Ukuziqhelanisa nomkhosi

nguMona Ali, Ihlabathi elimangalisayo, UJanuwari 27, 2023

Esi sincoko savela kuqala LUHLAZA, ijenali evela Groupe d'études géopolitiques.

Xa i-NATO ibambe ingqungquthela yayo yeentsuku ezimbini eMadrid ngoJuni 2022, urhulumente waseSpain ishumi lamawaka amapolisa ukuvala iindawo zonke zesixeko, kubandakanya iPrado kunye neReina Sofia museums, eluntwini. Kusuku ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ingqungquthela, abaphembeleli bemozulu baqhuba "ukufa” phambi kwePicasso Guernica eReina Sofia, beqhankqalazela into abayichonge njengomkhosi wezopolitiko wemozulu. Kwangaloo veki inye, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US yayilususile ukhuselo lomanyano lwamalungelo okuqhomfa, yacinezela amandla e-Arhente yoKhuseleko lokuSingqongileyo yase-US ukunqanda ukukhutshwa kwegesi eluhlaza, kwaye yandisa ilungelo lokuthwala izixhobo ezifihliweyo eUnited States. Ngokwahlukileyo kwisiphithiphithi sasekhaya, kwindibano, iqela likaMongameli uJoe Biden labonisa umbono ohlaziyiweyo wozinzo lwe-hegemonic.

Ngokuyintloko umanyano lomkhosi we-transatlantic, i-NATO imele ukuxinana kwamandla ehlabathi kuMntla weAtlantiki.¹ Kwindlela echaza ngayo i-360-degree kwi-integrated deterrence-ebandakanya i-cyber-tech kunye "nokusebenzelana" phakathi kweenkqubo zokukhusela ezihlangeneyo-i-NATO yi-panopticon ye-Benthamite yekhulu lamashumi amabini ananye, phantsi kwayo yonke indawo. Egameni lokuxhasa iinqobo zedemokhrasi kunye namaziko, i-NATO izinike indima yomphathi wentlekele yehlabathi. Umyalelo wayo owongezelelweyo ngoku ujongene nokujongana “nobundlobongela obuphathelele kungquzulwano ngokwesondo” kuhlengahlengiso lwemozulu.

Kulawulo lwe-NATO, iUnited States ithatha indima yoMphathi oPhezulu. Yalo ingxelo yombono iqinisekisa ngokucacileyo isakhono senyukliya saseMelika njengelitye lembombo lokhuseleko lwaseMntla weAtlantiki. Ukusabela kwimfazwe yaseRashiya e-Ukraine, i-NATO yathatha isimo esiqatha, ihlaziya i-manifesto yayo yomgaqo-nkqubo ukurhoxisa intsebenziswano yobuchule eyayisekiwe neRashiya ngo-2010. Ingxelo yayo ye-2022 ehlaziyiweyo ye-mission isekela umgaqo-nkqubo wexesha elide wokuba ukuba ilungu elinye le-NATO lihlaselwe, Isiqendu 5 inokucelwa, ukuvumela umanyano ukuba lubandakanyeke kuhlaselo lokuziphindezela.

Intsomi eqhelekileyo esasazwa ziingcali ngezoqoqosho yeyokuba ekwaphuleni urhwebo notyalo-mali lwamazwe ngamazwe, iimfazwe ziphazamisa ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi. Ababhali-mbali UAdam Tooze kunye noTed Fertik bayintsonkothile le ngxelo. Bathetha ukuba iMfazwe Yehlabathi I yavula uthungelwano lwehlabathi lenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba kwaye yabalawula ngogonyamelo. Ngokufanayo, imfazwe yaseUkraine iye yatshintsha ngokungenakuguqulwa imeko yehlabathi. Uhlaselo lwalandelwa liQela lezizwe ezisi-7 ezigxotha iRashiya kwinkqubo yezemali yehlabathi elawulwa yiNtshona. Ukusukela ngoko, iNtshona iye yalwa nokuchasana kwayo ne-economic turf ngokusebenzisa i-embargoes kurhwebo lwaseRashiya, ukuhlutha oovimba baseRashiya bangaphandle, kunye nenkxaso ebalulekileyo yasemkhosini e-Ukraine. Umnikelo waseBritani weqela lamajoni Umngeni 2 Amatanki ukuya eUkraine aphawula ukuhanjiswa kokuqala okunjalo ngamahlakani e-NATO izixhobo zomkhosi ezinamandla iza kusetyenziswa kwibala ledabi. Kwingqungquthela ye-20 kaJanuwari yobhedu oluphezulu lomkhosi (kunye nabameli abavela kwabanye amazwe angamashumi amahlanu) kwisiseko se-NATO's Allied Air Command e-Ramstein, eJamani yayeka ukuvumela ukuba kunikwe iitanki zayo ze-Leopard 2. Kamva ngaloo mini, mbhikisho kwaqhambuka eBerlin nolutsha lufuna “Khulula iiLeopards.” (NgoJanuwari 25, ba wenze njaloBobabini uVladimir Putin kunye noVolodymyr Zelensky baye baqulunqa imfazwe yaseUkraine njengenye phakathi kweRashiya kunye namahlakani e-NATO. Ukunikezelwa kwezixhobo ezinzima zaseNtshona kuqinisekisa loo mbono.

