NguDavid Swanson, Masilinge iNdemokhrasi, NgoMeyi 31, 2021
Ndinqwenela ukuba bendihlekisa, nditsho kancinci. Incwadi kaMalcolm Gladwell, IBomber Mafia, uqhubeka athi uHaywood Hansell wayehendwa nguMtyholi xa wayengafuni ukutshisa izixeko zaseJapan. UHansell wathatyathelwa indawo, kwaye uC Curtis LeMay wabeka umphathi weibhombu zase-US eJapan ngexesha le-WWII. LeMay, uGladwell usixelela ukuba, yayingenguye omnye umntu ngaphandle kukaSathana. Kodwa into eyayifuneka kakhulu, uGladwell uthi, yayikukuziphatha okubi kukaSathana-ukuzimisela ukutshisa ngabom isigidi okanye amadoda, abafazi nabantwana ukuqhubela phambili nomsebenzi wabo. Yiyo kuphela kwaye ayikho enye into enokuphumelela emfazweni ngokukhawuleza okukhulu, eyadala ukuchuma kunye noxolo kubo bonke (ngaphandle kwabafileyo, ndicinga njalo, kunye nabani na obandakanyeka kuzo zonke iimfazwe ezilandelayo okanye ubuhlwempu obulandelayo). Kodwa ekugqibeleni, iWWII yayiyimfazwe kuphela, kwaye imfazwe enkulu yaphunyezwa nguHansell-Jesus kuba iphupha lakhe lokuchaneka kokuqhushumisa kwabantu sele lizalisekisiwe (ukuba ulungile ngokubulala umjukujelwa kwaye ukulungele ukujonga ukuba iibhombu zichanekile isetyenziselwe iminyaka ukubulala abantu abamsulwa abaninzi abangaziwayo ngelixa kuveliswa iintshaba ezininzi kunokuba beziphelisa).
UGladwell uqala isiqwenga semfazwe esiqhelekileyo ngokuvuma ukuba ibali lakhe lokuqala elifutshane, elibhalwe njengomntwana, yayiyinto emnandi malunga nokusinda kukaHitler nokubuyela kwakhe ukuza kukufumana-ngamanye amagama, ingxelo esisiseko yemfazwe yase-US iminyaka engama-75. Emva koko uGladwell usixelela ukuba into ayithandayo ngabantu abagqithisileyo- nokuba bathanda into elungileyo okanye into embi. Ngaphantsi kwaye ngenye indlela uGladwell wakha ityala lokuziphatha okubi, hayi nje ukungaziphathi kakuhle, kule ncwadi. Uqala ngokubanga ukuba ukuyilwa kombono wasombulula enye yezona ngxaki zinkulu zilishumi zeteknoloji. Le ngxaki yayiyindlela yokuwisa ibhombu ngokuchanekileyo. Ngokuziphatha, yinto enomsindo, ayisiyongxaki yokukhanyiswa, njengoko uGladwell eyiyeka, nendlela yokunyanga izifo okanye ukuvelisa ukutya. Kwakhona, ukubona kwebhombu yayikukungaphumeleli okukhulu okungakhange kusombulule le ngxaki ibalulekileyo, kwaye uGladwell ubalisa ukusilela kunye neninzi labanye kumjelo wokuqengqeleka kwee-SNAFUs aziphatha njengohlobo lweempawu zokwakha isimilo sokuqina, isibindi, nobungcwele.
Injongo ye "Bomber Mafia" (mafia, njengoSathana, ukuba ligama lokudumisa kule ncwadi) bekufanele ukuba kuthintelwe imfazwe eyothusayo yeWWI ngokucwangcisa iimfazwe zomoya endaweni yoko. Ewe kunjalo, kusebenze ngokumangalisayo, kunye ne-WWII ibulala abantu abaninzi ngakumbi kune-WWI ngokudibanisa iimfazwe zomhlaba kunye-nangona kungekho gama elinye encwadini malunga nokulwa emhlabeni kwi-WWII okanye ubukho be-Soviet Union, kuba le Incwadi yase-US malunga nesona sizukulwana sikhulu esilwa eyona mfazwe inkulu eMelika eNkulu; kwaye elona khefu likhulu lafika kweyona yunivesithi inkulu (eHarvard) kuvavanyo oluyimpumelelo lwesona sixhobo sikhulu sikaSathana uMsindisi wethu, esibizwa ngokuba yiNapalm.
