NguQhawe uAnwar Bzrw kunye noGayle Morrow, nge-31 kaJanuwari 2019
ukusuka Uluhlu lwezahlulo
Ngo-Agasti ka-1990, uSaddam Hussein wathumela imikhosi yase-Iraqi eKuwait, ummelwane wase-Iraq otyebileyo oyile, ecinga ngempazamo ukuba amanye amazwe angama-Arabhu kulo mmandla kunye ne-United States awayi kunika inkxaso kwi-Kuwait. IZizwe eziManyeneyo zasabela ngokukhawuleza kwaye, ngokubongoza kwe-US kunye ne-UK, zibeka izigwebo zezoqoqosho ngokusebenzisa iSigqibo 661 kunye ne-naval blockade yokunyanzelisa izigwebo kunye neSigqibo 665. NgoNovemba, i-UN yadlulisa iSigqibo 668 esinika i-Iraq kude kube nguJanuwari. Ngomhla we-15, 1991, ukurhoxa okanye ukujongana neziphumo zomkhosi kwimikhosi yeZizwe eziManyeneyo.
Ngomhla we-16 kaJanuwari, ngo-1991, imikhosi yase-Iraqi isangena eKuwait, i-Operation Desert Storm, ekhokelwa nguNjengele waseMelika uNorman Schwarzkopf kwaye idityaniswe ngamazwe angamashumi amathathu anesibini e-UN, yaqalisa ngenqwelomoya yokulwa yokuqala eyandululwa kwiPersian Gulf, isingise eBaghdad. Izohlwayo zaqhubeka iminyaka elishumi elinesithathu-1990-2003-de kwaba lithuba elide emva kokuba urhulumente waseIraq ephumile eKuwait.
Iqhawe u-Anwar Brzw, kunye nomntakwabo, babengumfundi kwiYunivesithi yaseSalahaddin e-Erbil, e-Iraq, inxalenye yommandla osemantla-ntshona welizwe-Kurdistan. I-Iraq kunye neKurdistan zinembali ende yokungavisisani kunye novukelo olubuyela emva nje emva kweWWI, xa uBukhosi base-Ottoman bahlukana njengamaxhoba emfazwe, kwaye iBritish yayithatha le ndawo.
Oku kuphinda kubalise ibali lakhe lokoyikiswa kwemfazwe kunye neziphumo ezibi zezohlwayo kubantu baseKurdish nabaseIraq.
Ibali leQhawe
IKuwait yahlaselwa ngowe-1990. Thina esasiza kuhlawula sasisoyika olu hlaselo. Sasisazi ukuba kwakuphosakele ukuba i-Iraq ihlasele iKuwait, kwaye sasisazi ukuba ixabiso liya kuhlawulwa ekugqibeleni sithi, abantu, kungekhona abo bakurhulumente abayiqalileyo. Ndandifunda eDyunivesithi, kwaye abafundi babehamba. “Kungcono ukuba sekhaya xa kukho uhlaselo,” batsho.
Ekuqaleni izigwebo ezimiselweyo zasibetha kakhulu. Yaba ngumothuko omkhulu. Ngaphambili e-Iraq iindleko ezisisiseko zezinto eziyimfuneko zazingabizi, kodwa ngoko nangoko amaxabiso aphindwe kabini, aphindwe kathathu, emva koko zinyuka ngokungekho ngqiqweni. Ngokwemvelo abantu bazixhalabela ngokunzulu ezona mfuno zisisiseko zobomi, ukutya. Oku kwadibana nokunye ukunganqabiseki okumasikizi—ukulindela imfazwe. Kuninzi lwethu iqhinga lokumelana nemeko ekuqaleni yayikukusebenzisa imali esiyigcinileyo; emva koko, zakuba zomile, ukuze sithengise nantoni na esinokuyifumana.
E-Iraq, ngokwesiqhelo sasisitya kathathu ngemini kwaye phakathi. Ngokuthe ngcembe oku kwatshintsha kwaba kukutya ezibini ngosuku. E-Iraq abantu babedla ngokusela iti izihlandlo ezilishumi ngemini. Ngequbuliso asizange sikwazi ukuyithenga, nangona iti ingabizi.