Imfazwe yaseMpuma Yurophu iye yahlanganisa kwakhona inkqubo yezoqoqosho nezamandla ehlabathini lonke. Njengoko uthungelwano lwezemali norhwebo lwaluxhotyiswa, ngokunjalo neziseko zamandla zamazwe ngamazwe zazinjalo. Ityhola izohlwayo zaseKhanada, ezithintele ukubuyiswa kwe-Siemens yegesi egcinwe eKhanada kwisikhululo seGazprom (isikhululo serhasi sikarhulumente waseRussia), iRussia yayinciphisa kakhulu irhasi ehamba kumbhobho weNord Stream I ukuya eJamani.² Kungekudala emva kokuba oorhulumente baseYurophu besamkele isicwangciso sikaNondyebo wase-US sokubamba ixabiso le-oyile ekrwada yaseRashiya, uPutin wanqumamisa unikezelo lwe-oyile ekrwada. ukuhamba kwegesi yendalo ukuya eYurophu nge Nord Stream I. Ngaphambi kwemfazwe kunyaka ophelileyo, iRashiya ibonelelwe amashumi amane ekhulwini igesi yaseYurophu kunye Ikota yazo zonke ioyile nerhasi ezithengiswe kwihlabathi jikelele; ukuthunyelwa kwempahla yorhwebo kumazwe angaphandle kwakukhululwe kwizohlwayo zaseNtshona. Ukunqunyulwa kweRussia kuqoqosho lwehlabathi ngo-2022 kudale ukunqongophala kwamandla kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye kwanyusa amaxabiso, ngakumbi eYurophu. Ukunyuswa kwamaxabiso eemveliso zehlabathi, ngakumbi, amafutha kunye nokutya, kubangele ukonyuka kwamaxabiso kukhulu ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1970.

Ekuphenduleni le ngxaki, iYurophu ngoku ithembele kwi-US yokungenisa amandla ngaphandle; amashumi amane ekhulwini Irhasi yendalo enyibilikisiweyo ngoku iphuma e-US, uguquko olumangalisayo ukusuka kulo nyaka uphelileyo xa iYurophu yayigatya i-American LNG ngenxa yeenkxalabo malunga nekhabhoni ekhutshwayo njengenxalenye yemveliso yayo kunye nothutho. Okuninzi kwintlungu yabaphembeleli bemozulu, ipalamente ye-EU ivotele ukubandakanya irhasi yendalo, i-fuel fuel, kwi-taxonomy yayo yamandla azinzileyo. Ukukhusela eyona marike yangaphandle inengeniso yaseMelika eYurophu, ulawulo lweBiden lufumene inqaku elingalindelekanga ledola ye-hydrocarbon.

