Indlela yokwenza uxolo? Isivumelwano sembali saseColombia sinezifundo kwiSyria

NguSibylla Brodzinsky, Guardian

Kulula ukuqala iimfazwe kunokuyeka. Yenze njani ke iColombia- kwaye ihlabathi linokufunda ntoni kolu tshintsho?

Kulula kakhulu ukuqalisa imfazwe kunokuyeka enye, ngakumbi xa ungquzulwano luthabathe ixesha elide kunokuba abantu abaninzi besaphila, nto leyo eyenza uxolo lube lithemba elingaqhelekanga.

Kodwa abantu baseColombia babonise umhlaba kule veki ukuba inokwenziwa. Emva kweminyaka engama-52 yobutshaba, urhulumente waseColombia kunye nabavukeli bekhohlo boMkhosi oxhobileyo waseColombia, okanye iFarc, bagqibezela isivumelwano sokuphelisa imfazwe yabo. Ukupheliswa komlilo phakathi kwamazwe amabini kuya kuqala ukusebenza ngoMvulo emva kwamashumi eminyaka apho abantu abangama-220,000 - uninzi lwabo bengalwanga - baye babulawa, ngaphezulu kwe-6 yezigidi zagxothwa ngaphakathi kwaye amashumi amawaka anyamalala.

Iinzame zangaphambili zokufikelela kweli nqanaba aziphumelelanga amaxesha ngamaxesha. Ke bafike njani kweli xesha kwaye zeziphi izifundo ezikhoyo Siriya kunye nezinye izizwe ezingquzulanayo?

Yenza uxolo nabo unako xa unako

Owayesakuba ngumongameli uCésar Gaviria mva nje ukhumbule ukuba unyana wakhe wayekhe wambuza ukuba uxolo luya kwenziwa njani eColombia. “Ngamaqhekeza namaqhekeza,” watsho kuye. Ukwenza uxolo phakathi kwamaqela amaninzi kufana ne-chess ene-dimensional-dimensional chess-inyaniso engasayi kulahleka kwabo bazama ukuzisa uxolo eSiriya. Ukunciphisa ukuntsonkotha kubalulekile, i Kholambiya amava abonisa.

IColombia sele isenza le piecemeal ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-30. IFarc lelinye lamaqela amaninzi axhobileyo asele ekho eColombia. I-M-19, iQuintín Lame, i-EPL – zonke zithethathethane ngezivumelwano zoxolo. I-AUC, umanyano lwamaqela alwela amalungelo e-paramilitary - awasilwa neFarc njengommeli womkhosi owawubuthathaka ngelo xesha - wakhutshwa ekuqaleni koo-2000s.

Kuyanceda ukuba elinye icala linesandla esiphezulu

Ngeminyaka yoo-1990, ingeniso evela kurhwebo lweziyobisi lwaseColombia olwalukhula ngamandla, iFarc yayinomkhosi waseColombia obalekayo. Abavukeli, ababemalunga ne-18,000 1999, babonakala bephumelela emfazweni. Kwakuloo meko apho iFarc kunye norhulumente owayengumongameli welo xesha, u-Andrés Pastrana, baqala iingxoxo zoxolo kwi-2002 eqhubelekayo ngaphandle kwenkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo kwaye ekugqibeleni yaqhekeka kwi-XNUMX.

Ngeli xesha, nangona kunjalo, umkhosi waseColombia wawusele ungomnye wabafumana uncedo emkhosini wase-US. Bexhotyiswe ngeehelikopta ezintsha, amajoni aqeqeshwe ngcono kunye neendlela ezintsha zokuqokelela ubukrelekrele, baye bakwazi ukucotha ibhalansi.

Phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-2000, phantsi kwephulo elibukhali lomkhosi elaliyalelwe ngumongameli ngelo xesha, UAlvaro Uribe, yayingabavukeli ababesaba, bebethwa babuyela kumahlathi asemagqagaleni nasezintabeni, kunye namawaka amalungu abo ashiyayo. Okokuqala ngqa emfazweni, umkhosi wawujolise kwaye wabulala iinkokeli eziphezulu zeFarc.

Ngokubhekiselele koku, amava eColombia afanekisela loo mfazwe yaseBosnia, ekuphelisweni kwegazi iminyaka emithathu de kwangenelela iNato ngo-1995 yahlasela imikhosi yamaSerb kwaye yenza ukuba kube nomdla wokukhusela uxolo.

Ubunkokeli ngundoqo

Kwiimfazwe ezinde ezinje ngeColombia, kuya kuthatha inguqu kwisizukulwana phezulu ukufumana iinkokeli ezizimisele ngokunyanisekileyo ekufuneni isisombululo.

