NguGeorge Lakey, Julayi 28, 2017, Ukuguquka kobuNtu.
Iincwadana zentshukumo zinokuba luncedo. UMarty Oppenheimer kunye nam safumanisa ukuba ngowe-1964 xa iinkokeli zamalungelo abantu zazixakeke kakhulu ukuba zingabhala incwadi yesikhokelo kodwa zazifuna yona. Sibhale "Incwadana yeNdlela eNgqongileyo" kanye ngexesha le-Mississippi Freedom Summer. UBayard Rustin wabhala phambili. Abanye abaququzeleli eMzantsi bandixelela ngokuqhula ukuba "yincwadi yabo yoncedo lokuqala - ukuba benze ntoni de kufike uGqirha King." Yacholwa kwakhona yintshukumo ekhulayo echasene neMfazwe yaseVietnam.
Kulo nyaka uphelileyo bendikhe ndakhenketha ngencwadi kwizixeko needolophu ezingaphaya kwama-60 kulo lonke elase-United States kwaye ndicelwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo malunga nencwadana yentshukumo ethe ngqo elungisa imingeni esijongene nayo ngoku. Ezi zicelo zivela kubantu abaxhalabele imiba eyahlukahlukeneyo. Ngelixa imeko nganye ngandlel’ ithile yahlukile, abaququzeleli kwiintshukumo ezininzi bajongana neengxaki ezifanayo kumbutho nakwizenzo.
Okulandelayo yincwadana yemigaqo eyahlukileyo kuleyo sayikhupha kwiminyaka engama-50 eyadlulayo. Emva koko, imibutho yasebenza kubukhosi obunamandla obabusetyenziselwa ukuphumelela iimfazwe zabo. Urhulumente uzinzile kwaye ebambe ngokusemthethweni okukhulu emehlweni oninzi.
INcwadana yesenzo esithe ngqo.
Ukusuka kwindawo yokugcina yeThe
King Centre.
Uninzi lwabaququzeleli bakhetha ukungahoyi imibuzo enzulu yongquzulwano lweklasi kunye nendima yamaqela amakhulu ekwenzeni ukuthanda kwepesenti enye. Ukungabikho kokusesikweni kobuhlanga nezoqoqosho kwanemfazwe yayinokunikelwa ngokuyintloko njengeengxaki ezazifanele ziconjululwe ngurhulumente owayekulungele ukucombulula iingxaki.
Ngoku, ubukhosi base-US buyaphela kwaye ukuba semthethweni kwezigqeba ezilawulayo kuyacutheka. Ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho kuyenyuka kwaye omabini amaqela amakhulu abanjwe kwiinguqulelo zawo zepolarization yoluntu ngokubanzi.
Abaququzeleli badinga iindlela zokwakha intshukumo ezingayihoyiyo into eyenze uninzi lwabaxhasi bakaBernie Sanders kunye noDonald Trump: imfuno yotshintsho olukhulu kunolwando. Kwelinye icala, iintshukumo ziya kufuna abaninzi abasenethemba lokuchasene nethemba lokuba iincwadi zezifundo zasesikolweni esiphakathi zilungile: Indlela yaseMelika yokutshintsha kukushukuma kohlaziyo olulinganiselweyo.
Amakholwa anamhlanje kuhlaziyo olulinganiselweyo anokuba ngabalandeli bangomso kwinguqu enkulu ukuba senza ubudlelwane kunye nabo ngelixa ubukhosi buqhubeka nokuqhambuka kwaye ukuthembeka kwezopolitiko kuncipha. Konke oku kuthetha ukuba ukwakha intshukumo efuna ukunyanzela utshintsho kufuna ukudanisa okungaphaya “kusemva kwaloo mini.”
Inye into elula ngoku: ukwenza uqhanqalazo lwenyambalala ngokukhawuleza, njengoko lwenziwa ngoMatshi oncomekayo wabasetyhini kusuku olusemva kokumiselwa kukaTrump. Ukuba uqhanqalazo lwexesha elinye lunokuvelisa utshintsho olukhulu eluntwini besiya kugxila kuloo nto, kodwa ndiyazi ukuba akukho lizwe lithe lenza utshintsho olukhulu (kuquka nolwethu) ngoqhanqalazo lwesihlandlo esinye. Ukukhuphisana nabachasi ukuze uphumelele amabango amakhulu kufuna amandla angaphezulu okuhlala kunokuba uqhanqalazo lubonelela. Uqhanqalazo lwesihlandlo esinye aluquki iqhinga, liqhinga nje eliphindaphindayo.