Isigqibo esona sikhulu esaphuma kwindibano yaseMadrid kukusekwa kwesiseko somkhosi wase-US esisigxina ePoland, eyinxalenye yolwando olukhulu lomkhosi wase-US eYurophu ukusukela oko. iMfazwe Yomlomo. Ngaphezu kwekhulu lamawaka amajoni ase-US amise eYurophu ngoku. Esinye isiphumo sale ngqungquthela yayikukuhlaziywa kwe-NATO “.ukuziqhelanisa nomkhosi nezopolitiko” iqhinga. Kwindawo yokubamba amandla, i-NATO cetywayo ukuba “ifanele ibe ngowona mbutho uphambili wamazwe ngamazwe xa kufikwa ekuqondeni nasekulungelelaniseni impembelelo yokutshintsha kwemozulu kukhuseleko.” Ijonge ukwenza oku "ngokutyala imali kwinguqu yokucoca imithombo yamandla kunye nokusebenzisa itekhnoloji eluhlaza, ngelixa iqinisekisa ukusebenza ngempumelelo emkhosini kunye nokuthintela okuthembekileyo kunye nokuma kokhuselo." Kwisakhelo semozulu esitsha se-NATO, utshintsho lwamandla luye lwanyulwa ukuba lube yiprojekthi yobukhosi.

I-ecology yemfazwe idibana nokuziqhelanisa nomkhosi

Isakhelo esitsha se-NATO sokuziqhelanisa nomkhosi sikhumbula inguqulelo yento ifilosofi uPierre Charbonnier ayibizayo "i-ikholoji yemfazwe.” Ingqikelelo kaCharbonnier ithetha ngokukhula kokusondela kwe-decarbonization kunye ne-geopolitics, ehlala ikwimo yomkhosi. Ubongoza iYurophu ukuba yaphule ukuxhomekeka kwayo kumafutha efosili avela kumazwe angaphandle kwaye ibuyise amandla kunye nolongamo lwezoqoqosho ngokusebenzisa i-decarbonization. Ukwaxoxa ukuba i-ecology yezopolitiko kufuneka ibophe i-decarbonization kwingxelo enkulu ebandakanya inguqu ebanzi yentlalo. Udityaniso olukhulu lwezemali, lwetekhnoloji, kunye nolawulo olufunekayo kwinguqu yamandla acocekileyo kudala lunxulunyaniswa “nemfazwe epheleleyo.”

Imfazwe yaseUkraine, eye yakhawulezisa ukuzibophelela kweYurophu kutshintsho lwamandla, ibonakala iqinisekisa ithisisi ye-ecology yeCharbonnier. Oku kuqonda kwe-geopolitical kulamla phakathi kombono olusizi, oxela ukuba akunakwenzeka ukukhawulelana nokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ukuthintela eyona mpembelelo iyingozi yokutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye ne-naïveté ye-techno-optimists ekholelwa ukuba itekhnoloji yokuhluthwa kwekhabhoni inokunyuswa kwangethuba ukunciphisa ubushushu beplanethi. ukuya kwi-1.5 degree Celsius. Ebhala ngemfazwe yezoqoqosho kunye nokubandezeleka okubandakanya abantu abaqhelekileyo kwihlabathi liphela, uCharbonnier ulumkisa malunga nokuba nokwenzeka kokuthotyelwa kwenkqubo yezopolitiko kwigunya lomkhosi. Ulumkisa ukuba i-ecology yemfazwe inokuthi iguqukele kubuzwe bendalo kwaye ithi abaxhasi bemozulu kufuneka baphazamise intetho ye-realpolitik kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwayo ngokupheleleyo ngomdla onamandla ngelixa besasaza amandla emali, okusebenza, kunye nolawulo "lwamazwe amakhulu" kunye "namandla amakhulu" ngokubhekiselele kuhlaza. utyalo-mali kunye neziseko zophuhliso.

Mhlawumbi ngamandla kakhulu, ingqikelelo kaCharbonnier ye-ecology yemfazwe inceda ukudibanisa amachaphaza phakathi kwe-ajenda yenguqu yokukhula yenguqu yamandla kunye nequmrhu elinye elibonakala likhululekile kwi-inertia ye Umthetho wenkqubo waseMelika: indawo yayo yomkhosi-yemizi-mveliso. Kunikwe oko umphengululi wezomthetho waseMelika uCass Sunstein iifowuni "Ilifu elimnyama ngoku eligqugqisayo kurhulumente wolawulo," kunye nemo engeyonxalenye yenkcitho yokhuselo yase-US, kusenokwenzeka ukuba imali yemozulu kwixesha elizayo iya kusongwa kwibhajethi yeSebe lezoKhuselo laseMelika.

