"Ubuninzi boxinzelelo ngo-Matshi": Imfazwe e-US yeHybrid kwiVenezuela Heats UP

NguLeonardo Flores, nge-16 kaMatshi ka-2020

Ikota yokuqala ka-2020 ibone ukuba ulawulo lukaTrump luyayonyusa intetho yalo kwiVenezuela. Kwilizwe leManyano, uMongameli uTrump uthembise "ukutshaya" kwaye atshabalalise urhulumente waseVenezuela. Oku kwalandelwa kukuhlaziywa isoyikiso sovalo lwasemanzini kwilizwe, nto leyo esisenzo semfazwe phantsi komthetho wase-US kunye nowamazwe aphesheya. Emva koko iSebe Lombuso laqaphela ukuba "Imfundiso yeMonroe 2.0"Iza kupheliswa kwiiveki nakwinyanga ezizayo," ngelixa ibhengeza "uMatshi oPhezulu" ngokuchasene neVenezuela.

Oku asizisongelo nje; Isakhiwo esixhaswayo ixhaswe yimigaqo-nkqubo kunye nezenzo. Inkampani yeoyile yaseRussia iRosneft, omnye wabathengi abaphambili beoyile yeVenezuela, ibone inkxaso-mali ezimbini bengaphantsi kwenyanga ngokwenza ushishino neVenezuela. ISebe likaRhulumente yathunyelwa ngefowuni ngoFebruwari, ndicula iinkampani zeoyile iRosneft, iReliance (iIndiya) neRepsol (eSpain). I-DRM, eyona nkampani inkulu yeoyile yase-US esasebenza eVenezuela, ilumkiswe ngabaphathi bakaTrump ukuba ilayisensi yabo yokusebenza kweli lizwe (abayikhuphe kwizohlwayo) ayizukuvuselelwa.

Ukusukela ngo-2015, urhulumente wase-US enike imvume Iitanki zeoyile ezingama-49, iinkampani ezili-18 zaseVenezuelan, iinkampani zangaphandle ezingama-60 kunye neenqwelomoya (ezingama-56 zikwimo yenqwelo-moya yaseConviasa kunye ne-41 eyenkampani yeoyile yaseburhulumenteni yePDVSA), kodwa eli lixesha lokuqala bemkile iinkampani zeoyile zangaphandle. Ngokujolisa ekurhwebeni iRosneft kunye neTNK Trade (ezi zimbini zixhaswe yiRosneft), i-United States yenza ukuba kungabi lula ukuba abo mafemu baqhubeke nokuthengisa kwioyile yaseVenezuela, kuba iinkampani zokuhambisa, iinkampani zeinshurensi kunye neebhanki ziyala ukusebenza nabo.

Isohlwayo sithathe umthwalo onzima, sibangele ukonwaba kuqoqosho oluxabisa amawaka ezigidi ezili-130 phakathi kwe-2015 kunye ne-2018. Eyona nto imbi kakhulu, ngokokudlwengula okukhethekileyo kwi-UN u-Alfred de Zayas, u izohlwayo ziye zabangela ukuba kubhubhe abantu baseVenezuela abangama-100,000. Akumangalisi ke ngoko ukuba iVenezuela yacela ukuba iNkundla yeLwaphulo-mthetho lwaMazwe ngaMazwe iphande ngalo izohlwayo njengolwaphulo mthetho nxamnye noluntu.

Iziphumo zesohlwayo zibonakala kakhulu kwicandelo lezempilo laseVenezuela, eliye lacekelwa kule minyaka mihlanu idlulileyo. La manyathelo athintele iibhanki ekuqhubeni ngokwentengiselwano ngemali yokuthenga izinto zonyango. Ukongeza, babangele ukwehla okungama-90% kwingeniso yangaphandle yaseVenezuela, bejonge icandelo lezempilo kutyalo mali oluyimfuneko. Ukuba bekungengenxa yobumbano lwe iTshayina kwaye Tyhubha, ebithumele izixhobo zokuvavanya kunye namayeza, iVenezuela iya kukhubazeka ngendlela eyiyo ukuphatha i-coronavirus. Izohlwayo ziya zisiba mandundu imeko esele iyingozi, kunyanzela iVenezuela ukuba Chitha amaxesha amathathu ubuninzi bezinto zovavanyo njengelizwe elingafumanekiyo.

Umongameli Maduro wabhenela ngqo kuTrump ukuba anyuse isohlwayo ukuze kuliwe nobhubhane lwehlabathi. Ukanti esi sibongozo sinokungaphendulwa, sinikezwe ukomelela kungekuphela nje kwizohlwayo, kodwa kwizenzo zobundlobongela beqela eliphikisayo. Ngomhla we-7 ku-Matshi, indawo yokugcina izinto enomatshini phantse bonke boomatshini bokuvota baseVenezuela itshiswe ngabom emhlabeni. Iqela eligama linguVenezuelan Patriotic Front, ityholwa ngokuqulunqwa ngamajoni kunye namapolisa, wabanga uxanduva ngesi senzo sobugrogrisi. Nangona kungekho unxibelelwano ngqo olunokuthi (okwangoku) lwenziwe phakathi kweli qela kunye nolawulo lukaTrump, icela inkolelo yokuba umsebenzi ofuna iindleko ezibalulekileyo kunye nezezimali ngekhe afumane nkxaso kuye nokuba linye kubadlali abaninzi ababandakanyeka ekuguqukeni kolawulo: iTrump. Ulawulo, ulawulo lweDuque eColombia, ulawulo lweBolsonaro eBrazil okanye amaqela aphikisayo aphikisayo ahambisa uJuan Guaidó.