Ngethamsanqa, sinokufunda into malunga neqhinga kwintshukumo yamalungelo oluntu e-US. Yintoni eyabasebenzelayo xa bejongana nothotho lwemikhosi ephantse ibeyiyo kakhulu yayiyindlela ethile eyaziwa ngokuba liphulo elikhulayo elingenabundlobongela. Abanye banokubiza obu buchule bubugcisa endaweni yoko, kuba ukhankaso olusebenzayo lungaphezulu kunoomatshini.
Ukusukela kulaa shumi leminyaka lika-1955-65 siye safunda okuninzi malunga nendlela amaphulo anamandla awakha ngayo iintshukumo ezinamandla ezikhokelela kutshintsho olukhulu. Ezinye zezo zifundo zilapha.
Xela lo mzuzu wezopolitiko. Yamkela into yokuba iUnited States ayizange iyibone eli nqanaba lokwahlulwahlulwa kwezopolitiko kwisiqingatha senkulungwane. I-polarization ishukumisa izinto. Ukugubha kuthetha ukwanda kwamathuba okutshintsha okulungileyo, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiimeko ezininzi zembali. Ukuqala inyathelo ngexa usoyika ukwahlukana kuya kukhokelela kwiimpazamo ezininzi ezicwangcisiweyo nezombutho, kuba uloyiko aluhoyi ithuba elinikwe yipolarization. Enye indlela yokulungisa olo loyiko kukukhuthaza abo uthetha nabo ukuba balibone inyathelo lakho kwisakhelo sobuchule esikhulu. Yiloo nto eyenziwa ngabantu baseSweden nabaseNorway kwinkulungwane eyadlulayo, xa bagqiba kwelokuba balulahle uqoqosho olwalubasilela ekuthandeni enye ngoku imi njengeyona modeli iphumeleleyo ekuhambiseni ukulingana. Loluphi uhlobo lwesakhelo sobuchule esinokulandelwa ngabantu baseMelika? Nanku umzekelo omnye.
Cacisa nabaququzeleli bakho ngokuthe ngqo ukuba kutheni ukhethe ukwakha iphulo elithe ngqo. Namagqala omzabalazo angawuboni umahluko phakathi koqhanqalazo namaphulo; akukho zikolo okanye amajelo eendaba azikhathazayo ekukhanyiseleni abantu baseMelika malunga nobuchule bokukhankasa ngokuthe ngqo. Oku kubhaliwe icacisa uncedo lwamaphulo.
Hlanganisa amalungu aphambili eqela lakho lokukhankasela. Abantu obadibanisayo ukuqala iphulo lakho banefuthe elikhulu kwithuba lakho lempumelelo. Ukubeka nje umnxeba kwaye ucinge ukuba nabani na obonisa ukuba yindibaniselwano ephumeleleyo yindlela yokuphoxeka. Kulungile ukwenza umnxeba jikelele, kodwa ngaphambi kwexesha qiniseka ukuba unazo izithako zeqela elomeleleyo elilungele umsebenzi. Oku kubhaliwe icacisa indlela yokwenza oko.
Abanye abantu banokufuna ukujoyina ngenxa yobuhlobo obusele bukhona, kodwa ukhankaso oluthe ngqo alulolona galelo labo lilungileyo kwisizathu. Ukulungisa oko kwaye uthintele ukuphoxeka kamva, kuyanceda funda kaBill Moyer "Iindima ezine zoButshantliziyo beNtlalo." Nazi ezinye ezongezelelweyo iingcebiso onokuzisebenzisa ekuqaleni nasemva koko, njengokuba.