Ekuqaleni, "ukuziqhelanisa nomkhosi" kwe-NATO kubonakala kusisisombululo esicacileyo sesenzo sokulibaziseka kwemozulu. Isenokuqondwa njengesiphumo sokuqhelaniswa kwamandla kaxakeka ngexesha lobhubhane. E-US, uMthetho weMveliso yoKhuselo kunye noMthetho waMagunya oQoqosho oluNgxamisekileyo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe sele uvulwe amatyeli aliqela kule minyaka mibini inesiqingatha idlulileyo ukuvelisa ii-ventilators kunye nogonyo, ukungenisa ubisi olungumgubo lweentsana, kunye nokubamba asethi angaphandle. Izibhengezo zonxunguphalo zinokucaphukisa abantu abakhululekileyo kunye zifundo kodwa ngokubanzi dlula ngaphantsi iradar uninzi loluntu lwaseMelika.

Ngapha koko, abaphembeleli bemozulu batyhala iBiden ukuba ibhengeze imeko kaxakeka yemozulu kwaye sebenzisa amagunya kaxakeka ukuwisa isiVumelwano esitsha sokuHlaza. UBiden uphendule ngomyalelo olawulayo we-6 kaJuni, i UMthetho weMveliso yoKhuselo Amandla acocekileyo, adlula igridi yonyulo ukwandisa iziseko eziluhlaza ezifana neefama zomoya kumhlaba womdibaniso. Lo myalelo ukwachaza ukuba iyakugunyazisa izenzo ezinobulungisa zabasebenzi ukwakha eyaseMelika i-arsenal yamandla acocekileyo. Ngokubhekiselele kubudlelwane bangaphandle, lo mthetho mtsha ngaxeshanye ubuyisela umva amaxabiso kwithekhnoloji yelanga yase-Asia (ebaluleke kakhulu kumandla okuvelisa amandla elanga ase-US) ngelixa uvuma ukuba "unxweme lomhlobo" lwamakhonkco okubonelela ngokuluhlaza phakathi kwama-Allies.

Isiphithiphithi semarike

Imfazwe ibe nengeniso enkulu kubavelisi beoyile kunye negesi, abanengeniso yabo ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabini xa kuthelekiswa nomndilili wabo weminyaka emihlanu. Ngokumalunga nesinye kwisithathu samandla ehlabathi asaphuma kwi-oyile, ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha sesithathu samalahle, kwaye malunga nekota yerhasi yendalo, izinto ezihlaziyiweyo ziquka ngaphantsi kwesahlulo seshumi sobonelelo lwamandla ehlabathi—kukho inzuzo eninzi enokwenziwa. . Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuye kwatyhala iSaudi Aramco, eyona nkampani yeoli inkulu emhlabeni, ngaphambi kweApple njengeyona nkampani inengeniso yehlabathi. I-US, nangona kunjalo, ngowona mvelisi mkhulu we-oyile kunye negesi wehlabathi, onegalelo amashumi amane epesenti yobonelelo lwehlabathi.

Ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo-kubandakanywa nokuwa ekrwada Amaxabiso eoyile ngo-2020, kunye noloyiko lwe-asethi ye-fossil exineneyo njengoko utshintsho lwamandla lukhawuleza-abavelisi beoyile kunye negesi bayathandabuza ukunyusela utyalo-mali. Oku kuye kwaguqulelwa kwii-inventri eziphantsi kunye namaxabiso aphezulu. Ngelixa iSaudi Arabia inoluhlu lweempahla ezinkulu kwihlabathi, olona tyalo-mali lukhulu olunyukayo kushishino kulindeleke ukuba lusuke Iifemu zeoyile negesi zase-US. Utyalo-mali kwirhasi yendalo enyibilikisiweyo ibe yeyona inamandla kuzo zonke iindidi ze-asethi yefosili. Emva kwezohlwayo ezichasene neRussia, i-US ikulungele ukuba lilizwe elihamba phambili lokuthumela ngaphandle kwe-LNG. Inzuzo ye-oyile yomoya kunye nerhasi ngo-2022 iya kwanela ukuxhasa ishumi leminyaka lotyalo-mali kumafutha akhutshwa kancinci anokudibana nehlabathi. Ithagethi enguziro ekhutshwayo. Njengoko kucacile kwi-blowback ngokuchasene nezohlwayo zaseRussia, ukungenelela kwiimarike kubeka esichengeni ukusebenza kakuhle. Kodwa oorhulumente abangeneleli kwimeko yemarike-yangaphandle (i-emissions) ingaba yindleko kwinqanaba leplanethi.

