nguLawrence Wittner, uJanuwari 1, 2018, Imfazwe lulwaphulo-mthetho.
Ngexesha eliphakathi le-1930s, eyona nto ithengiswa kakhulu Ukudizwa kworhwebo lweengalo zamazwe aphesheya, zidityaniswe neUS Uphononongo lwe-DRM Abenzi bemishini ekhokelwa nguSenator Gerald Nye, banefuthe elikhulu kuluvo loluntu lwaseMelika. Beqinisekile ukuba oonokontraka basemkhosini baxhokonxa ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo kunye nemfazwe ukuze bafumane inzuzo, abantu abaninzi babagxeka aba "barhwebi bokufa."
Namhlanje, kumashumi asibhozo eminyaka kamva, abalandela emva kwabo, ngoku ababizwa ngembeko “ziikontraki zokhuselo,” bayaphila kwaye bayaphila. Ngoku ka isifundo liziko laseStockholm loPhando ngoXolo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe, ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo kunye neenkonzo zasemkhosini ngabona bakhululi bezomkhosi babalaseleyo bekhulu lehlabathi kwi100 (unyaka wamva nje apho amanani akhona) inyuke yaya kwi-2016 yezigidigidi zeedola. Imibutho yaseMelika inyuse isabelo sayo kuloo phantse ipesenti ezingama-375, ibonelela ngezixhobo ubuncinci be-100 izizwe kumhlaba jikelele.
Indima ebaluleke kakhulu edlalwe yimibutho yase-US kurhwebo lweengalo lwamazwe aphesheya inetyala elikhulu kwiinzame zamagosa aseburhulumenteni wase-US. "Inxalenye ebalulekileyo kurhulumente," utshilo umhlalutyi wezomkhosi UWilliam Hartung, "Bazimisele ekuqinisekiseni ukuba iingalo zaseMelika zizokukhukula kwimakethi yehlabathi kwaye iinkampani ezinje ngeLokheed kunye neBoeing ziya kuphila ubomi obulungileyo. Ukusuka kumongameli kuhambo lwakhe lwaphesheya lokutyelela iinkokheli zehlabathi ezimanyeneyo koonobhala bezokhuselo nakubasebenzi boonozakuzaku baseMelika, amagosa aseMelika ahlala esebenza njengabathengisi beenkampani zezixhobo. ” Ngapha koko, uyaphawula, “iPentagon sisixhobo sabo. Ukusuka ekurhwebeni, ekuququzeleleni, nasekuyigcineni ngokoqobo imali evela kwintengiso yezixhobo ukuya kugqithiselo lwezixhobo kumanyano lwabantu abathandana nabo, kungoyena mthengisi mkhulu wehlabathi. ”
Ngo-2013, xa uTom Kelly, usekela-Nobhala we-Ofisi yeSebe likaRhulumente we-Ofisi yezeMicimbi yezoPolitiko ebuzwa ngexesha leengxoxo zeCongressal malunga nokuba ulawulo luka-Obama lwenza ngokwaneleyo ukukhuthaza ukuthunyelwa kwezixhobo eMelika, uphendule wathi: “Sikhuthaza kwiinkampani zethu kwaye senza konke esinako ukuqinisekisa ukuba ezi ntengiso ziyadlula. . . kwaye yinto esiyenzayo yonke imihla, ngokusisiseko [kwilizwekazi ngalinye emhlabeni. . . kwaye sihlala sicinga ngendlela esinokuphucula ngayo. ” Oku kungqineke kuvavanyo olwaneleyo, kuba kwiminyaka emithandathu yokuqala yolawulo luka-Obama, amagosa aseburhulumenteni e-US afumana izivumelwano zokuthengisa izixhobo zase-US ngaphezulu kwe- $ 190 yezigidigidi kwihlabathi liphela, ngakumbi kwi-Middle East eguqukayo. Ukuzimisela ukugqwesa owayengaphambi kwakhe, uMongameli uDonald Trump, kuhambo lwakhe lokuqala phesheya, eqhayise malunga ne-110 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zeedola (iyonke iyibhiliyoni yeerandi ye-350 kule minyaka ilishumi izayo) ne-Saudi Arabia.
Eyona ntengiso inkulu yezixhobo ihlala i-United States, kuba ilizwe eli liqala phakathi kwezizwe kwinkcitho yomkhosi, nge 36 ekhulwini yetotali iyonke. UTrump unomdla Umthandi womkhosi, njenge-Republican Congress, ekuyo inkqubo yokuvuma a Ukunyuka kwepesenti ye-13 kuhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lomkhosi waseMelika. Uninzi lwale nkcitho yomkhosi yexesha elizayo ngokuqinisekileyo iya kuzinikezela ekuthengeni izixhobo ezitsha kunye nexabiso eliphezulu kakhulu, kuba iikhontrakthi zomkhosi banobuchule bokuhambisa izigidi zeedola kwiphulo lokunikela kubazipolitiki abasweleyo, besebenzisa i-700 kubaxhasi be1,000 ukuba babathathe, besithi indawo zabo zemveliso ziyimfuneko ukudala imisebenzi, kunye nokudibanisa amatanki abo okucinga axhaswe ngurhulumente ukuze aqaqambe ngakumbi kumazwe angaphandle. "Iingozi."
Banokuthembela kulwamkelo lobuhlobo oluvela kubaphathi babo bangaphambili abaphethe izikhundla eziphezulu kulawulo lukaTrump, kubandakanya: Unobhala Wezomkhosi uJames Mattis (owayesakuba lilungu lebhodi kwiGeneral Dynamics); UMlawuli oyiNtloko we-White House uJohn Kelly (owayesakuba eqeshwe ziikontraka zomkhosi ezininzi); USekela-Nobhala Wezomkhosi uPatrick Shanahan (owayesakuba lilungu elilawulayo laseBoeing); Unobhala Wezomkhosi uMark Esper (owayesakuba ngusekela Mongameli uRaytheon); UNobhala woMkhosi woMoya uHeather Wilson (owayesakuba ngumcebisi kuLokheed Martin); U-Undersecretary of Defense for Acquisition u-Ellen Lord (owayesakuba yi-CEO kwinkampani ye-aerospace); kunye neNtloko yeSizwe yeKhosi yoKhuseleko uKeith Kellogg (owayesakuba ngumqeshwa wekhontrakthi enkulu yasemkhosini kunye nobuntlola).
Le fomyula isebenza kakuhle kakhulu kwiikontraki zomkhosi wase-US, njengoko kubonisiwe kwimeko kaLokheed Martin, umrhwebi omkhulu weengalo ehlabathini. Ngo-2016, ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo zikaLokheed kwenyuka phantse iipesenti ze11 ukuba $ 41 billion, kwaye inkampani isendleleni yokuya kuthi ga ngokuncomeka okukhulu ngenxa yokuvelisa kwayo F-35 umlo wokulwa. U-Lockheed waqala umsebenzi wokuphuhlisa inqwelomoya ehamba phambili kwezobuchwephesha kwii-1980s, kwaye ukusukela ngo-2001, urhulumente wase-US wachitha ngaphezulu $ 100 billion ngemveliso yayo. Namhlanje, uqikelelo lwabahlalutyi bezomkhosi malunga neendleko zizonke kubarhafi ze-2,440 F-35s ezinqwenelwa ngamagosa ePentagon ukusuka $ 1 zezigidi ukuba $ 1.5 zezigidi, ukwenza Inkqubo ebiza kakhulu yokuthenga kwimbali yaseMelika.
I-F-35 inomdla bavumile inkcitho enkulu yenqwelomoya ngokugxininisa kwisakhono sayo sokukhwela ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuma nkqo, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwayo nokusetyenziswa ngamasebe amathathu ohlukeneyo emkhosini wase-US. Kwaye ukuthandwa kwayo kusenokubonakalisa ukucinga kwabo ukuba amandla ayo okonakalisa ayabanceda baphumelele iimfazwe ezizayo ngokuchasene neRussia ne China. “Asinakukwazi ukungena kwezi nqwelo moya ngokukhawuleza,” utshilo uLieutenant General Jon Davis, umphathi wenqwelomoya wase-Marine Corps, kwiKomishini yeeNkonzo eziXhobileyo zeNdlu ekuqaleni konyaka ka-2017. “Sinomtshintshi womdlalo ezandleni zethu. ”
Nangona kunjalo, iingcali zeenqwelomoya Chaza ukuba i-F-35 iyaqhubeka nokuba neengxaki ezinobunzima kwaye inkqubo yayo yomyalelo wekhompyuter ephezulu isengozini yokuhlaselwa. “Inqwelomoya le inde kufuneka ihambe phambi kokuba ikulungele ukulwa,” utshilo umhlalutyi wezomkhosi kwiProjekhthi yokongamela urhulumente. "Kuba kuthathe ixesha elingakanani kuphuhliso, kuya kufuneka uzibuze ukuba ingaba iyakulunga na."
Iqale ngenkcitho engaqhelekanga yeprojekthi ye-F-35, uDonald Trump baqale bahlekisa ngeli phulo besithi "alilawuleki." Kodwa, emva kokudibana namagosa ePentagon kunye ne-CEO yeLokheed uMarilynn Hewson, umongameli omtsha wayirhoxisa ikhosi, encoma "intle" F-35 njenge "moya omkhulu" kunye nokugunyazisa ikhontrakthi yezigidigidi zeedola ezingama-90 ngaphezulu.
Ekubuyiseleni emva, akukho nanye kwezi emangalisa ngokupheleleyo. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ezinye iikontraki ezinkulu zomkhosi ― umzekelo, iJamani yamaNazi I-Krupp kwaye IG Farben kunye nokuthanda iJapan IMitsubishi kunye neSumitomo Bachuma kakhulu ngokuxhobisa amazwe abo kwiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi kwaye baqhubeka bephumelela emva kwayo. Ngethuba nje abantu begcina ukholo lwabo kwixabiso eliphakamileyo lomkhosi, sinokulindela ukuba uLokheed Martin kunye nabanye "abathengisi bokufa" baqhubeke nokufumana inzuzo emfazweni ngokuhlawula uluntu.
Lawrence Wittner (http://www.lawrenceswittner.com) nguNjingalwazi weMbali ephumayo kwi-SUNY / Albany kunye nomlobi we Ukujongana neBhomu (IStanford University Press).