Qaphela imfuneko yombono omkhulu. Kukho ingxoxo malunga nokuba kubaluleke kangakanani "ukulayisha ngaphambili" umbono, uqala ngenkqubo yemfundo ezuza ubunye. Ndiwabonile amaqela eziphazamisa ngokuba ngamaqela okufunda, elibala ukuba nathi “sifunda ngokwenza.” Ngoko ke, kuxhomekeke kwiqela, kusenokuba sengqiqweni ukuxoxa ngombono omnye-mntu nangeendlela ezithe ngcembe.
Qwalasela abantu ofikelela kubo kunye neyona nto bayifunayo ngokungxamisekileyo: ukusungula iphulo labo kunye nokwenza inkqubela phambili, ukufumana ingxoxo yezopolitiko endleleni ngelixa bechasa ukuphelelwa lithemba kwabo ngesenzo, okanye ukwenza umsebenzi wokufundisa phambi kwesenzo sokuqala. Nokuba yeyiphi na indlela, a isixhobo esitsha nesixabisekileyo somsebenzi wombono “nguMbono woBomi abaMnyama,” imveliso yeMovement for Black Lives.
Khetha umba wakho. Umcimbi kufuneka ube ngowokuba abantu bakhathalele kakhulu kwaye unento onokuthi uphumelele kuyo. Ukuphumelela imicimbi kwimeko yangoku kuba abantu abaninzi baziva bengenathemba kwaye bengenakunceda kule mihla. Olo nxunguphalo ngokwasengqondweni luyasida amandla ethu okwenza umahluko. Uninzi lwabantu ke ngoko ludinga ukuphumelela ukukhulisa ukuzithemba kwaye bakwazi ukufikelela ngokupheleleyo kumandla abo.
Ngokwembali, iintshukumo eziye zasusa utshintsho olukhulu kwinqanaba elikhulu ziye zaqala ngamaphulo aneenjongo zexesha elifutshane, njengabafundi abamnyama abafuna ikomityi yekofu.
Uhlalutyo lwam lombutho woxolo wase-US luyakhathaza, kodwa lunika isifundo esibalulekileyo malunga nendlela yokukhetha umba. Abantu abaninzi balukhathalele kakhulu uxolo-ukubandezeleka okongezelekayo okunxulunyaniswa nemfazwe kukhulu, singasathethi ke ngokusetyenziswa komkhosi ukuhlawula irhafu esebenzayo- kunye nabantu abakumgangatho ophakathi ukuze baxhamle abanini bemizi-mveliso yezomkhosi. Uninzi lwabantu baseMelika, emva kokusweleka kwe-hype yokuqala, bahlala bechasa nayiphi na imfazwe eliwa yi-United States, kodwa intshukumo yoxolo ayifane iyazi indlela yokusebenzisa loo nyaniso ukudibanisa.
Ngoko njani ukudibanisa abantu ukuba bakhe intshukumo? ULarry Scott wajongana ngempumelelo nalo mbuzo ngeminyaka yoo-1950 xa ugqatso lwezixhobo zenyukliya lwaluphuma kulawulo. Abanye babahlobo bakhe abalwela uxolo babefuna ukukhankasela ngokuchasene nezixhobo zenyukliya, kodwa uScott wayesazi ukuba elo phulo alizukuphulukana nje kuphela kodwa, ekuhambeni kwexesha, liyabatyhafisa abameli boxolo. Ngoko ke waqalisa iphulo elichasene novavanyo lwenyukliya emoyeni, olwathi, lugxininiswa yisenzo esithe ngqo esingenabugwenxa, safumana ukunyanzeliswa okwaneleyo ukunyanzela uMongameli uKennedy kwitafile yokuxoxisana kunye ne-Soviet Premier Khrushchev.
Iphulo iphumelele imfuno yayo, ukuqhubela phambili kwisenzo isizukulwana esitsha samatsha ntliziyo kunye nokubeka ugqatso lwezixhobo kwi-ajenda enkulu yoluntu. Abanye abaququzeleli boxolo babuyela ekujonganeni nokungenakoyiswa, kwaye umbutho woxolo uye wehla. Ngethamsanqa, abanye abaququzeleli "bafumene" isifundo seqhinga lokuphumelela isivumelwano sovavanyo lwenyukliya ye-atmospheric kwaye baye baphumelela uloyiso kwezinye iimfuno ezinokuphumelela.