Njengoko amaxabiso eefosili eye enyuka, kuye kwavela ezinye iindlela zomoya nelanga ngexabiso eliphantsir. Utyalo-mali kwitekhnoloji ecocekileyo ngoku luqhutywa kakhulu yiYurophu oyile kunye negesi ezinkulu. Umothuko wamandla eYurophu uya kuqhubeka nokukhawulezisa umkhwa wokuhlaziya, kodwa ukuphazamiseka okunyukayo, umzekelo, unikezelo lwezimbiwa ezinqabileyo zomhlaba (lapho iChina ilelona mboneleli mkhulu wehlabathi) kuye kwacothisa ityathanga lemveliso eluhlaza. Ngexesha likaNobhala kaNondyebo wase-US uJanet Yellen uhambo lokuya Senegal, Zambia, noMzantsi Afrika-yenziwe kwizithende zotyelelo lomphathiswa wezangaphandle waseTshayina uQin Gang-kwakukho iingxoxo ukwenziwa kwebhetri yemoto yombane okubandakanya izimbiwa zengingqi ezibalulekileyo.

Ngelixa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso e-oyile kuxhamlisa abavelisi be-petroleum, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kwimpompo kungumqhubi obalulekileyo wokunganeliseki kwabavoti e-US. Uqikelelo lokuba iiDemokhrasi ziyakopha iivoti kunyulo oluzayo lwase-US lwaphakathi kwekota luqhubele phambili isicelo esingxamisekileyo solawulo lweBiden lokuthoba amaxabiso epetroli. Iqhube intengiso yayo yokuqala ye-oyile elunxwemeni umhlaba woluntu, wakhulula isicwangciso sokugrumba i-oyile elwandle, kwaye wabongoza inkosi yaseSaudi engcolileyo ukuba ivelise ioli eninzi, yonke i-U-turns kwizithembiso zayo zangaphambili zamandla acocekileyo. Le yokugqibela ayizange iphumelele njengoko iqela lamazwe avelisa ioli kunye namazwe athumela ngaphandle (i-OPEC plus, equka iRashiya) yabhengeza ngokumangalisayo. kutyumba kwimveliso yeoli ekwindla ka-2022.

Abantu abaqhubela phambili baye batsibela kwi-bandwagon. Izindululo zakutsha nje ngamatanki okucinga asekhohlo e-US aquka inkxaso-mali exhaswa ngurhulumente ukomba omtsha wasekhaya kunye nokwenza ilizwe lase-US Izinto zokucoca ioyile. Isimo saseMelika sesokuba ukwakha iziseko ezitsha zefosili-fuel kukhethwa ukuba kutsalwe phantsi izohlwayo zaseRussia ngokutshintshiselana nezopolitiko kunye nokuqhubeka nokuthunyelwa kwamandla eRussia eNtshona.

Undoqo vs. periphery

Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zemali kunye neziseko zorhwebo kuye kwadibanisa zombini iingxaki zamandla kunye nezoqoqosho, ezigqugqisa iindawo ezinkulu kuqoqosho lwehlabathi. Ukudityaniswa kokunyuka kwamaxabiso, ukunyuka kwexabiso lenzala, kunye nokuxabisa okungapheliyo kwedola kukhokelele kuxinzelelo lwetyala (okanye umngcipheko omkhulu woxinzelelo lwetyala) amashumi amathandathu eepesenti kulo lonke uqoqosho olunemivuzo ephantsi. IRashiya, nayo, iye yalihlawula ityala layo, nangona ingekuko ngenxa yokungabikho kwemali. Kunoko, phantsi kolawulo lwamva nje lwezohlwayo, iNtshona iyala ukucubungula iRussia yangaphandle ukuhlawula amatyala.