Khawube nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wokungabi nakutya okwaneleyo etafileni ukuze kwaneliswe, utye nje ukuze uphile. Kusapho lwam besingaphila kwasekuqaleni, kodwa kule minyaka mibini idlulileyo yezohlwayo sayishiya itafile silambile, kuba. iminyaka emibini ngokuqhubekayo. Kwakukho ezinye iintsapho ezinabantwana abafa isiqaqa esikolweni ngenxa yokuswela ukutya. Umfundisi-ntsapho okwindawo esemngciphekweni wathi suku ngalunye abantwana abathathu ngokomlinganiselo babesiwa esibhedlele ngenxa yokungondleki.
[Ukunqongophala kokutya okubangelwa zisohlwayo kwakungekuphela kwengxaki. AmaKurds, afana neQhawe u-Anwar Brzw, ajongane nezohlwayo kabini. Ngaphezulu kwezohlwayo zamazwe ngamazwe e-Iraq, urhulumente waseBaghdad wohlwaya amaKurds ngezohlwayo ezongezelelweyo, ephendula inyathelo likaKurdistan lokuzimela.]
I-Baghdad yohlwaya iKurdistan ngokunciphisa umbane wethu kwiyure enye okanye ezimbini ngosuku. Le miqathango yaqhubeka kangangeminyaka. Umama wayebhaka isonka ngaloo yure, ukuze kubekho isonka sesidlo sakusasa ngosuku olulandelayo. Besingenamali yokuthenga izonka kwiivenkile zokubhaka njengoko besiqhele ukwenza phambi kwesohlwayo.
I-Fuel yayiyingxaki enkulu nayo. Sasineonti yegesi kodwa sasingakwazi ukuyisebenzisa, ngenxa yemiqathango yaseBaghdad yokusetyenziswa kweparafini. Senza ii-oveni ngeetoti zealuminiyam ezisetyenzisiweyo ezinomcwe wombane omnye ukuze sisetyenziswe kwisifudumezi kunye nesinye xa sibhaka.
Ngexesha lendyebo wawungasityi eso sonka kuba sasingesihle, kodwa ngenxa yokulamba kwethu sasibonakala simnandi. Kwayeka konke ukutya okumnandi: amashwamshwam, iilekese, kunye neziqhamo. Ngokwengqondo sasiziva singakhuselekanga ngalo lonke ixesha.
UMama upheke isuphu yelentile saza saxuba isuphu namaqhekeza esonka ukuze sitye. Kanye, endaweni yokongeza i-turmeric, uMama ngempazamo wongeza i-pepper eshushu eshushu. Sasingenakutya isuphu. Sizamile, kodwa bekunongwe kakhulu. Kodwa ngenxa yeendleko, uMama akazange akwazi ukuthi, “Kulungile, siza kuba nenye into.”
Kwakubuhlungu kakhulu ukutya loo sophu. Besilila, siphinde sazama ukuyitya. Isidlo esinye sichithekile. Asizange sikwazi ukuyitya. Kodwa kusuku olulandelayo uMama waphinda wayifudumeza. “Andikwazi ukulahla ukutya,” watsho. Hayi indlela ekunzima ngayo ukusinika ukutya wayesazi ukuba asikuthandi, kwaye asikwazi nokutya! Emva kwayo yonke le minyaka ndisayikhumbula.
Onke amacandelo eenkonzo zoluntu ebengasebenzi kakuhle ngenxa yezohlwayo, kuquka necandelo lezempilo. Ngaphambi kweli xesha, izibhedlele kunye neenkonzo zonyango zazixhaswa ngokupheleleyo ngurhulumente, nakwizifo ezingapheliyo kunye nokulaliswa esibhedlele. Sikwafumene amayeza asimahla kuzo zonke izikhalazo.