Kodwa ndiya phambili ebalini. Ngaphambi kokuba uYesu avele, uMartin Luther King Jr. kufuneka enze njalo, ewe. Uyabona, iphupha lemfazwe yomoya wobuntu yayiphantse yafana nephupha likaGqirha King lokoyisa ubuhlanga- ngaphandle kwazo zonke iinkcukacha ezinokwenzeka. UGladwell akayamkeli into yokuba olu thelekiso luyinto enqabileyo, kodwa ubiza iPhupha leMfazwe yomoya "ngobugorha" kwaye ajike kwangoko evela kwimbono yokuba ukuqhushumba kuya kuzisa uxolo kwingxoxo malunga nokuzonwabisa kwezobuchwephesha. Xa uGladwell ecaphula umcebisi ecebisa ukuba umsunguli wokubona ibhombu wayenokuthi yenziwe nguThixo, kuba konke esinokumxelela kona uGladwell uyavuma. Kungekudala usezintweni zokuqanjwa kwebhombu ezakwenza ukuba imfazwe "iphantse ingabinalo igazi," nangenkqubo yobuntu yomkhosi waseMelika wokuqhushumisa iibhombu ezenza iBombing Mafia eceba amacebo okuqhushumbisa ukubonelelwa ngamanzi kunye nezinto zonikezelo lwamandla (kuba ukubulala abantu abaninzi ngokuthe chu ngokuthe ngcembe nguThixo).
Isiqingatha sencwadi ngamampunge nje, kodwa ezinye kufanelekile ukuziphinda. Umzekelo, uGladwell ukholelwa ukuba i-Air Force Chapel eColorado ingcwele ngokukodwa, hayi kuba ibonakala ngathi bayayinqula imfazwe yomoya, kodwa nangenxa yokuba iyavuza xa kunetha-eyona nto iyiphumezileyo yakuba ukusilela kube yimpumelelo, kubonakala ngathi.
Imvelaphi yendlela eyakhiwe ngayo iWWII, kwaye ke ngethintelwe njani, inikwa amagama amahlanu kwincwadi kaGladwell. Nanga amagama amahlanu: "Kodwa ke uHitler wahlasela iPoland." UGladwell utsibela kuloo nto edumisa utyalomali ekulungiseleleni iimfazwe ezingaziwayo. Emva koko uphume kwingxoxo-mpikiswano phakathi kokuqhushumbisa iikhaphethi kunye nokuchaneka kweebhombu eYurophu, ngexa apho aqaphela ukuba ukuqhushumbisa iikhaphethi akushukumisi abantu ukuba babhukuqe oorhulumente (bezenza ngathi kungenxa yokuba ayibaphazamisi kakhulu abantu, kunye nokuvuma ukuba ivelisa intiyo yabo baqhubhisa ibhombu, kwaye bayayibaleka into yokuba oorhulumente bahlala bengakhathali malunga nokubandezeleka ngaphakathi kwemida yabo, kunye nokubaleka nasiphi na isicelo sokuvelisa iziqhushumbisi kwiimfazwe zangoku zase-US, kwaye- kunjalo ubuqhophololo bokuba i-Bhritane ayizange ibabhombise abahlali de kube kudala emva kokuba iJamani yenzile). Akukho lizwi elinye malunga nokuhlaselwa ngebhombu kwamaNazi kamva esebenzela umkhosi wase-US ukunceda ukutshabalalisa indawo ezinje ngeVietnam kunye no-Dupont kaSathana oPhila ngokuBhetele ngeKhemistry.