Ukuthula okuvela kuluntu lwamazwe aphesheya ngesi senzo sabanqolobi kuyasivisa, kodwa akufuneki simangalise. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, kwakungekho zigwebo ezivela kwi-OAS, EU okanye US xa igumbi lokugcina elinezixhobo zonxibelelwano litshiswe ngokufanayo ngoFebruwari, okanye nini Amajoni avukelayo emazantsi eVenezuela ngoDisemba ka-2019.

Sele bukhona ubungqina bokuba ii-paramilitaries zaseVenezuela ezichasene norhulumente waseMaduro zifumene inkxaso noqeqesho kuzo zombini Kholambiya kwaye Brazil, ndingasathethi ke nge batyholwa ngezigidi zeedola ezichithwe yi-USukwenza ukuba amagosa omkhosi waseVenezuela ajike urhulumente. Ukongeza ekuxhaseni imfazwe engekho mthethweni, ulawulo lweTrump lulungiselela umlo oqhelekileyo. I usongo Kwinqanawa yomkhosi waselwandle - isenzo semfazwe ethe ngqo - kwalandelwa ziintlanganiso ezahlukileyo phakathi kukaTrump, Unobhala Wezomkhosi uMark Esper kunye namagosa asemkhosini abaphezulu Umongameli waseColombia u-Ivan Duque kwaye Umongameli waseBrazil uJair Bolsonaro. (Ngelishwa, ngelixa sidibana negqiza laseBrazil ukuxoxa ngokutshatyalaliswa korhulumente waseMaduro, Kungenzeka ukuba uTrump wayevezwe yi-coronavirus. Elinye lamalungu abathunywa, unobhala wezonxibelelwano weBolsonaro, kuvavanywe ukuba unaso esi sifo.) Ukongeza kwendawo yokuvalwa, i-US icwangcisa "ubukho obuphuculweyo beenqanawa, iinqwelomoya kunye nemikhosi yezokhuseleko ku…, "Isalathiso esicacileyo saseVenezuela nangona isibalo sikarhulumente sase-US sinjalo ayilolizwe lokuhambisa ilizwe ngokuyintloko lokurhweba ngeziyobisi.

Uxinzelelo oluphezulu ngoMatshi ”lubekelwe ixesha lokudibana uthethathethwano olubalulekileyo eCaracas phakathi korhulumente waseVenezuela namacandelo aphikisayo aphikisayo. La macala mabini aseke ikhomishini ezokonyula amalungu amatsha eNational National Council ngexesha lonyulo lowalo mthetho. Omnye wabasekeli bakaJuan Guaidó, uHenry Ramos Allup, inkokeli yeqela eliphikisayo u-Acción Democrática (isenzo seDemokhrasi), weza phantsi kwelungelo eligqibeleleyo esithi uya kuthatha inxaxheba kunyulo. Uhlaselo loothusayo koomatshini bokuvota alunakuluchaphazela ixesha lonyulo, kodwa ngaphandle kwenkqubo yayo yokuvota ixhaswe ziirisithi zamaphepha kunye nokuphicothwa kwenani lokubala, iziphumo ziya kuba sengozini kumabango obuqhetseba.

Esi ayisosihlandlo sokuqala ukuba ulawulo lweTrump lukhulise iinguqu kulawulo lwayo kwimizamo yokuphendula kuthethwano phakathi korhulumente waseVenezuela nabachasi. Ikwenzile oko ngoFebruwari ka-2018, xa-Nobhala welizwe u-Rex Tillerson watyhola i-oyibhile kwaye wathi uzokwamkela ilungelo lokuya emkhosini njengoko omabini la maqela sele eza kusayina isivumelwano esibanzi esasebenza kangangeenyanga kwiDominican Republic. Kwenzekile kwakhona nge-Agasti ka-2019, xa i-US yasebenzisa into ebhalwe nguWall Street Journal njenge "iyonke i-embargo yoqoqosho”Phakathi kwengxoxo phakathi kwenkcaso ekhokelwa nguGuaidó kunye norhulumente. Omabini la maxesha, uthethathethwano lwawa ngaphandle ngenxa yezenzo nezitetimenti zikarhulumente wase-US. Ngeli xesha akunakulindeleka ukuba uxinzelelo luzokungqubana nothethathethwano, njengoko abezopolitiko abaphikisayo abaphakathi belandela inyani yokuba Iipesenti ezingama-82 zabantu baseVenezuela zenqaba isohlwayo kunye nengxoxo. Ngelishwa, ulawulo lukaTrump luyicacisile ukuba ayikhathalelanga ukuba abantu baseVenezuel bafuna ntoni. Endaweni yoko, iyaqhubeka ukunyusa uxinzelelo kwaye kunokuba ibeka indawo yokungenelela emkhosini, mhlawumbi isimanga sika-Okthobha ukunceda ukubiza kukaTrump.

U-Leonardo Flores yingcali yomgaqo-nkqubo wase-Latin America kunye nomkhankaso we-CODEPINK.