Ngamanye amaxesha kuyahlawula yila umba njengokhuselo lwexabiso ekwabelwana ngalo ngokubanzi, njengamanzi ahlaziyekileyo (njengakwimeko yeLiwa eliLimayo), kodwa kubalulekile ukukhumbula ubulumko boluntu bokuba “olona khuselo lungcono lityala.” Ukuhamba neqela lakho kubunzima besakhelo esahlukileyo kwisicwangciso sakho, ufunde eli nqaku.
Jonga kabini ukuze ubone ukuba lo mba uyasebenza na. Ngamanye amaxesha abanini mandla bazama ukumisa amaphulo phambi kokuba baqale ngokubanga ukuba kukho into "yenziweyo" - xa isivumelwano sinokubuyiselwa umva. Kwi eli nqaku uya kufumana zombini umzekelo wasekhaya kunye nokazwelonke apho ibango labaphathi-mandla lalingalunganga, kwaye abakhankasi bafumana uloyiso.
Ngamanye amaxesha usenokugqiba kwelokuba ungaphumelela kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba ungaphumelelanga. Usenokufuna ukuqalisa iphulo ngenxa yesicwangciso esikhulu somxholo. Umzekelo woku unokufunyanwa kwi umlo ochasene nezixhobo zamandla enyukliya eUnited States. Ngelixa inani lemikhankaso yasekhaya ayiphumelelanga ukuthintela i-reactor yabo ukuba yakhiwe, ngokwaneleyo amanye amaphulo aphumelele, ngaloo ndlela enze ukuba intshukumo, xa iyonke, inyanzelise ukumiswa kwamandla enyukliya. Injongo yoshishino lwenyukliya yewaka lemizi-mveliso yenyukliya yaphanziswa, ngenxa yentshukumo yamabanga aphantsi.
Hlalutya usukelo ngononophelo. “Okujoliswe kuko” ngumgwebi onokuthi anikezele kwimfuno yakho, umzekelo i-CEO yebhanki kunye nekomiti yesigqeba sebhodi ethatha isigqibo sokuba iyeke na ukuxhasa ngemali umbhobho. Ngubani othatha isigqibo xa kuthethwa ngamapolisa adubule abarhanelwa abangakhange baxhobe? Baza kufuneka benze ntoni abakhankasi bakho ukuze bafumane utshintsho? Ukuphendula le mibuzo kuyanceda ukuqonda iindlela ezahlukeneyo zempumelelo: ukuguqulwa, ukunyanzeliswa, indawo yokuhlala kunye nokwahlukana. Uya kufuna ukwazi kwakhona Amaqela amancinane anokuba makhulu kangakanani kunesibalo samalungu awo.
Landela umkhondo oogxa bakho abaphambili, abachasi kunye "nokungathathi hlangothi." Nantsi isixhobo sokuthatha inxaxheba - esibizwa ngokuba "yiSpectrum of Allies" - elinokuthi iqela lakho elikhulayo lisebenzise ngamaxesha eenyanga ezintandathu. Ukwazi apho ume khona amahlakani akho, abachasi kunye nabangathathi hlangothi kuya kukunceda ukhethe amaqhinga abhenela kwizinto ezahlukeneyo, iimfuno kunye notyekelo lwenkcubeko yamaqela ekufuneka uwatshintshele kwicala lakho.
Njengoko iphulo lakho liphumeza uthotho lwezenzo zalo, yenza ukhetho olucwangcisekileyo olukusa phambili. Iingxoxo zeqhinga eninazo kwiqela lenu zinokuncediswa ngokuzisa umntu wangaphandle onobuhlobo nezakhono zokubhexesha, kunye nokubonisa iqela lakho kwimizekelo ebambekayo yeendlela zokuguqula iqhinga kwamanye amaphulo. UMark noPaul Engler banikela imizekelo enjalo kwincwadi yabo “Olu Ludushe,” oludlulisela indlela entsha yolungiselelo ebizwa ngokuba “ngumfutho.” Ngokufutshane, bacebisa ubugcisa obenza ezona zithethe zibalaseleyo zimbini - uqhanqalazo oluninzi kunye noluntu / ulungiselelo lwabasebenzi.