Ngokusebenzisa ingxoxo-mpikiswano phakathi kwebhombu yekhaphethi (iBritane) kunye nokuqhushumba ngokuchanekileyo (iinqwelomoya ze-mafia engcwele yase-US), uGladwell uyavuma ukuba isikhundla sase-Bhritane sasiqhutywa lusizi kwaye sikhokelwa ngusadist kunye ne-psychopath. La ngamazwi akhe, hayi awam. Uyavuma ukuba indlela yase-US ayiphumelelanga ngokwemiqathango yayo kwaye yaba lihlelo lokukhohlisa amakholwa okwenene (amazwi akhe). Nangona kunjalo kufuneka sihlale kwiphepha emva kwephepha le-Holden Caulfield ngewayibize konke oko uDavid Copperfield crap. Babevela phi abazali bebhombu mafioso abavela kuyo, banxibe ntoni, bahamba njani Yinto engapheliyo "yokwenziwa kwabantu" ngababulali abaziingcali, ngelixa incwadi iqulethe izihlandlo ezithathu ezikhankanyiweyo zamaxhoba aseJapan otshiso lwesihogo. Ukukhankanywa kokuqala zizivakalisi ezithathu malunga nendlela iintsana ezitshise ngayo nabantu baxhuma emilanjeni. Okwesibini ngamagama ambalwa malunga nobunzima kubaqhubi beenqwelo moya ababenengxaki yokujongana nevumba lenyama evuthayo. Owesithathu uqikelelo kwinani elibuleweyo.
Ngaphambi kokuba awe ezulwini, uLeMay uboniswa njengokubulala oomatiloshe baseMelika kuqheliso lokuqhushumisa inqanawa yaseMelika kunxweme oluseNtshona. Akukho lizwi malunga neLeMay okanye iGladwell ejonga le ngxaki.
Uninzi lwencwadi kukwakha isigqibo sikaLeMay sokugcina usuku ngokutshisa abantu abasisigidi. UGladwell uvula eli candelo libalulekileyo ngokubanga ukuba abantu bahlala besilwa iimfazwe, ezingeyonyani kwaphela. Imibutho yoluntu ihambile iminyaka engaphaya kwento efana nemfazwe. Kwaye akukho nto ifana nemfazwe yangoku ebikho kulo naliphi na uluntu ngaphezu kwesiqendu sesibini esidlulileyo ngokubhekisele kubukho boluntu. Kodwa imfazwe kufuneka ibe yinto yesiqhelo, kwaye nokubanakho ukungabinayo kufuneka kungabikho etafileni, ukuba uza kuxoxa ngezona ndlela zobu-satan-arian zokuphumelela * kwaye * uziphathe njengomntu oziphethe kakuhle.
AbaseBritane babenosizi, ewe, ngelixa amaMelika ayengenangqondo kwaye engenzi nto. Olu luvo lunokwenzeka, kuba uGladwell akapheleli nje ekucaphuleni okanye ekunikeni igama okanye indawo entle entle yomntu omnye waseJapan, kodwa akacaphuli nantoni na eyathethwa nguMerika omnye malunga nabantu baseJapan- ngaphandle kwendlela kunuka xa kutshiswa. Ukanti umkhosi wase-US wasungula i-gel evuthayo, yaza yakha isixeko esingeyonyani sase-Japan e-Utah, emva koko sayilahla i-gel enamathelayo esixekweni kwaye sayibukela itshisa, emva koko yenza kwaloo nto kwizixeko zaseJapan ngelixa amajelo eendaba e-US acebisa ukutshabalalisa iJapan, abalawuli base-US. wathi emva kwemfazwe amaJapan ayakuthethwa esihogweni kuphela, kwaye amajoni aseMelika athumela amathambo amajoni aseJapan ekhaya kwiintombi zabo.
UGladwell uyaphucuka kwimeko yokucinga ngengqondo yebhomber yakhe engathandekiyo ngokuziqambela, eqikelela ukuba bacinga ntoni, ebeka amagama emilonyeni nakubantu ekubhalwe kubo amagama ayinyani. Ukwacaphula kodwa u-brushes wakhawuleza wadlula kwi-LeMay exelela intatheli ukuba kutheni eyitshisile iTokyo. U-LeMay uthe uza kuphulukana nomsebenzi wakhe njengomfana ophambi kwakhe ukuba akakhange enze into ngokukhawuleza, kwaye yinto anokuyenza. Inkqubo yenkqubo: eyona ngxaki inyanzeliswa ziincwadi ezinje.