Ngenxa yezohlwayo, kukho ukhetho olumbalwa lwazo zonke iintlobo zamayeza. Amayeza akhoyo aye aphelela kwiindidi ezinemiqathango. Ukwahluka kokhetho kuye kwathintelwa kwaye ukuzithemba kwinkqubo ngokwemvelo kwancipha.
Oku kwachaphazela utyando kwakunye nempilo jikelele. Emva kokuba izigwebo ziqalile, ukunqongophala kokutya kwabangela iingxaki zempilo ezingakumbi. Ukungondleki kwaba ngumthwalo omtsha kwinkqubo yesibhedlele, ngelixa inkqubo ngokwayo yayinamayeza amancinci kunye nezixhobo kunangaphambili.
Ukongeza ubunzima, ubusika eKurdistan bubanda kakhulu. I-kerosene yayiyeyona ndlela yokufudumeza, kodwa urhulumente wase-Iraq wavumela i-kerosene kuphela kwizixeko ezithathu zaseKurdish. Kwezinye iindawo kwakunekhephu yaye sasingenayo indlela yokufudumeza amakhaya ethu.
Ukuba abantu abanobuchule bazama ukuzisa iilitha ezilishumi okanye ezingamashumi amabini ze-kerosene kwiindawo eziphantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente waseBaghdad ukuya kwiindawo ezingenawo amafutha, amafutha athatyathwa kubo. Abantu bazama ukuthwala ubunzima obunjalo emqolo ukuze badlule kwiindawo zokuhlola; ngamanye amaxesha baye baphumelela, ngamanye amaxesha abazange baphumelele. Umntu othile wagalelwa ioli phezu kwakhe waza waphemba; waba sisibane somntu ukuthintela abanye.
Khawufane ucinge ukuba ubungenakufikelela kwiimveliso ezisuka kwesinye isixeko kwilizwe lakho! Izohlwayo zangaphakathi kubantu baseKurdish zaziqatha ngakumbi kunezohlwayo zamazwe ngamazwe. Asikwazanga ukuthenga imihla ngokusemthethweni. Abantu babeka ubomi babo esichengeni ukuzisa imihla ukusuka kwenye indawo yase-Iraq ukuya kwenye. Asikwazanga ukuba neetumato e-Erbil, nangona kwindawo yaseMosul, kungekho ngaphezu kweyure enye, kwakukho ii-greenhouses apho bakhula khona iitumato.
Izohlwayo jikelele zaqhubeka de kwawa ulawulo lweSaddam ngo-2003.
Nangona kunjalo kufuneka wazi ukuba izohlwayo zawela ebantwini - abantu baseIraq abamsulwa - hayi urhulumente. USaddam Hussein namahlakani akhe babenokuthenga zonke iintlobo zotywala, imidiza njalo njalo-nantoni na ababeyifunayo, enyanisweni, eyona nto ibalaseleyo kuyo yonke into. Abazange bahlupheke kwizohlwayo.
Izohlwayo ezibekwe kubantu base-Iraq ngabantu ababizwa ngokuba "yisizwe esikhulu kunazo zonke eMhlabeni," i-United States of America, yabulala abantu abaninzi kakhulu, kungekhona nje ngeebhombu kunye neembumbulu, kodwa nayindlala, ukungondleki, ukudinwa, amayeza angafumanekiyo; abantwana bafa ngenxa yokuswela ukutya namayeza. Oko kuchazwayo enyanisweni lulwaphulo-mthetho olukhulu lwemfazwe.
[Kwi 1996 CBS 60 Imizuzu udliwano-ndlebe, UMadeleine Albright wabuzwa nguLeslie Stahl ukuba ukufa kwabantwana be-500,000 ngexesha lezohlwayo kwakuyixabiso elifanele ukuhlawula. U-Albright uphendule wathi, "Ndicinga ukuba olu lukhetho olunzima kakhulu, kodwa ixabiso - sicinga ukuba ixabiso lifanelekile."]
Kwakukho namaKurds kunye nabantu baseIraq abazibulala ngokuphelelwa lithemba, kuba babengakwazi ukondla iintsapho zabo. Amagama abo akongezwa kuluhlu lwamaxhoba. Kukwakho ke nabantu ababoleka imali kwabanye ababengakwazi ukuyibuyisela; babethotywa isidima yaye besongelwa yaye ngokufuthi baqhutyelwa ekubeni bazibulale.
