge-26 kaJuni). Ubukho bamapolisa e-UN anxulumene noqhanqalazo olunqabileyo kumazwe asemva kwemfazwe yamakhaya. Ibuyiselwe nge-8 kaJuni, 2020, ukusuka https://peacesciencedigest.org/presence-of-un-police-associated-with-nonviolent-protests-in-post-civil-countries/

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