Izibophelelo ezintsha zaseJamani zokuxhobisa kwakhona izixhobo kunye nokutyhala kwindibano entsha Umkhosi oxhobileyo waseYurophu zihamba ngaxeshanye nokuzinikela kwe-European Central Bank ukuzinzisa iimarike zebhondi ezizimeleyo. Amazwe angamalungu enze isindululo sohlaziyo kwiSivumelwano soZinzo kunye nokuKhula kwe-EU esiza kususa umkhosi kwaye inkcitho eluhlaza ukusuka kwintsilelo kunye namatyala angqongqo. Ukuqhuba uhlaziyo eYurophu ibotshelelwe ngokungenakuhluzwa kumandla okuzimela eRashiya. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamandla kuye kwabangela ukuba iBhanki Ephakathi yaseYurophu-ngokungafaniyo ne-Federal Reserve kunye neBhanki yaseNgilani-ukuba izinikele ekuthengeni i-asethi yayo eluhlaza. Ngokubetha i-euro kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini ephantsi xa kuthelekiswa nedola ekwindla, isoyikiso esibonwayo kulawulo lwaseYurophu ayiveli eRashiya kuphela, kodwa nakwimali yaseMelika kunye nokungena emkhosini.

Imbono kaCharbonnier yokuba uqhankqalazo lweYurophu olusingise kwinkululeko yamandla kufuneka lucwangciswe njengembali enkulu yembali ibonakala ingenakwenzeka. Emva kokuvalwa kwezityalo zayo zenyukliya, ukunqongophala kwamandla okuthe tye kukhokelele iJamani, noyena rhulumente uluhlaza okwangoku, ukuba yandise indawo yamalahle ephikisanayo-okukhokelela ekuqhekekeni kobundlobongela kubavukeli bendalo beqhankqalaza esi sigqibo. Lützerath. I-LNG yimakethi yehlabathi ecandeke kakhulu kune-oyile, enamaxabiso ahlukileyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Amaxabiso aphakamileyo kwimarike yerhasi yaseYurophu akhuthaze ababoneleli be-LNG ukuba qhawula izivumelwano ngokubhengeza nje kancinci Amagatya kunye neenqanawa zokuphinda zihambe zisingise eAsia ukuya eYurophu. 70 ekhulwini I-LNG yaseMelika ngoku isingise eYurophu, ikhokelela ekunqongophelweni kobonelelo olumandla kumda woqoqosho lwehlabathi. IPakistan, esele igutyungelwe zizikhukula zonyaka ophelileyo, ngoku ijongene nengxaki yamandla kunye namatyala angaphandle ngokunjalo. Phakathi kwezona zizwe zisesichengeni semozulu emhlabeni, iPakistan unetyala le-100 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kwiimali-mboleko zangaphandle. Ukunqanda ingxaki yokuhlawula, i-China isandula ukuboleka ilizwe $ 2.3 billion.

EPakistan, ukuziqhelanisa nomkhosi kuthetha ukuba umkhosi uzise ukutya kunye neentente kwizigidi zabantu abasanda kungenamakhaya. Kwabo bethu baphantsi kweambrela yenyukliya ye-NATO-ethi, ngokombutho, idlule izizwe ezingamashumi amathathu kunye nabantu abayibhiliyoni e-1-ukuziqhelanisa nomkhosi kujongeka njengokunqabiseka ngokuchasene nolwandle lwabafuduki bemozulu, ngakumbi ukusuka eAfrika ukuya eYurophu. Ukontraka wokhuselo waseMelika uRaytheon, unconywe yi-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo yase-US ngenxa yayo ubunkokeli bemozulu, uye wakhupha imfuno yeemveliso zomkhosi kunye neenkonzo ebusweni bemeko yongxamiseko yemozulu. Isethi efanayo yempahla yomkhosi ingasetyenziselwa ukulawula ukungena kweembacu zemozulu.