Kwasekuqaleni besisazi ukuba izohlwayo azizange zitshintshe urhulumente: ayizange ibe nobundlobongela obuncinane ngenxa yezohlwayo! Babenezixhobo zokusebenzisa ngokuchasene nabantu baseIraq, bazisebenzisa, kwaye basenzakalise.
Ayenzi ngqiqo ngaphandle kokuba ngumdlalo ongcolileyo wezopolitiko. Ngokucacileyo yayimalunga nohlaselo lweKuwait, iqinisekisa ukuba iSaddam ayizange ihlasele amanye amazwe kwaye isebenzise izixhobo zokutshabalalisa iSaddam ekwakufanele ukuba igcinwe ndaweni ithile. I-US yayidinga kuphela ukohlwaya ishishini lezixhobo.
Nangona kunjalo into eyenziwa yi-US kukuthintela amayeza abalulekileyo kunye nokutya ekungeneni e-Iraq, ukubeka emngciphekweni ubomi babantu base-Iraq abamsulwa kwaye kukhokelele kumakhulu amawaka okusweleka ngenxa yokungondleki kunye nokunqongophala kokhathalelo lwezonyango.
Umntu ohlukumezekileyo ongenalo ithuba lokuphiliswa, kwaye akukho ukufikelela kwiingcebiso, akakwazi ukubona ngokucacileyo. Ubona yonke into nge "US" eprintiweyo kuyo kwaye uyayithiya i-US. Ucinga ukuba ekuphela kwethuba lokuziphindezela kukusebenza emkhosini. Ukuba uya kumazwe afana ne-Iraq, i-Afghanistan, okanye amanye amazwe amaninzi athe abandezeleka yimigaqo-nkqubo yase-US, ukuthwala ipasipoti yakho yase-US kunokubeka ubomi bakho emngciphekweni ngenxa yezenzo ezingenabuntu zikarhulumente wase-US.
[ngokweentloko yiGallup, Pew, kunye neminye imibutho ngokungaguqukiyo, ubuncinci ukusukela kwi-2013, ibonisa ukuba uninzi lwabantu kwamanye amazwe luthatha i-US njengesona sisongelo esikhulu soxolo lwehlabathi. Ukongeza, uninzi lwabaphathi bemikhosi bangaphambili kunye nabakhoyo ngoku kunye namagosa baye batsho ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo yase-US ephunyeziweyo kumazwe angamaSilamsi idala abanqolobi ngakumbi kunokuba bathintele.]
Ukuphakamisa ulwazi kwenza abantu bathi "Hayi" kwintswela-bulungisa. Yile nto sinokuyenza. Ukwabelana ngala mabali yindlela yethu yokulumkisa ihlabathi malunga neziphumo zezohlwayo ezihlala zingaxelwa, nezingabonwayo.
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Iqhawe uAnwar Brzw wazalwa ngoMeyi 25, 1971 eSulaymaniyah eKurdistan, eIraq. Wamfumana Isidanga se-bachelor kubunjineli boluntu ngo-1992 kwiYunivesithi yaseSalahaddin e-Erbil, eIraq. UnguSekela Mlawuli welizwe REACH(Ukuvuselelwa, iMfundo kunye neMpilo yoLuntu) e-Iraq.
UGayle Morrow ngumbhali olivolontiya kunye nomphandi we World BEYOND War, uthungelwano lwehlabathi, olukhuthaza ukupheliswa kwemfazwe. UGayle uncedise ngohlelo olukhaphukhaphu kunye novavanyo-mpazamo kweli bali.
Lo msebenzi wentsebenziswano wawusisiphumo segalelo lamavolontiya amaninzi kwinkqubo yokubhala nokuhlela. Enkosi kwabaninzi abangachazwanga ngamagama World BEYOND War amavolontiya athe ancedisa ukwenza esi siqwenga senzeke.