Umseki weFarc UManuel “Sureshot” Marulanda Usweleke ngoxolo kwinkampu yakhe yabavukeli ngo-2008 eneminyaka engama-78. Wayekhokele iqela labavukeli njengenkokeli ephezulu ukusukela ekusekweni kweli qela ngo-1964, kulandela uhlaselo lweenqwelomoya zomkhosi kwindawo yabalimi. Kumashumi eminyaka kamva wayesakhalazela iinkukhu neehagu ezibulewe ngamajoni. Waqhawula umxolisi owayengalindelekanga.

Ukufa kwakhe kuzise isizukulwana esitsha seFarc emandleni, njengoko uAlfonso Cano wathatha iintambo. YayinguCano owaqala iingxoxo zokuqala eziyimfihlo nomongameli, uJuan Manuel Santos, ngo-2011. Emva kokuba ebulewe kuhlaselo lwebhombu kwinkampu yakhe kamva kulo nyaka, ubunkokeli obutsha phantsi kukaRodrigo Londoño, aka Timochenko, bagqiba kwelokuba baqhubeke nokuhlola ukuba kunokwenzeka inkqubo yoxolo.

Kwicala likarhulumente, uSantos wonyulwa ngo-2010 ukuba aphumelele u-Uribe, phantsi komongameli wakhe wamaxesha amabini iFarc yafumana ilahleko enkulu. Njengomphathiswa wezokhuselo ka-Uribe, uSantos wayongamele uninzi lwaloo misebenzi yaye bekulindeleke ukuba iqhubeke kwaloo migaqo-nkqubo inye. Kunoko, eliqonda ithuba lokugqibezela oko wayekuqalile, waphembelela iFarc ukuba iqalise iingxoxo zoxolo.

Khuthazo

Bobabini iFarc kunye norhulumente baqonda ukuba akukho cala liphumeleleyo kwaye alizange loyiswe. Loo nto yayithetha ukuba omabini amacala kwakufuneka enze isivumelwano kwitafile yothethathethwano. Ukuzama ukufumanisa ukuba icala ngalinye lalizimisele kangakanani ukuya kwinqanaba ngalinye kwabagcina abo babethethathethana bexakekile kangangeminyaka emine.

IMarxist Farc yaliyeka imfuno yayo yohlaziyo olubanzi lwezolimo yaza yavuma ukuqhawula onke amaqhina okuthengisa iziyobisi, ishishini elalibenze bangamakhulu ezigidi zeerandi.

Urhulumente, ngokutshintshiselana, unikeze iFarc ukufikelela kumandla ezopolitiko, ngokuqinisekisa ukuba baya kubamba izihlalo ze-10 kwiCongress ngo-2018, nokuba iqela lezopolitiko eliya kuyenza alifumani iivoti ezaneleyo kunyulo lomthetho ngaloo nyaka.

Kwaye iinkokeli zeFarc, kwanabo baqhubela abantu ukuxhwila, ukuhlaselwa ngokungakhethiyo kwabemi kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwabantwana, banokuphepha ixesha lokuvalelwa entolongweni ngokuvuma amatyala abo kunye nokukhonza "ezinye izigwebo" ezifana nenkonzo yexesha elide loluntu.

Isikhathi

Imizabalazo exhobileyo iye yalahleka kulo lonke elaseLatin America, eyayikade iyindawo yoqhushululu. Kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo, iinkokeli zasekhohlo zazilawula kulo mmandla. EBrazil naseUruguay, ababesakuba ngabavukeli basekhohlo baye baba ngoomongameli ngebhokisi yokuvota. UHugo Chávez, owaqalisa igama lakhe lokuzenza usoshiyali “Inguquko yaseBolivia”, wayezihlanganisa eVenezuela. Ezo mbekiselo zengingqi zanika iFarc intembelo.

Kodwa amaza ommandla atshintshile ukusukela ngoko. UDilma Rouseff waseBrazil ujongene nokubekwa ityala, uChávez wabulawa ngumhlaza kwiminyaka emithathu eyadlulayo kunye nendlalifa yakhe,UNicolás Maduro, iliqhubele phantsi ilizwe. La ngamaxesha anzima kokubini kwikhohlo kunye nakwabavukeli.

imo

Imibutho ayimi ngxi. Ukutshintsha ngokuthe ngcembe kukhokelela kumanqaku angaphezulu apho ulungelelwaniso oludala lubonakala lungahambelani. Ukuchaswa okwakubonakala kuthetheleleka kwiminyaka engama-30 eyadlulayo akusenangqiqo. Oku kuyinyaniso ngakumbi eColombia.