Imfazwe yaseUkraine ibonakalise ukuvela kweebloko ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zamandla, ezoqoqosho kunye nezokhuseleko-enye idibanisa iNorth Atlantic (NATO) kwaye enye ijikeleze uqoqosho olukhulu olusakhulayo okanye iBRICS (iBrazil, iRussia, iIndiya, iChina, uMzantsi Afrika). . Kulungelelwaniso loqoqosho lwehlabathi oluxhobileyo, imigaqo-nkqubo yamazwe angaphandle isebenza ngaxeshanye kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zezopolitiko. I-Indiya-ilungu le-Quad (i-Australia, i-Indiya, iJapan, i-US)-iyenze oku ngempumelelo noko phantsi kwengubo yokungathathi hlangothi. I-Japan ihlaziya umgaqo-siseko wayo ukuze ishenxise isimo sayo somgaqo-nkqubo we-pacifist wangaphandle, kwaye oya kwenza ukuba umkhosi wase-US ubukho kwi-Indo-Pacific. I-ecology yemfazwe eqinisiweyo inokuphinda ivelise ezinye iziphumo ezilungileyo; iG7's Global Green Isicwangciso seziseko ezingundoqo kunye noTyalo-mali yi, emva kwakho konke, impendulo geopolitical kwi China Belt and Road Initiative.

Phakathi kokungaqiniseki okuninzi kocwangco loqoqosho lwehlabathi, into ecacileyo yeyokuba utshintsho lwamandla luya kubandakanya ukungazinzi okukhulu kuqoqosho olukhulu kunye nokungalingani, izinto esingazange sihlangane nazo ngaphambili. Kukwacacile ukuba uninzi lomonakalo owenzelwa isibambiso uya kuthwalwa yiperiphery. Ngaphambi kwemfazwe yaseUkraine, kwaqikelelwa ukuba uMzantsi wehlabathi udinga $ 4.3 zezigidi ukuchacha kulo bhubhani. Imali-mboleko ebonelelwa ngababolekisi-mali bamazwe ngamazwe abaphambili abafana ne-IMF kunye neBhanki yeHlabathi khange yanele kwaphela. Ukuboleka kwe-IMF kukwirekhodi eliphezulu (kunwenwela kwezinye Amashumi amane economies) kodwa ubuninzi bayo iitriliyoni zeedola uvimba akasetyenziswa.

Enye phantse-a-trillion-idola kwii-asethi zoovimba ezikhutshwe yi-IMF zamazwe ngamazwe ezaziwa ngokuba ngamaLungelo awodwa oMzobo zivalelwe ikakhulu kwiibhanki ezingoovimba belizwe elityebileyo okanye kumasebe anondyebo. Kwi-650 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ezinxulumene nobhubhane Ukukhutshwa kwe-SDR ngo-2021, isibini esithathwini sisonke semali ekhutshiweyo iye kumazwe anengeniso ephezulu kwaye ipesenti enye kuphela eyahambayo. kumazwe anengeniso ephantsi. 117 billion I-SDRs (malunga ne-157 yeebhiliyoni zeedola) ngoku ibanjwe yi-US kuphela. Njengoko ii-asethi ezigcinwe kumazwe ngamazwe, SDRs ziyasebenza imisebenzi emininzi: njengoovimba botshintshiselwano lwangaphandle, banokucutha iindleko zenkxaso-mali ezimeleyo kwaye bancede ukuzinzisa iimali; ziphinde zifakwe kwiibhanki zophuhliso zamazwe amaninzi njengeequity, ii-SDRs zinokunyusa ukuboleka imali; kukhutshwa rhoqo njengoko kwakunjalo ekuqaleni ejoliswe phantsi kwe-1944 ilungiselelo le-Bretton Woods, ii-SDR zinokuba ngumthombo obalulekileyo wokuxhasa ngezimali utshintsho lwamandla acocekileyo.

Abona babolekisi bamazwe ngamazwe banamandla kunye namazwe angundoqo ayaqhubeka ukuluphepha uxanduva lwawo lokubonelela ngesiqabu esikhulu sezemali ngokusebenzisa a indlela yohlengahlengiso lwamatyala okanye ngokutshintshela ii-SDRs kwiibhanki zophuhliso zamazwe ngamazwe. Ngeli xesha, phezu kobunzima obumandundu benkxaso-mali yangaphandle, uqoqosho olukhulu oluphuhlayo olufana ne-Egypt nePakistan lukhulisa ukuthembela kwabo kubabolekisi bamazwe ngamazwe afana ne-China kunye ne-Gulf States, okuxakayo noko ngenkuthazo ye-IMF. Ezi ndlela zizanyiweyo zokuphuma kule ngxaki zibonisa entsha "ukungalungelelanisi" kumazwe anengeniso ephantsi kunye nephakathi.