Kodwa ubukhulu becala uGladwell unamathela kwimilinganiselo yakhe yeLeMay ngokususa amaJapan ngempumelelo ngakumbi kuneNapalm. Kwinqaku eliqhelekileyo njengabanye kule ncwadi, uGladwell ucaphula intombi kaLeMay ibanga ukuba utata wakhe ukhathalele indlela aziphethe ngayo kuba wayemi ezindleleni ebala iinqwelomoya phambi kokuba ziye kuqhushumbisa iJapan. Wayekhathalela ukuba bangaphi abaza kubuya. Kodwa kwakungekho bantu baseJapan kwindlela yakhe yokubaleka- okanye kwincwadi kaGladwell malunga naloo nto.
UGladwell uncoma isimilo sikaLeMay njengesiqhelo sokuziphatha kunye nokuzuza ilizwe, ngelixa esithi siyayithanda isimilo sikaHansell kuba asikwazi ukuzinceda, kanti luhlobo lweNietzschean kunye nokuziphatha okubi okukhohlakeleyo esikudingayo, nokuba -kutsho kukaGladwell - iphela iyona nto inomdla wokuziphatha ekugqibeleni. Kodwa ngaba kunjalo?
Ibali lesiNtu lityeshela ukuqhushumba umlilo kuzo zonke iidolophu kwaye lixhuma liye ngqo kwi-nuking yaseHiroshima naseNagasaki, bexoka besithi iJapan ibingekakulungeli ukunikezela kwaye i-nukes (okanye ubuncinci enye yazo kwaye masingabi ngabathetheli malunga naloo mzuzwana one) wasindisa ubomi. Ibali lemveli libhedi. Kodwa uGladwell uzama ukuyibuyisela endaweni ngebali elifanayo kakhulu elinikwe ingubo entsha yepeyinti yezixhobo. Kwinguqulelo kaGladwell yayiziinyanga zokutshisa isixeko emva kwesinye isixeko sasindisa ubomi kwaye siphelisa imfazwe kwaye senza into enzima kodwa efanelekileyo, hayi iibhombu zenyukliya.
Ewe kunjalo, njengoko sele kuphawuliwe, akukho nelinye igama malunga nokubanakho ukuyeka amashumi eminyaka ugqatso lweengalo eJapan, ekhethe ukungazakhi iikholoni kunye neziseko kunye nosongelo kunye nezohlwayo. UGladwell ukhankanya ukugqithisa umfana ogama linguClaire Chennault, kodwa akukho nelinye igama malunga nendlela awamnceda ngayo amaTshayina ngokuchasene namaJapan ngaphambi kwePearl Harbour - kakhulu malunga nokuba umhlolokazi wakhe wamnceda njani uRichard Nixon ukuthintela uxolo eVietnam (imfazwe yaseVietnam nezinye iimfazwe ezininzi Akakho ngokwenene kwi-Gladwell yokutsiba kuSathana ephumelela umlo we-WWII ukuya ku-Yesu ephumelela emfazweni ngokuchasene nokuqhushumisa ngebhombu).
Nawuphi na umlo unokuthintelwa. Yonke imfazwe ithatha iinzame ezinkulu ukuqala. Nawuphi na umlo unokumiswa. Asinakuthetha ngqo ukuba bekuya kusebenza ntoni. Sinokuthi akukho nto yavavanywa. Singatsho ukuba ukuqhutywa ngurhulumente wase-US ukukhawulezisa ukuphela kwemfazwe neJapan kwaqhutywa ikakhulu ngumnqweno wokuyiphelisa ngaphambi kokuba iSoviet Union ingene kwaye iyiphelise. Singatsho ukuba abantu abaya entolongweni e-United States kunokuba bathathe inxaxheba kwi-WWII, abanye babo abasungule intshukumo yamaLungelo oLuntu kumashumi eminyaka ezayo ngaphakathi kwezo seli, babeza kwenza abalinganiswa abathandekayo kunabo babethanda u-Gladwell abahlinza ngecuba.
Kwinto enye uGladwell ulungile: abantu-kubandakanya ukuqhushumbisa i-mafiosi-babambelele ngokuqinileyo kwiinkolelo zabo. Inkolo ababhali baseNtshona abayibambe bayixabise kakhulu inokuba kukukholwa kwiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi. Njengokuba ukusasazwa kweebhombu zenyukliya kungena engxakini, akufuneki sothuke xa umntu evelise eli cwecwe libi lothando lokubulala njengengxelo yogcino.