Ekubeni ukungabikho kobundlobongela ngamanye amaxesha kusetyenziswa njengesithethe okanye ukuphepha ungquzulwano, akufanele na ukuba sivuleleke "kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zamaqhinga?" Lo mbuzo usaqhubeka uxoxwa kwamanye amaqela aseMerika. Olunye uqwalaselo nokuba uyakholelwa ukuba iphulo lakho kufuneka libandakanye amanani amakhulu. Uhlalutyo olunzulu lwalo mbuzo, funda eli nqaku lithelekisa iinketho ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ekutshatyalalisweni kwepropathi eyenziwe yintshukumo efanayo kumazwe amabini ahlukeneyo.
Kuthekani ukuba uyahlaselwa? Ndilindele ukuba i-polarization ibe mandundu e-United States, ke nokuba uhlaselo olunobundlobongela kwiqela lakho alunakwenzeka, ukulungiselela kunokuba luncedo. Eli nqaku linikeza izinto ezintlanu onokuzenza ngobundlobongela. Abanye abantu baseMelika banenkxalabo malunga nomkhwa omkhulu obhekiselele kwi-fascism - nokuba nguzwilakhe kwinqanaba lesizwe. Oku kubhaliwe, esekelwe kuphando lwembali yobungqina, iphendula loo nkxalabo.
Uqeqesho kunye nophuhliso lobunkokeli lungenza iphulo lakho lisebenze ngakumbi. Ukongeza kuqeqesho olufutshane oluluncedo ekulungiseleleni isenzo ngasinye sephulo lakho, ukuxhotyiswa kwenzeka ngezi ndlela. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba abantu bafunda ngokwenza, indlela eyaziwa ngokuba ngamaqela angundoqo inokunceda ngophuhliso lobunkokeli. Ukuthathwa kwezigqibo kweqela lakho nako kuba lula ukuba amalungu akho afunda uqheliselo lwe ukudibanisa kunye nokwahlula.
Inkcubeko yombutho wakho ibalulekile kwimpumelelo yakho yexeshana kunye neenjongo ezibanzi zombutho. Ukuphatha isikhundla kunye nelungelo kunokuchaphazela umanyano. Eli nqaku lishiya ubungakanani obunye-bulungele yonke imithetho yokuchasana nengcinezelo, kwaye icebisa isikhokelo esichuliweyo ngakumbi kwindlela yokuziphatha esebenzayo.
Ubungqina bukwaqokelelana bokuba amatsha ntliziyo akumgangatho ophakathi adla ngokuzisa imithwalo kumaqela abo eshiywe ngcono emnyango. Cinga "imfundo ngqo” uqeqesho olu ingxabano-friendly.
Umfanekiso omkhulu uya kuqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kumathuba akho okuphumelela. Iindlela ezimbini onokuwaphucula ngazo loo mathuba kukwenza iphulo lakho okanye intshukumo nomkhosi ngakumbi nangokudala okukhulu intsebenziswano yesizwe.
Izibonelelo ezongezelelweyo
Incwadi yentshukumo kaDaniel Hunter “Ukwakha intshukumo yokuphelisa iJim Crow entsha” sisixhobo esihle sobuchule. Liqabane lencwadi kaMichelle Alexander ethi “The New Jim Crow.”
The Ugcino lweDatha ye-Global Nonviolent Action kuquka amaphulo angaphezu kwe-1,400 avela kumazwe aphantse abe ngama-200, aquka imiba eyahlukahlukeneyo. Ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi "wokukhangela phambili" unokufumana amanye amaphulo alwe ngomba ofanayo okanye ajongene nomchasi ofanayo, okanye amaphulo asebenzisa iindlela zesenzo oziqwalaselayo, okanye amaphulo aphumelele okanye alahlekileyo ngelixa ujongene nabachasi abafanayo. Imeko nganye ibandakanya ingxelo ebonisa ukwehla kunye nokuhamba kongquzulwano, kunye namanqaku edatha ofuna ukuwajonga.
