Unyana kaMcNamara kwezinye zobuxoki bukaYise malunga neVietnam

(umfanekiso wangoku wendlu ababehlala kuyo uMcNamara eWashington DC)

NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, UJuni 15, 2022

Kancinci nayiphi na into edibanisa ibali lomntu lulungiso olulungileyo kumkhwa wokwenza lula kunye ne-caricature. Ke, umntu kufuneka amkele incwadi kaCraig McNamara, Kuba Ootata Bethu Baxoka: Isikhumbuzo seNyaniso noSapho, ukusuka eVietnam ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje. Utata kaCraig, uRobert McNamara wayengunobhala weMfazwe (“Defense”) kuninzi lwemfazwe yaseVietnam. Unikwe ukhetho lwaloo okanye uNobhala weSebe lezeMali, kungekho mfuneko yokuba azi nantoni na malunga nomsebenzi, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo akukho mfuneko yokuba abe nombono omncinci wokuba isifundo sokwenza kunye nokugcina uxolo lukhona.

Isininzi sika "Ootata" kwisihloko kubonakala ubukhulu becala iphakanyiswe Rudyard Kipling, njengoko eneneni inye kuphela utata ixoki egxile kule ncwadi. Ibali lakhe alintsonkothanga ngokuba ngutata obalaseleyo. Kufumaniseka ukuba ebengutata owoyikekayo: ongakhathaliyo, ongenamdla, oxakekileyo. Kodwa wayengenguye utata okhohlakeleyo okanye onogonyamelo okanye ongacinganga. Wayengengotata ongenalo uthando oluninzi neenjongo ezintle. Iyandichukumisa into yokuba - ngokuqwalasela imisebenzi awayenayo - akenzanga nto imbi, kwaye wayenokwenza okubi kakhulu. Ibali lakhe lintsonkothile, njengalo nawuphi na umntu, ngaphaya koko kunokushwankathelwa kumhlathi okanye kwincwadi. Wayelungile, embi, kwaye ephakathi ngeendlela ezisisigidi. Kodwa wenza ezona zinto zoyikekayo kwezakha zenziwa, esazi ukuba uyazenza, wayesazi kwakude kudala emva kokuba ezenzile, kwaye akazange ayeke ukunika izizathu zeBS.

Izothuso ezenzelwe abantu baseVietnam zijonge ngasemva kule ncwadi inesibindi, kodwa ungaze unikwe ingqwalasela kumonakalo owenziwe kumajoni ase-US. Kuloo nto, le ncwadi ayohlukanga kwiincwadi ezininzi kuyo nayiphi na imfazwe yase-US - iphantse ibe yimfuneko nje ukuba ube kuhlobo. Umhlathi wokuqala wale ncwadi ubandakanya esi sivakalisi:

Akazange andixelele ukuba uyazi ukuba iMfazwe yaseVietnam ayinokuphumelela. Kodwa wayesazi.”

Ukuba konke bekufuneka uhambe ngayo yile ncwadi, unokucinga ukuba uRobert McNamara wenze "iimpazamo" (into uHitler okanye uPutin okanye naluphi na utshaba lukarhulumente wase-US olwakha lwayenza - benza ubugwenxa) kwaye oko kwakufuneka akwenze. ngemfazwe yaseVietnam yayikuku “yeka” umlo (oluluncedo njengenxalenye efunekayo ngoku eYemen, eUkraine, nakwezinye iindawo), kwaye into awayexoka ngayo yayikukubanga impumelelo nje xa ejongene nokusilela (oku kukuthi ngoncedo into eyenziwa kuyo yonke imfazwe enye kwaye kufuneka igqitywe ngumntu wonke). Kodwa asizange sive kula maphepha malunga nendima kaMcNamara ekunyuseni le nto ibe yimfazwe enkulu kwindawo yokuqala-elingana nokuhlasela kukaPutin e-Ukraine, nangona kunjalo kumlinganiselo omkhulu, ogcwele igazi. Nanku umhlathi ocatshulwe kwincwadi yam Imfazwe Lixoki:

“Kwi-documentary ka-2003 yabizwa Inkungu yeMfazwe, Robert McNamara, owayekade enguNobhala we 'ukhuselo' ngexesha lobuxoki beTonkin, yavuma ukuba ukuhlaselwa kwe-4 ka-Agasti akuzange kwenzeke kwaye kwakukho amathandabuzo amakhulu ngelo xesha. Akazange akhankanye ukuba ngo-Agasti 6 uye wanikela ubungqina kwiseshoni edibeneyo evaliweyo ye-Senate Foreign Relations kunye neeKomiti zeeNkonzo zeZixhobo kunye noGen. Earl Wheeler. Phambi kweekomiti ezimbini, omabini la madoda athi ngokuqinisekileyo ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba iNorth Vietnamese ihlasele ngo-Agasti 4. UMcNamara naye akazange akhankanye ukuba emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa emva kokuba i-Tonkin Gulf ingenzeki, wacela iiNtloko ezidibeneyo zabasebenzi ukuba zimnike. uluhlu lwezinye izenzo zase-US ezinokucaphukisa uMntla weVietnam. Walufumana olu luhlu kwaye wathethelela ezo zixhokonxa kwiintlanganiso zangaphambi kukaJohnson's ukuyalela izenzo ezinjalo ngoSeptemba 10. Ezi zenzo zibandakanya ukuqalisa kwakhona ukujikeleza kweenqanawa ezifanayo kunye nokwandisa imisebenzi yokufihla, kunye no-Oktobha ukuyalela inqanawa ukuya elunxwemeni ngebhobhobhobhobhobho yeendawo ze-radar. bekungekho kuhlaselwa eTonkin ngo-Agasti 67 kwaye i-NSA yayixoke ngamabomu. Ulawulo lukaBush aluzange luvumele ingxelo ukuba ipapashwe kude kube ngu-2000, ngenxa yenkxalabo yokuba inokuphazamisa ubuxoki obuxelelwa ukuba kuqalise iimfazwe zase-Afghanistan nase-Iraq.

Njengoko mna wabhala ngeloxesha ukuba ifilimu Inkungu yeMfazwe wakhululwa, uMcNamara wenza kancinci ukuzisola kunye neentlobo ezininzi zokuzithethelela. Esinye sezizathu zakhe ezininzi wayegxeka u-LBJ. UCraig McNamara ubhala ukuba wabuza uyise ukuba kutheni kumthathe ixesha elide ukuthetha into encinci ayithethayo ngokuxolisa, kwaye isizathu sokuba uyise anike "ukunyaniseka" kwi-JFK kunye ne-LBJ - amadoda amabini angadumanga ngokunyaniseka komnye nomnye. . Okanye ibikukunyaniseka kurhulumente wase-US. Xa i-LBJ ingazange ivume ukuveza ukutshatyalaliswa kukaNixon kwiingxoxo zoxolo zaseParis, oko kwakungekho ukunyaniseka kuNixon, kodwa kwiziko lonke. Kwaye, njengoko uCraig McNamara ecebisa, ekugqibeleni unokunyaniseka kumathuba omsebenzi wakho. URobert McNamara uphathwe ngemisebenzi ehloniphekileyo ehlawula kakuhle emva kokusebenza kwakhe okubi kodwa okuthobelayo kwi-Pentagon (kuquka ukuqhuba iBhanki yehlabathi apho wayexhasa ubhukuqo eChile).

(Enye ifilimu ebizwa Iposi ayiveli kule ncwadi. Ukuba umbhali ucinga ukuba bekungafanelekanga kuyise, ndicinga ukuba ngewayetshilo.)

UCraig uthi “nakwamanye amazwe angengabo uBukhosi baseMelika, abo baphulukene neemfazwe bayabulawa okanye bagxothwe okanye bavalelwe. Akunjalo kuRobert McNamara. " Kwaye enkosi ukulunga. Kuya kufuneka uxhele onke amagosa aphezulu emva kumashumi eminyaka. Kodwa le ngcamango yokuphulukana nemfazwe ibonisa ukuba imfazwe inokoyiswa. Ukubhekisela kukaCraig kwenye indawo “kwimfazwe embi” kubonisa ukuba kunokubakho okulungileyo. Ndiyazibuza ukuba ukuqonda ngcono ububi bazo zonke iimfazwe kunokunceda uCraig McNamara aqonde isenzo sikayise sokuziphatha okubi njengokwamkela umsebenzi awawamkelayo-into uluntu lwase-US olwalungayilungiselelanga ukuba uyise ayiqonde.

UCraig waxhoma iflegi yase-US ejongise ezantsi kwigumbi lakhe, wathetha nabaqhankqalazi bemfazwe ukuba utata wakhe angaphumi ngaphandle aze adibane naye, yaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo wazama ukubuza uyise ngemfazwe. Umele ukuba uyazibuza ukuba yintoni enye into awayefanele ukuba ayenze. Kodwa kukho okungakumbi sonke ebesisoloko sikwenza, kwaye ekugqibeleni, kufuneka siyeke ukulahla ubutyebi kwizixhobo kwaye sifundise abantu ngembono yokuba imfazwe inokulunga - kungenjalo ayinamsebenzi ukuba babambelele kubani kwiPentagon - isakhiwo esasicetywe kwasekuqaleni ukuguqulwa kusetyenziso lwempucuko emva kweWWII, kodwa esahlala sizinikele kubundlobongela obukhulu ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje.